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Tumor Biology
Published in: Tumor Biology 7/2015

01-07-2015 | Research Article

Glucose-regulated protein 78 mediates the anticancer efficacy of shikonin in hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells

Authors: Li-Jen Kuo, Chien-Yu Huang, Wan-Li Cheng, Chin-Sheng Hung, Chun-Te Wu, Feng-Yen Lin, Yu-Jia Chang, Ming-Te Huang

Published in: Tumor Biology | Issue 7/2015

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Abstract

Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a key modulator of prostate cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Prostate cancer is a worldwide health problem, and therapeutic resistance is a critical obstacle for the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients. Shikonin inhibits prostate cancer proliferation and metastasis. However, the role of GRP78 in the cytotoxic effect of shikonin in prostate cancer cells remains unclear. GRP78 expression was abolished using small interfering RNA (siRNA), and the anticancer effects of shikonin were assessed using MTT assays, the XCELLigence biosensor, flow cytometric cell cycle analysis, and Annexin V-PI apoptotic assays. PC-3 cells expressed more GRP78 than DU-145 cells, and the MTT assays revealed that DU-145 cells were more sensitive to shikonin than PC-3 cells. GRP78 knockdown (GRP78KD) PC-3 cells were more sensitive to shikonin treatment than scrambled siRNA control cells. Based on cell cycle analysis and AnnexinV-PI apoptotic assays, apoptosis dramatically increased in GRP78KD cells compared with the control PC-3 in response to shikonin. Finally, in response to shikonin treatment, Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 levels increased in the scrambled control cells treated with shikonin, whereas Bcl-2 decreased and Mcl-1 slightly increased in the GRP78KD PC-3 cells. The levels of Bax and Bad did not change in the scrambled control or GRP78KD cells after shikonin treatment. These results are consistent with the increased sensitivity to shikonin after knockdown of GRP78. GRP78 expression may determine the therapeutic efficacy of shikonin against prostate cancer cells.
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Metadata
Title
Glucose-regulated protein 78 mediates the anticancer efficacy of shikonin in hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells
Authors
Li-Jen Kuo
Chien-Yu Huang
Wan-Li Cheng
Chin-Sheng Hung
Chun-Te Wu
Feng-Yen Lin
Yu-Jia Chang
Ming-Te Huang
Publication date
01-07-2015
Publisher
Springer Netherlands
Published in
Tumor Biology / Issue 7/2015
Print ISSN: 1010-4283
Electronic ISSN: 1423-0380
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-3157-0

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