Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Diabetes Therapy 2/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Review

Sodium Glucose Co-transporter Type 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors: Targeting the Kidney to Improve Glycemic Control in Diabetes Mellitus

Author: Harold Bays

Published in: Diabetes Therapy | Issue 2/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Although hyperglycemia is a key therapeutic focus in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), many patients experience sub-optimal glycemic control. Current glucose-lowering agents involve the targeting of various body organs. Sodium glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors target the kidney, reduce renal glucose reabsorption, and increase urinary glucose elimination, thus lowering glucose blood levels. This review examines some of the key efficacy and safety data from clinical trials of the main SGLT2 inhibitors approved or currently in development, and provides a rationale for the use of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of T2DM.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Bays HE. Adiposopathy, diabetes mellitus, and primary prevention of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease: treating “sick fat” through improving fat function with antidiabetes therapies. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:4B–12B.PubMedCrossRef Bays HE. Adiposopathy, diabetes mellitus, and primary prevention of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease: treating “sick fat” through improving fat function with antidiabetes therapies. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:4B–12B.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Del Prato S. Role of glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity in the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and emerging treatment strategies. Diabet Med. 2009;26:1185–92.PubMedCrossRef Del Prato S. Role of glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity in the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and emerging treatment strategies. Diabet Med. 2009;26:1185–92.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Kaiser N, Leibowitz G, Nesher R. Glucotoxicity and beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003;16:5–22.PubMed Kaiser N, Leibowitz G, Nesher R. Glucotoxicity and beta-cell failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003;16:5–22.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Tanaka J, Qiang L, Banks AS, et al. Foxo1 links hyperglycemia to LDL oxidation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells. Diabetes. 2009;58:2344–54.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Tanaka J, Qiang L, Banks AS, et al. Foxo1 links hyperglycemia to LDL oxidation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase dysfunction in vascular endothelial cells. Diabetes. 2009;58:2344–54.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Zheng Z, Chen H, Li J, et al. Sirtuin 1-mediated cellular metabolic memory of high glucose via the LKB1/AMPK/ROS pathway and therapeutic effects of metformin. Diabetes. 2012;61:217–28.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Zheng Z, Chen H, Li J, et al. Sirtuin 1-mediated cellular metabolic memory of high glucose via the LKB1/AMPK/ROS pathway and therapeutic effects of metformin. Diabetes. 2012;61:217–28.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference El-Osta A, Brasacchio D, Yao D, et al. Transient high glucose causes persistent epigenetic changes and altered gene expression during subsequent normoglycemia. J Exp Med. 2008;205:2409–17.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef El-Osta A, Brasacchio D, Yao D, et al. Transient high glucose causes persistent epigenetic changes and altered gene expression during subsequent normoglycemia. J Exp Med. 2008;205:2409–17.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Villeneuve LM, Reddy MA, Lanting LL, Wang M, Meng L, Natarajan R. Epigenetic histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in metabolic memory and inflammatory phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells in diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:9047–52.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Villeneuve LM, Reddy MA, Lanting LL, Wang M, Meng L, Natarajan R. Epigenetic histone H3 lysine 9 methylation in metabolic memory and inflammatory phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells in diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:9047–52.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Verges B. Abnormal hepatic apolipoprotein B metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2010;211:353–60.PubMedCrossRef Verges B. Abnormal hepatic apolipoprotein B metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2010;211:353–60.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Caron S, Verrijken A, Mertens I, et al. Transcriptional activation of apolipoprotein CIII expression by glucose may contribute to diabetic dyslipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:513–9.PubMedCrossRef Caron S, Verrijken A, Mertens I, et al. Transcriptional activation of apolipoprotein CIII expression by glucose may contribute to diabetic dyslipidemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:513–9.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Lee SJ, Campos H, Moye LA, Sacks FM. LDL containing apolipoprotein CIII is an independent risk factor for coronary events in diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:853–8.PubMedCrossRef Lee SJ, Campos H, Moye LA, Sacks FM. LDL containing apolipoprotein CIII is an independent risk factor for coronary events in diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:853–8.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Bays HE, Toth PP, Kris-Etherton PM, et al. Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2013;7:304–83.PubMedCrossRef Bays HE, Toth PP, Kris-Etherton PM, et al. Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2013;7:304–83.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U. The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:304–9.PubMedCrossRef Reichard P, Nilsson BY, Rosenqvist U. The effect of long-term intensified insulin treatment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:304–9.