Published in:
01-04-2020 | Lung Cancer | Correction
Correction to: Development of Decisional Values Statements for Lung Cancer Screening among African American Smokers
Published in: Journal of Cancer Education | Issue 2/2020
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Correction to: Journal of Cancer Education
Table 1
Categories generated from key informant interviews (n = 9)
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Positive factors
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Category
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Example
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Decisional values item
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Early detection
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Mortality
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“Obviously that it’s a screening test in kind of the whole early detection leads to earlier diagnosis and treatment and better survivorship, and all of those things are important” [Provider]
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…lowering your risk of dying from lung cancer? Or
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Being able to treat it
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Benefit
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Extend life
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…getting a lung cancer screening test that may help you live longer?
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Better survivorship
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Being proactive
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Psychological
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“I’d want access to it and to be able to be in a proactive stance” [Individual]
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…getting peace of mind to find out you do not have lung cancer?
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Wanting to know
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effects
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||
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Concern for cancer
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(Positive)
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…making you feel like you are doing everything you can for your health?
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Doctor recommendation
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Interpersonal relationships
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“I think African Americans in particular, if they trust somebody, and if that somebody says they have lung cancer screening, you are more likely to do it than if somebody random does”
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…following your doctor’s opinion about lung cancer screening?
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Trust in doctor
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…thinking about family or friends who have dealt with lung cancer?
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Family
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[Provider]
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history/personal experience with cancer
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“So I think if I knew if you get early, and I think I do know that just by reading and different people in my life that I’ve known, you can be cured…especially if I had a history of lung cancer in my family” [Individual]
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Non-invasiveness of test
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Test itself
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“I think positive things are knowing that it’s a noninvasive test, is really important” [Provider]
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…knowing the test has little risk?
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Negative factors
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Category
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Example
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Decisional values item
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Covered by insurance
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Burden of test itself
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“Well number one, I’m not sure if this test is covered by my insurance, health insurance.” [Individual]
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…the out of pocket cost of the screening?
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…where you have to go (testing location) to get lung cancer screening?
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Cost
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Access
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…the idea that lung cancer screening may lead to more testing if there is an abnormal result?
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Additional follow-up tests
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Overwhelmed by tests
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Age/life expectancy
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Hierarchy of life priorities
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“Unfortunately once you reach a certain age, okay, you start thinking about life. And I say life instead of death” [Individual]
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…the idea that you would prefer to focus on other things in your life than thinking about screening for lung cancer?
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Other medical issues that need to be addressed
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“…do not know that screening becomes the number one priority when someone else has other medical issues to address” [Provider]
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Do not want to know results
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Fear/fatalism
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“They do not really want to know” [Provider]
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…the idea that lung cancer screening will make you worry about lung cancer?
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Cannot change it
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“The negative things. I do not want to know, and then I think I’m at this stage, losing my mother and everything. I do not think I could handle one more thing” [Individual]
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Fear of death due to cancer
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Fear of finding something
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Fear cancer will spread
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Fear of undergoing procedures
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Scared of results
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Concerns about findings
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Finding some other major medical problem
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Not picking something up that may be there
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Limitations of screening
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Limitations screening
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Note: This was based upon the limitations of the test
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…the idea that lung cancer screening will not find all lung cancers or all lung cancers early?
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…the idea that not all patients who have lung cancer diagnosed by screening will avoid death from lung cancer?
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…the idea that the lung cancer screening test might show something wrong that turns out not to be cancer?
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Stigma of lung cancer
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Stigma
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“There is a lot of baggage that comes with lung cancer screening. For smokers, that is the guilt and the shame and the nihilism on their part and on the healthcare system’s part.” [Provider]
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…the idea that getting screened for lung cancer would make you feel badly about your smoking history?
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Guilt of smoking
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Ashamed
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…the feeling that if you had lung cancer you would feel like it was your fault?
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Invasiveness
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Test itself
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“It’s still very difficult to convince people that the benefit is worth it relative to the other cancers because I think also the invasiveness of proving it ismore risky than say, mammograms and finding something abnormal on a mammogram” [Provider]
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...knowing the test has little risk?
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Table 3
Pattern coefficients for the retained factors for the decisional values measure
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Item
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M (SD)
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Cons of screening factor loading
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Pros of screening factor loading
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|---|---|---|---|
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Below are listed some things that people consider when making a decision about lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography. Please indicate how important these are to you by selecting “extremely important to me” to “not at all important to me.” How important is…
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|||
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…lung cancer screening may lead to more testing if there is an abnormal result?
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4.2 (1.2)
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0.923
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…not all patients who have lung cancer diagnosed by screening will avoid death from lung cancer?
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4.1 (1.1)
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0.810
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…lung cancer screening will not find all lung cancers or all lung cancers early?
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4.1 (1.2)
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0.786
|
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…the lung cancer screening test might show something wrong that turns out not to be cancer?
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4.1 (1.1)
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0.753
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…the out of pocket cost of the screening?
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4.0 (1.3)
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0.652
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…getting screened for lung cancer would make you feel badly about your smoking history?
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4.0 (1.1)
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0.621
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…if you had lung cancer you would feel like it was your fault?
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3.9 (1.2)
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0.496
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…making you feel like you are doing everything you can for your health?
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4.5 (0.82)
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− 0.918
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…following your doctor’s opinion about lung cancer screening?
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4.4 (0.90)
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− 0.911
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…knowing the test has little risk?
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4.4 (1.0)
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− 0.829
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…lowering your risk of dying from cancer?
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4.5 (0.84)
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− 0.719
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…thinking about family or friends who have dealt with lung cancer
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4.3 (1.0)
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− 0.676
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