Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Advances in Therapy 6/2014

01-06-2014 | Review

Sodium-Glucose Linked Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors—Fighting Diabetes from a New Perspective

Authors: Theodoros P. Angelopoulos, John Doupis

Published in: Advances in Therapy | Issue 6/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Sodium-Glucose linked transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new family of antidiabetic pharmaceutical agents whose action is based on the inhibition of the glucose reabsorption pathway, resulting in glucosuria and a consequent reduction of the blood glucose levels, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Apart from lowering both fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, without causing hypoglycemia, SGLT2 inhibitors have also shown a reduction in body weight and the systolic blood pressure. This review paper explores the renal involvement in glucose homeostasis providing also the latest safety and efficacy data for the European Medicines Agency and U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved SGLT2 inhibitors, looking, finally, into the future of this novel antidiabetic category of pharmaceutical agents.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Ginter E, Simko V. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, pandemic in 21st century. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;771:42–50.PubMed Ginter E, Simko V. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, pandemic in 21st century. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2012;771:42–50.PubMed
2.
go back to reference Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–53.PubMedCrossRef Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–53.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Fu J, Prasad HC. Changing epidemiology of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in Chinese youth. Curr Diabetes Rep. 2014;14:447.CrossRef Fu J, Prasad HC. Changing epidemiology of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in Chinese youth. Curr Diabetes Rep. 2014;14:447.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Tentolouris N, Katsilambros N. Textbook of Diabetes. In: Pickup JC, Williams G, editors. Type 2 diabetes: an overview. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2003. p. 4.1–4.19. Tentolouris N, Katsilambros N. Textbook of Diabetes. In: Pickup JC, Williams G, editors. Type 2 diabetes: an overview. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2003. p. 4.1–4.19.
6.
go back to reference Triplitt CL. Understanding the kidneys’ role in blood glucose regulation. Am J Manag Care. 2012;18(1 Suppl):S11–6.PubMed Triplitt CL. Understanding the kidneys’ role in blood glucose regulation. Am J Manag Care. 2012;18(1 Suppl):S11–6.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Schoolwerth A, Smith B, Culpepper R. Renal gluconeogenesis: a review. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1988;14:347–61.PubMed Schoolwerth A, Smith B, Culpepper R. Renal gluconeogenesis: a review. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1988;14:347–61.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Wright E, Hirayama B, Loo D. Active sugar transport in health and disease. J Int Med. 2007;261:32–43.CrossRef Wright E, Hirayama B, Loo D. Active sugar transport in health and disease. J Int Med. 2007;261:32–43.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Marsenic O. Glucose control by the kidney: an emerging target in diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:875–83.PubMedCrossRef Marsenic O. Glucose control by the kidney: an emerging target in diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:875–83.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Gerich JE, Meyer C, Woerle HJ, Stumvoll M. Renal gluconeogenesis: its importance in human glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:382–91.PubMedCrossRef Gerich JE, Meyer C, Woerle HJ, Stumvoll M. Renal gluconeogenesis: its importance in human glucose homeostasis. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:382–91.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Cersosimo E, Garlick P, Ferretti J. Insulin regulation of renal glucose metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:E78–84.PubMed Cersosimo E, Garlick P, Ferretti J. Insulin regulation of renal glucose metabolism in humans. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:E78–84.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Stumvoll M, Meyer C, Kreider M, Perriello G, Gerich J. Effects of glucagon on renal and hepatic glutamine gluconeogenesis in normal postabsorptive humans. Metabolism. 1998;47:1227–32.PubMedCrossRef Stumvoll M, Meyer C, Kreider M, Perriello G, Gerich J. Effects of glucagon on renal and hepatic glutamine gluconeogenesis in normal postabsorptive humans. Metabolism. 1998;47:1227–32.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Meyer C, Stumvoll M, Nadkarni V, Dostou J, Mitrakou A, Gerich J. Abnormal renal and hepatic glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:619–24.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Meyer C, Stumvoll M, Nadkarni V, Dostou J, Mitrakou A, Gerich J. Abnormal renal and hepatic glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:619–24.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Fisher JN, Murphy MB, Stentz FB. Thirty years of personal experience in hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1541–52.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Fisher JN, Murphy MB, Stentz FB. Thirty years of personal experience in hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1541–52.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Meyer C, Dostou JM, Welle SL, Gerich JE. Role of human liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle in postprandial glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;282:E419–27.PubMed Meyer C, Dostou JM, Welle SL, Gerich JE. Role of human liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle in postprandial glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;282:E419–27.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Guyton AC, Hall JE. Chapter 27: Urine formation by the kidneys: II tubular processing of the glomerular filtrate. In: Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors. Textbook of medical physiology. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2006. p. 327–47. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Chapter 27: Urine formation by the kidneys: II tubular processing of the glomerular filtrate. In: Guyton AC, Hall JE, editors. Textbook of medical physiology. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2006. p. 327–47.