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research (DCCT) group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–86.CrossRef Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research (DCCT) group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–86.CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995;28:103–17.PubMedCrossRef Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995;28:103–17.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352:837–53.CrossRef UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352:837–53.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352:854–65.CrossRef UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352:854–65.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321:405–12.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ. 2000;321:405–12.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560–72.PubMedCrossRef Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560–72.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Perkovic V, Heerspink HL, Chalmers J, et al. Intensive glucose control improves kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2013;83:517–23.PubMedCrossRef Perkovic V, Heerspink HL, Chalmers J, et al. Intensive glucose control improves kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2013;83:517–23.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Turnbull FM, Abraira C, Anderson RJ, et al. Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009;52:2288–98.PubMedCrossRef Turnbull FM, Abraira C, Anderson RJ, et al. Intensive glucose control and macrovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2009;52:2288–98.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Boussageon R, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, et al. Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d4169.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Boussageon R, Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, et al. Effect of intensive glucose lowering treatment on all cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and microvascular events in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d4169.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Hemmingsen B, Lund SS, Gluud C, et al. Intensive glycaemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d6898.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hemmingsen B, Lund SS, Gluud C, et al. Intensive glycaemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2011;343:d6898.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Avitabile NA, Banka A, Fonseca VA. Glucose control and cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with diabetes mellitus: lessons learned from the megatrials. Heart Fail Clin. 2012;8:513–22.PubMedCrossRef Avitabile NA, Banka A, Fonseca VA. Glucose control and cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with diabetes mellitus: lessons learned from the megatrials. Heart Fail Clin. 2012;8:513–22.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, et al. Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1765–72.PubMedCrossRef Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Wijesuriya S, et al. Effect of intensive control of glucose on cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2009;373:1765–72.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(Suppl. 1):S11–66.CrossRef American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(Suppl. 1):S11–66.CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1364–79.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1364–79.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Fox KM, Gerber RA, Bolinder B, Chen J, Kumar S. Prevalence of inadequate glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom general practice research database: a series of retrospective analyses of data from 1998 through 2002. Clin Ther. 2006;28:388–95.PubMedCrossRef Fox KM, Gerber RA, Bolinder B, Chen J, Kumar S. Prevalence of inadequate glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom general practice research database: a series of retrospective analyses of data from 1998 through 2002. Clin Ther. 2006;28:388–95.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Spann SJ, Nutting PA, Galliher JM, et al. Management of type 2 diabetes in the primary care setting: a practice-based research network study. Ann Fam Med. 2006;4:23–31.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Spann SJ, Nutting PA, Galliher JM, et al. Management of type 2 diabetes in the primary care setting: a practice-based research network study. Ann Fam Med. 2006;4:23–31.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Ali MK, Bullard KM, Imperatore G, Barker L, Gregg EW; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Characteristics associated with poor glycemic control among adults with self-reported diagnosed diabetes—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 2007–2010. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(Suppl.):32–7. Ali MK, Bullard KM, Imperatore G, Barker L, Gregg EW; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Characteristics associated with poor glycemic control among adults with self-reported diagnosed diabetes—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 2007–2010. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(Suppl.):32–7.
31.
go back to reference Juarez DT, Sentell T, Tokumaru S, Goo R, Davis JW, Mau MM. Factors associated with poor glycemic control or wide glycemic variability among diabetes patients in Hawaii, 2006–2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:120065.PubMedCrossRef Juarez DT, Sentell T, Tokumaru S, Goo R, Davis JW, Mau MM. Factors associated with poor glycemic control or wide glycemic variability among diabetes patients in Hawaii, 2006–2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:120065.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Stark Casagrande S, Fradkin JE, Saydah SH, Rust KF, Cowie CC. The prevalence of meeting A1C, blood pressure, and LDL goals among people with diabetes, 1988–2010. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2271–9. Stark Casagrande S, Fradkin JE, Saydah SH, Rust KF, Cowie CC. The prevalence of meeting A1C, blood pressure, and LDL goals among people with diabetes, 1988–2010. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2271–9.
33.
go back to reference Hoerger TJ, Segel JE, Gregg EW, Saaddine JB. Is glycemic control improving in US adults? Diabetes Care. 2008;31:81–6.PubMedCrossRef Hoerger TJ, Segel JE, Gregg EW, Saaddine JB. Is glycemic control improving in US adults? Diabetes Care. 2008;31:81–6.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Wallace TM, Matthews DR. Poor glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a conspiracy of disease, suboptimal therapy and attitude. QJM. 2000;93:369–74.PubMedCrossRef Wallace TM, Matthews DR. Poor glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a conspiracy of disease, suboptimal therapy and attitude. QJM. 2000;93:369–74.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Grant R, Adams AS, Trinacty CM, et al. Relationship between patient medication adherence and subsequent clinical inertia in type 2 diabetes glycemic management. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:807–12.PubMedCrossRef Grant R, Adams AS, Trinacty CM, et al. Relationship between patient medication adherence and subsequent clinical inertia in type 2 diabetes glycemic management. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:807–12.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Khan H, Lasker SS, Chowdhury TA. Exploring reasons for very poor glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2011;5:251–5.PubMedCrossRef Khan H, Lasker SS, Chowdhury TA. Exploring reasons for very poor glycaemic control in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2011;5:251–5.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Bays H. From victim to ally: the kidney as an emerging target for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:671–81.PubMedCrossRef Bays H. From victim to ally: the kidney as an emerging target for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:671–81.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Gerich JE. Role of the kidney in normal glucose homeostasis and in the hyperglycaemia of diabetes mellitus: therapeutic implications. Diabet Med. 2010;27:136–42.PubMedCrossRef Gerich JE. Role of the kidney in normal glucose homeostasis and in the hyperglycaemia of diabetes mellitus: therapeutic implications. Diabet Med. 2010;27:136–42.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Hediger MA, Rhoads DB. Molecular physiology of Sodium–glucose cotransporters. Physiol Rev. 1994;74:993–1026.PubMed Hediger MA, Rhoads DB. Molecular physiology of Sodium–glucose cotransporters. Physiol Rev. 1994;74:993–1026.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Wright EM, Loo DD, Hirayama BA. Biology of human sodium glucose transporters. Physiol Rev. 2011;91:733–94.PubMedCrossRef Wright EM, Loo DD, Hirayama BA. Biology of human sodium glucose transporters. Physiol Rev. 2011;91:733–94.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Zelikovic I. Aminoaciduria and glycosuria. In: Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P, editors. Pediatric Nephrology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. p. 701–28. Zelikovic I. Aminoaciduria and glycosuria. In: Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P, editors. Pediatric Nephrology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. p. 701–28.
43.
go back to reference Moe OW, Wright SH, Palacín M. Renal handling of organic solutes. In: Brenner BM, editor. Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. p. 214–47. Moe OW, Wright SH, Palacín M. Renal handling of organic solutes. In: Brenner BM, editor. Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. p. 214–47.
44.
go back to reference Silverman M, Turner JR. Glucose transport in the renal tubule. In: Windhager EE, editor. Handbook of Physiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992. pp. 2017–38. Silverman M, Turner JR. Glucose transport in the renal tubule. In: Windhager EE, editor. Handbook of Physiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992. pp. 2017–38.
45.
go back to reference Mogensen CE. Maximum tubular reabsorption capacity for glucose and renal hemodynamics during rapid hypertonic glucose infusion in normal and diabetic subjects. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1971;28:101–9.PubMedCrossRef Mogensen CE. Maximum tubular reabsorption capacity for glucose and renal hemodynamics during rapid hypertonic glucose infusion in normal and diabetic subjects. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1971;28:101–9.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Rahmoune H, Thompson PW, Ward JM, Smith CD, Hong G, Brown J. Glucose transporters in human renal proximal tubular cells isolated from the urine of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes. 2005;54:3427–34.PubMedCrossRef Rahmoune H, Thompson PW, Ward JM, Smith CD, Hong G, Brown J. Glucose transporters in human renal proximal tubular cells isolated from the urine of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabetes. 2005;54:3427–34.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Vestri S, Okamoto MM, de Freitas HS, et al. Changes in sodium or glucose filtration rate modulate expression of glucose transporters in renal proximal tubular cells of rat. J Membr Biol. 2001;182:105–12.PubMedCrossRef Vestri S, Okamoto MM, de Freitas HS, et al. Changes in sodium or glucose filtration rate modulate expression of glucose transporters in renal proximal tubular cells of rat. J Membr Biol. 2001;182:105–12.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference DeFronzo RA, Davidson JA, Del Prato S. The role of the kidneys in glucose homeostasis: a new path towards normalizing glycaemia. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:5–14.PubMedCrossRef DeFronzo RA, Davidson JA, Del Prato S. The role of the kidneys in glucose homeostasis: a new path towards normalizing glycaemia. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:5–14.PubMedCrossRef
49.