20.
go back to reference Zelikovic I. Aminoaciduria and glycosuria. In: Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P, editors. Pediatric nephrology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. p. 701–28. Zelikovic I. Aminoaciduria and glycosuria. In: Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P, editors. Pediatric nephrology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. p. 701–28.
21.
go back to reference Santer R, Kinner M, Lassen CL, et al. Molecular analysis of the SGLT2 gene in patients with renal glucosuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2873–82.PubMedCrossRef Santer R, Kinner M, Lassen CL, et al. Molecular analysis of the SGLT2 gene in patients with renal glucosuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:2873–82.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Turk E, Zabel B, Mundlos S, Dyer J, Wright EM. Glucose/galactose malabsorption caused by a defect in the Na+/glucose cotransporter. Nature. 1991;350:354–6.PubMedCrossRef Turk E, Zabel B, Mundlos S, Dyer J, Wright EM. Glucose/galactose malabsorption caused by a defect in the Na+/glucose cotransporter. Nature. 1991;350:354–6.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Ehrenkranz JR, Lewis NG, Kahn CR, Roth J. Phlorizin: a review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2005;21:31–8.PubMedCrossRef Ehrenkranz JR, Lewis NG, Kahn CR, Roth J. Phlorizin: a review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2005;21:31–8.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Rossetti L, Smith D, Shulman GI, Papachristou D, DeFronzo RA. Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats. J Clin Invest. 1987;79:1510–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Rossetti L, Smith D, Shulman GI, Papachristou D, DeFronzo RA. Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats. J Clin Invest. 1987;79:1510–5.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Dimitrakoudis D, Vranic M, Klip A. Effects of hyperglycemia on glucose transporters of the muscle: use of the renal glucose reabsorption inhibitor phlorizin to control glycemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;3:1078–91.PubMed Dimitrakoudis D, Vranic M, Klip A. Effects of hyperglycemia on glucose transporters of the muscle: use of the renal glucose reabsorption inhibitor phlorizin to control glycemia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992;3:1078–91.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Han S, Hagan DL, Taylor JR. Dapagliflozin, a selective SGLT2 inhibitor, improves glucose homeostasis in normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes. 2008;57:1723–9.PubMedCrossRef Han S, Hagan DL, Taylor JR. Dapagliflozin, a selective SGLT2 inhibitor, improves glucose homeostasis in normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes. 2008;57:1723–9.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Komoroski B, Vachharajani N, Feng Y, Li L, Kornhauser D, Pfister M. Dapagliflozin, a novel, selective SGLT2 inhibitor, improved glycemic control over 2 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85:513–9.PubMedCrossRef Komoroski B, Vachharajani N, Feng Y, Li L, Kornhauser D, Pfister M. Dapagliflozin, a novel, selective SGLT2 inhibitor, improved glycemic control over 2 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85:513–9.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Ferrannini E, Ramos SJ, Salsali A, Tang W, List JF. Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2217–24.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Ferrannini E, Ramos SJ, Salsali A, Tang W, List JF. Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2217–24.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Boldys A, Okopien B. Inhibitors of type 2 sodium glucose co-transporters—a new strategy for diabetes treatment: review. Pharmacol Rep. 2009;61:778–84.PubMedCrossRef Boldys A, Okopien B. Inhibitors of type 2 sodium glucose co-transporters—a new strategy for diabetes treatment: review. Pharmacol Rep. 2009;61:778–84.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Wilding JP, Norwood P, T’joen C, Bastien A, List JF, Fiedorek FT. A study of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin plus insulin sensitizers: applicability of a novel insulin-independent treatment. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1656–62.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Wilding JP, Norwood P, T’joen C, Bastien A, List JF, Fiedorek FT. A study of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin plus insulin sensitizers: applicability of a novel insulin-independent treatment. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1656–62.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference List JF, Woo V, Morales E, Tang W, Fiedorek FT. Sodium-Glucose cotransport inhibition with dapagliflozin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:650–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef List JF, Woo V, Morales E, Tang W, Fiedorek FT. Sodium-Glucose cotransport inhibition with dapagliflozin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:650–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Komala MG, Panchapakesan U, Pollock C, Mather A. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 and the diabetic kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2013;22:113–9.PubMedCrossRef Komala MG, Panchapakesan U, Pollock C, Mather A. Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 and the diabetic kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2013;22:113–9.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Bailey CJ, Gross JL, Pieters A, Bastien A, List JF. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:2223–33.PubMedCrossRef Bailey CJ, Gross JL, Pieters A, Bastien A, List JF. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:2223–33.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Bolinder J, Ljunggren O, Kullberg J, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on body weight, total fat mass, and regional adipose tissue distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control on metformin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:1020–31.PubMedCrossRef Bolinder J, Ljunggren O, Kullberg J, et al. Effects of dapagliflozin on body weight, total fat mass, and regional adipose tissue distribution in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control on metformin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:1020–31.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Strojek K, Yoon KH, Hruba V, Elze M, Langkilde AM, Parikh S. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with glimepiride: a randomized, 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13:928–38.PubMedCrossRef Strojek K, Yoon KH, Hruba V, Elze M, Langkilde AM, Parikh S. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with glimepiride: a randomized, 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13:928–38.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Rosenstock J, Vico M, Wei L, Salsali A, List JF. Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA1c, body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1473–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Rosenstock J, Vico M, Wei L, Salsali A, List JF. Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA1c, body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1473–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Nauck MA, Del Prato S, Meier JJ, et al. Dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycemic control with metformin: a randomized, 52-week, double-blind, active-controlled noninferiority trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2015–22.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Nauck MA, Del Prato S, Meier JJ, et al. Dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycemic control with metformin: a randomized, 52-week, double-blind, active-controlled noninferiority trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2015–22.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Jabbour SA, Whaley JM, Tirmenstein M, et al. Targeting renal glucose reabsorption for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus using the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. Postgrad Med. 2012;124:62–73.PubMedCrossRef Jabbour SA, Whaley JM, Tirmenstein M, et al. Targeting renal glucose reabsorption for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus using the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. Postgrad Med. 2012;124:62–73.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Gerich JE, Bastien A. Development of the Sodium-Glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapaglifloz in for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2011;4:669–83.PubMedCrossRef Gerich JE, Bastien A. Development of the Sodium-Glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapaglifloz in for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2011;4:669–83.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Shah NK, Deeb WE, Choksi R, Epstein BJ. Dapagliflozin: a novel Sodium-Glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy. 2012;32:80–94.PubMedCrossRef Shah NK, Deeb WE, Choksi R, Epstein BJ. Dapagliflozin: a novel Sodium-Glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy. 2012;32:80–94.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Bhartia M, Tahrani AA, Barnett AH. SGLT-2 inhibitors in development for type 2 diabetes treatment. Rev Diabetes Stud. 2011;8:348–54.CrossRef Bhartia M, Tahrani AA, Barnett AH. SGLT-2 inhibitors in development for type 2 diabetes treatment. Rev Diabetes Stud. 2011;8:348–54.CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Abdul-Ghani MA, Norton L, de Fronzo RA. Efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 2012;1:230–8.CrossRef Abdul-Ghani MA, Norton L, de Fronzo RA. Efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 2012;1:230–8.CrossRef
47.