50.
go back to reference Santer R, Kinner M, Lassen CL, et al. Molecular analysis of the SGLT2 gene in patients with renal glucosuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2873–82.PubMedCrossRef Santer R, Kinner M, Lassen CL, et al. Molecular analysis of the SGLT2 gene in patients with renal glucosuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2873–82.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Ehrenkranz JR, Lewis NG, Kahn CR, Roth J. Phlorizin: a review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2005;21:31–8.PubMedCrossRef Ehrenkranz JR, Lewis NG, Kahn CR, Roth J. Phlorizin: a review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2005;21:31–8.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference White JR Jr. Apple trees to sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors: a review of SGLT2 inhibition. Clin Diabetes. 2010;28:5–10.CrossRef White JR Jr. Apple trees to sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors: a review of SGLT2 inhibition. Clin Diabetes. 2010;28:5–10.CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Alvarado F, Crane RK. Phlorizin as a competitive inhibitor of the active transport of sugars by hamster small intestine, in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1962;56:170–2.PubMedCrossRef Alvarado F, Crane RK. Phlorizin as a competitive inhibitor of the active transport of sugars by hamster small intestine, in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1962;56:170–2.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Rossetti L, Smith D, Shulman GI, Papachristou D, DeFronzo RA. Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats. J Clin Invest. 1987;79:1510–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Rossetti L, Smith D, Shulman GI, Papachristou D, DeFronzo RA. Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats. J Clin Invest. 1987;79:1510–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Rossetti L, Shulman GI, Zawalich W, DeFronzo RA. Effect of chronic hyperglycemia on in vivo insulin secretion in partially pancreatectomized rats. J Clin Invest. 1987;80:1037–44.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Rossetti L, Shulman GI, Zawalich W, DeFronzo RA. Effect of chronic hyperglycemia on in vivo insulin secretion in partially pancreatectomized rats. J Clin Invest. 1987;80:1037–44.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Oku A, Ueta K, Arakawa K, et al. T-1095, an inhibitor of renal Na+-glucose cotransporters, may provide a novel approach to treating diabetes. Diabetes. 1999;48:1794–800.PubMedCrossRef Oku A, Ueta K, Arakawa K, et al. T-1095, an inhibitor of renal Na+-glucose cotransporters, may provide a novel approach to treating diabetes. Diabetes. 1999;48:1794–800.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Hardman TC, Dubrey SW. Development and potential role of type-2 Sodium–glucose transporter inhibitors for management of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2011;2:133–45.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hardman TC, Dubrey SW. Development and potential role of type-2 Sodium–glucose transporter inhibitors for management of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther. 2011;2:133–45.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Ferrannini E, Ramos SJ, Salsali A, Tang W, List JF. Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2217–24.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Ferrannini E, Ramos SJ, Salsali A, Tang W, List JF. Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2217–24.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Henry RR, Murray AV, Marmolejo MH, Hennicken D, Ptaszynska A, List JF. Dapagliflozin, metformin XR, or both: initial pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes, a randomised controlled trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2012;66:446–56.PubMedCrossRef Henry RR, Murray AV, Marmolejo MH, Hennicken D, Ptaszynska A, List JF. Dapagliflozin, metformin XR, or both: initial pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes, a randomised controlled trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2012;66:446–56.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Bailey CJ, Iqbal N, T’Joen C, List JF. Dapagliflozin monotherapy in drug-naive patients with diabetes: a randomized-controlled trial of low-dose range. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:951–9.PubMedCrossRef Bailey CJ, Iqbal N, T’Joen C, List JF. Dapagliflozin monotherapy in drug-naive patients with diabetes: a randomized-controlled trial of low-dose range. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:951–9.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Bailey CJ, Gross JL, Pieters A, Bastien A, List JF. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:2223–33.PubMedCrossRef Bailey CJ, Gross JL, Pieters A, Bastien A, List JF. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:2223–33.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Bolinder J, Ljunggren O, Kullberg J, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on body weight, total fat mass, and regional adipose tissue distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control on metformin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:1020–31.PubMedCrossRef Bolinder J, Ljunggren O, Kullberg J, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on body weight, total fat mass, and regional adipose tissue distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control on metformin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:1020–31.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Nauck MA, Del Prato S, Meier JJ, et al. Dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycemic control with metformin: a randomized, 52-week, double-blind, active-controlled noninferiority trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2015–22.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Nauck MA, Del Prato S, Meier JJ, et al. Dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycemic control with metformin: a randomized, 52-week, double-blind, active-controlled noninferiority trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2015–22.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Strojek K, Yoon KH, Hruba V, Elze M, Langkilde AM, Parikh S. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with glimepiride: a randomized, 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13:928–38.PubMedCrossRef Strojek K, Yoon KH, Hruba V, Elze M, Langkilde AM, Parikh S. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with glimepiride: a randomized, 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13:928–38.PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Rosenstock J, Vico M, Wei L, Salsali A, List JF. Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA(1c), body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1473–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Rosenstock J, Vico M, Wei L, Salsali A, List JF. Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA(1c), body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1473–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Wilding JP, Norwood P, T’Joen C, Bastien A, List JF, Fiedorek FT. A study of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin plus insulin sensitizers: applicability of a novel insulin-independent treatment. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1656–62.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Wilding JP, Norwood P, T’Joen C, Bastien A, List JF, Fiedorek FT. A study of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin plus insulin sensitizers: applicability of a novel insulin-independent treatment. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1656–62.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Wilding JP, Woo V, Soler NG, et al. Long-term efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving high doses of insulin: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:405–15.PubMedCrossRef Wilding JP, Woo V, Soler NG, et al. Long-term efficacy of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving high doses of insulin: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:405–15.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Wilding JP, Woo V, Rohwedder K, Sugg J, Parikh S. Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin: efficacy and safety over 2 years. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013. doi:10.1111/dom.12187. Wilding JP, Woo V, Rohwedder K, Sugg J, Parikh S. Dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin: efficacy and safety over 2 years. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013. doi:10.​1111/​dom.​12187.
69.
go back to reference List JF, Woo V, Morales E, Tang W, Fiedorek FT. Sodium–glucose cotransport inhibition with dapagliflozin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:650–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef List JF, Woo V, Morales E, Tang W, Fiedorek FT. Sodium–glucose cotransport inhibition with dapagliflozin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:650–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Ptaszynska A, Johnsson KM, Apanovitch A-M, Sugg J, Parikh S, List J. Safety of dapagliflozin in clinical trials for T2DM. Diabetes. 2012;61(Suppl.):A258 (Abstract 1011-P). Ptaszynska A, Johnsson KM, Apanovitch A-M, Sugg J, Parikh S, List J. Safety of dapagliflozin in clinical trials for T2DM. Diabetes. 2012;61(Suppl.):A258 (Abstract 1011-P).
72.
go back to reference Ptaszynska A, Chalamandaris AG, Sugg JE, Johnsson KM, Parikh S, List JL. Effect of dapagliflozin on renal function Diabetes. 2012;61(Suppl.):A283 (Abstract 1098-P). Ptaszynska A, Chalamandaris AG, Sugg JE, Johnsson KM, Parikh S, List JL. Effect of dapagliflozin on renal function Diabetes. 2012;61(Suppl.):A283 (Abstract 1098-P).
74.
go back to reference Johnsson KM, Ptaszynska A, Schmitz B, Sugg J, Parikh SJ, List JF. Vulvovaginitis and balanitis in patients with diabetes treated with dapagliflozin. J Diabetes Complicat. 2013;27:479–84.PubMedCrossRef Johnsson KM, Ptaszynska A, Schmitz B, Sugg J, Parikh SJ, List JF. Vulvovaginitis and balanitis in patients with diabetes treated with dapagliflozin. J Diabetes Complicat. 2013;27:479–84.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Johnsson KM, Ptaszynska A, Schmitz B, Sugg J, Parikh SJ, List JF. Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes treated with dapagliflozin. J Diabetes Complicat. 2013;27:473–8.PubMedCrossRef Johnsson KM, Ptaszynska A, Schmitz B, Sugg J, Parikh SJ, List JF. Urinary tract infections in patients with diabetes treated with dapagliflozin. J Diabetes Complicat. 2013;27:473–8.PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Stenlof K, Cefalu WT, Kim KA, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:372–82.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Stenlof K, Cefalu WT, Kim KA, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:372–82.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Rosenstock J, Aggarwal N, Polidori D, et al. Dose-ranging effects of canagliflozin, a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, as add-on to metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1232–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Rosenstock J, Aggarwal N, Polidori D, et al. Dose-ranging effects of canagliflozin, a sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, as add-on to metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1232–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Wilding J, Mathieu C, Deng L, et al. Canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, improves glycaemia in subjects with type diabetes inadequatley controlled with metformin plus sulphonylurea. Diabetologia. 2012;55(Suppl. 1):S315 (Abstract 766). Wilding J, Mathieu C, Deng L, et al. Canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, improves glycaemia in subjects with type diabetes inadequatley controlled with metformin plus sulphonylurea. Diabetologia. 2012;55(Suppl. 1):S315 (Abstract 766).
79.
go back to reference Cefalu WT, Leiter LA, Yoon KH, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (CANTATA-SU): 52 week results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2013;382:941–50.PubMedCrossRef Cefalu WT, Leiter LA, Yoon KH, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (CANTATA-SU): 52 week results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2013;382:941–50.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Schernthaner G, Gross JL, Rosenstock J, et al. Canagliflozin compared with sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who do not have adequate glycemic control with metformin plus sulfonylurea: a 52-week randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2508–15.PubMedCrossRef Schernthaner G, Gross JL, Rosenstock J, et al. Canagliflozin compared with sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who do not have adequate glycemic control with metformin plus sulfonylurea: a 52-week randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2508–15.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Yale JF, Bakris G, Cariou B, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:463–73.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Yale JF, Bakris G, Cariou B, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:463–73.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Bode B, Stenlöf K, Sullivan D, Fung A, Usiskin K. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin treatment in older subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. Hosp Pract (1995). 2013;41(2):72–84.CrossRef Bode B, Stenlöf K, Sullivan D, Fung A, Usiskin K. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin treatment in older subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. Hosp Pract (1995). 2013;41(2):72–84.CrossRef
83.
go back to reference Forst T, Guthrie R, Goldenberg R, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin (CANA) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on metformin (MET) and pioglitazone (PIO) over 52 weeks. Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A284 (Abstract 1098-P). Forst T, Guthrie R, Goldenberg R, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin (CANA) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on metformin (MET) and pioglitazone (PIO) over 52 weeks. Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A284 (Abstract 1098-P).
84.
go back to reference Devineni D, Morrow L, Hompesch M, et al. Canagliflozin improves glycaemic control over 28 days in subjects with type 2 diabetes not optimally controlled on insulin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:539–45.PubMedCrossRef Devineni D, Morrow L, Hompesch M, et al. Canagliflozin improves glycaemic control over 28 days in subjects with type 2 diabetes not optimally controlled on insulin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:539–45.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Matthews DR, Fulcher G, Perkovic V, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin (CANA), an inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2), added-on to insulin therapy ± oral agents in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2012;55(Suppl. 1):S314 (Abstract 764). Matthews DR, Fulcher G, Perkovic V, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin (CANA), an inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2), added-on to insulin therapy ± oral agents in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2012;55(Suppl. 1):S314 (Abstract 764).
86.
go back to reference Weir MR, Januszewicz A, Gilbert RE, Lavalle Gonzalez FJ, Meininger G. Lower blood pressure (BP) with canagliflozin (CANA) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A278 (Abstract 1077-P). Weir MR, Januszewicz A, Gilbert RE, Lavalle Gonzalez FJ, Meininger G. Lower blood pressure (BP) with canagliflozin (CANA) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A278 (Abstract 1077-P).
88.
go back to reference Nyirjesy P, Sobel J, Fung A, Gassmann-Meyer C, Ways K, Usiskin K. Genital mycotic infections with canagliflozin (CANA) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A276 (Abstract 1069-P). Nyirjesy P, Sobel J, Fung A, Gassmann-Meyer C, Ways K, Usiskin K. Genital mycotic infections with canagliflozin (CANA) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A276 (Abstract 1069-P).
89.
go back to reference Nicolle LE, Capuano G, Fung A, Usiskin K. Urinary tract infection (UTI) with canagliflozin (CANA) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A296 (Abstract 1139-P). Nicolle LE, Capuano G, Fung A, Usiskin K. Urinary tract infection (UTI) with canagliflozin (CANA) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A296 (Abstract 1139-P).
90.
go back to reference Ferrannini E, Seman L, Seewaldt-Becker E, Hantel S, Pinnetti S, Woerle H. A phase IIb, randomised, placebo-controlled study of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:721–8.PubMedCrossRef Ferrannini E, Seman L, Seewaldt-Becker E, Hantel S, Pinnetti S, Woerle H. A phase IIb, randomised, placebo-controlled study of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:721–8.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Roden M, Weng J, Eilbracht J, et al. Empagliflozin monotherapy with sitagliptin as an active comparator in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70084-6. Roden M, Weng J, Eilbracht J, et al. Empagliflozin monotherapy with sitagliptin as an active comparator in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013. doi:10.​1016/​S2213-8587(13)70084-6.
92.
go back to reference Rosenstock J, Seman LJ, Jelaska A, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, as add-on to metformin in type 2 diabetes with mild hyperglycaemia. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013. doi: 10.1111/dom.12185. Rosenstock J, Seman LJ, Jelaska A, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, as add-on to metformin in type 2 diabetes with mild hyperglycaemia. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013. doi: 10.​1111/​dom.​12185.
93.
go back to reference Woerle HJ, Ferrannini E, Berk A, Manun’ebo M, Pinnetti S, Broedl UC. Safety and efficacy of empagliflozin as monotherapy or add-on to metformin in a 78-week open-label extension study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2012;61(Suppl.):LB13 (Abstract 49-LB). Woerle HJ, Ferrannini E, Berk A, Manun’ebo M, Pinnetti S, Broedl UC. Safety and efficacy of empagliflozin as monotherapy or add-on to metformin in a 78-week open-label extension study in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2012;61(Suppl.):LB13 (Abstract 49-LB).
94.
go back to reference Häring HU, Merker L, Seewaldt-Becker E, et al. Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin plus sulfonylurea in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013. doi: 10.2337/dc12-2673. Häring HU, Merker L, Seewaldt-Becker E, et al. Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin plus sulfonylurea in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013. doi: 10.​2337/​dc12-2673.
95.
go back to reference Häring HU, Merker L, Seewaldt-Becker E, Weimer M, Meinicke T. Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin for 24 weeks improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A282 (Abstract 1092-P). Häring HU, Merker L, Seewaldt-Becker E, Weimer M, Meinicke T. Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin for 24 weeks improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A282 (Abstract 1092-P).
96.
go back to reference Kovacs CS, Seshiah V, Swallow R, et al. Empagliflozin improves glycaemic and weight control as add-on therapy to pioglitazone or pioglitazone plus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013. doi:10.1111/dom.12188. Kovacs CS, Seshiah V, Swallow R, et al. Empagliflozin improves glycaemic and weight control as add-on therapy to pioglitazone or pioglitazone plus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013. doi:10.​1111/​dom.​12188.
97.
go back to reference Rosenstock J, Jelaska A, Kim G, Broedl UC, Woerle HJ. Empagliflozin as add-on to basal insulin for 78 weeks improves glycemic control with weight loss in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A285 (Abstract 1102-P). Rosenstock J, Jelaska A, Kim G, Broedl UC, Woerle HJ. Empagliflozin as add-on to basal insulin for 78 weeks improves glycemic control with weight loss in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A285 (Abstract 1102-P).
98.
go back to reference Kim G, Gerich JE, Salsali A, et al. Empagliflozin (EMPA) increases genital infections but not urinary tract infections (UTIs) in pooled data from four pivotal phase III trials. Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):LB21 (Abstract 74-LB). Kim G, Gerich JE, Salsali A, et al. Empagliflozin (EMPA) increases genital infections but not urinary tract infections (UTIs) in pooled data from four pivotal phase III trials. Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):LB21 (Abstract 74-LB).
99.
go back to reference Schwartz SL, Akinlade B, Klasen S, Kowalski D, Zhang W, Wilpshaar W. Safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of ipragliflozin (ASP1941), a novel and selective inhibitor of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011;13:1219–27.PubMedCrossRef Schwartz SL, Akinlade B, Klasen S, Kowalski D, Zhang W, Wilpshaar W. Safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic profiles of ipragliflozin (ASP1941), a novel and selective inhibitor of sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011;13:1219–27.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Kashiwagi A, Takinami Y, Kazuta K, Yoshida S, Utsuno A, Nagase I. Ipragliflozin improved glycaemic control with additional benefits of reductions of body weight and blood pressure in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: BRIGHTEN Study. Diabetologia. 2011;54(Suppl. 1):S68 (Abstract 149). Kashiwagi A, Takinami Y, Kazuta K, Yoshida S, Utsuno A, Nagase I. Ipragliflozin improved glycaemic control with additional benefits of reductions of body weight and blood pressure in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: BRIGHTEN Study. Diabetologia. 2011;54(Suppl. 1):S68 (Abstract 149).
101.
go back to reference Wilding JP, Ferrannini E, Fonseca VA, Wilpshaar W, Dhanjal P, Houzer A. Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a dose-finding study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:403–9.PubMedCrossRef Wilding JP, Ferrannini E, Fonseca VA, Wilpshaar W, Dhanjal P, Houzer A. Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin: a dose-finding study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:403–9.PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Kashiwagi A, Shiga T, Akiyama N, et al. Ipragliflozin reduced HbA1c and body weight in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients who have inadequate glycaemic control on sulfonylurea or pioglitazone alone. Diabetologia. 2012;55(Suppl. 1):S302 (Abstract 739). Kashiwagi A, Shiga T, Akiyama N, et al. Ipragliflozin reduced HbA1c and body weight in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients who have inadequate glycaemic control on sulfonylurea or pioglitazone alone. Diabetologia. 2012;55(Suppl. 1):S302 (Abstract 739).
103.
go back to reference Basile JN. The potential of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). J Diabetes Complicat. 2013;27:280–6.PubMedCrossRef Basile JN. The potential of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors to reduce cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). J Diabetes Complicat. 2013;27:280–6.PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Foote C, Perkovic V, Neal B. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2012;9:117–23.PubMedCrossRef Foote C, Perkovic V, Neal B. Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on cardiovascular outcomes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2012;9:117–23.PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Barnett AH, Mithal A, Manassie J, Rattunde H, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC. Empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and renal impairment. Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A286 (Abstract 1104-P). Barnett AH, Mithal A, Manassie J, Rattunde H, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC. Empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and renal impairment. Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A286 (Abstract 1104-P).
108.
go back to reference Lavalle Gonzalez FJ, Januszewicz A, Davidson JA, Qiu R, Tong C, Meininger G. Canagliflozin (CANA) compared with sitagliptin (SITA) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on Metformin (MET) over 52 weeks. Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A61 (Abstract 238-OR). Lavalle Gonzalez FJ, Januszewicz A, Davidson JA, Qiu R, Tong C, Meininger G. Canagliflozin (CANA) compared with sitagliptin (SITA) in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on Metformin (MET) over 52 weeks. Diabetes. 2013;62(Suppl. 1):A61 (Abstract 238-OR).
Metadata
Title
Sodium Glucose Co-transporter Type 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors: Targeting the Kidney to Improve Glycemic Control in Diabetes Mellitus
Author
Harold Bays
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
Springer Healthcare
Published in
Diabetes Therapy / Issue 2/2013
Print ISSN: 1869-6953
Electronic ISSN: 1869-6961
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-013-0042-y

Other articles of this Issue 2/2013

Diabetes Therapy 2/2013 Go to the issue