go back to reference Kasichayanula S, Liu X, Shyu WC, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between dapagliflozin, a novel Sodium-Glucose transporter 2 inhibitor, and metformin, pioglitazone, glimepiride or sitagliptin in healthy subjects. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13:47–54.PubMedCrossRef Kasichayanula S, Liu X, Shyu WC, et al. Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between dapagliflozin, a novel Sodium-Glucose transporter 2 inhibitor, and metformin, pioglitazone, glimepiride or sitagliptin in healthy subjects. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13:47–54.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Kasichayanula S, Liu X, Zhang W, Pfister M, LaCreta FP, Boulton DW. Influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of dapagliflozin: an open-label, parallel-group, single-dose study. Clin Ther. 2011;33:1798–808.PubMedCrossRef Kasichayanula S, Liu X, Zhang W, Pfister M, LaCreta FP, Boulton DW. Influence of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of dapagliflozin: an open-label, parallel-group, single-dose study. Clin Ther. 2011;33:1798–808.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Ljunggren Ö, Bolinder J, Johansson L. Dapagliflozin has no effect on markers of bone formation and resorption of bone mineral density in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus on metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:990–9.PubMedCrossRef Ljunggren Ö, Bolinder J, Johansson L. Dapagliflozin has no effect on markers of bone formation and resorption of bone mineral density in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus on metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:990–9.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Scheen AJ. Drug–drug interactions with Sodium-Glucose cotransporters type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, new oral glucose-lowering agents for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2014;53:295–304.PubMedCrossRef Scheen AJ. Drug–drug interactions with Sodium-Glucose cotransporters type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, new oral glucose-lowering agents for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2014;53:295–304.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Kohan DE, Fioretto P, Tang W, List JF. Long-term study of patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment shows that dapagliflozin reduces weight and blood pressure but does not improve glycemic control. Kidney Int. 2014;85:962–71.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kohan DE, Fioretto P, Tang W, List JF. Long-term study of patients with type 2 diabetes and moderate renal impairment shows that dapagliflozin reduces weight and blood pressure but does not improve glycemic control. Kidney Int. 2014;85:962–71.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Vouyiouklis M. Canagliflozin: improving diabetes by making urine sweet. Cleve Clin J Med. 2013;80:683–7.PubMedCrossRef Vouyiouklis M. Canagliflozin: improving diabetes by making urine sweet. Cleve Clin J Med. 2013;80:683–7.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Doggrell SA, McIntyre K. Canagliflozin—something new for type 2 diabetes, but is it safe and efficacious? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15(3):437–41.PubMedCrossRef Doggrell SA, McIntyre K. Canagliflozin—something new for type 2 diabetes, but is it safe and efficacious? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;15(3):437–41.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Stenlof K, Cefalu WT, Kim KA, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:372–82.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Stenlof K, Cefalu WT, Kim KA, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:372–82.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Devineni D, Morrow L, Hompesch M, et al. Canagliflozin improves glycaemic control over 28 days in subjects with type 2 diabetes not optimally controlled on insulin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:539–45.PubMedCrossRef Devineni D, Morrow L, Hompesch M, et al. Canagliflozin improves glycaemic control over 28 days in subjects with type 2 diabetes not optimally controlled on insulin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:539–45.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Plosker GL. Canagliflozin: a review of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2014;74:807–24.PubMedCrossRef Plosker GL. Canagliflozin: a review of its use in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2014;74:807–24.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Rosenstock J, Aggarwal N, Polidori D, et al. Dose-ranging effects of canagliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, as add-on to metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1232–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Rosenstock J, Aggarwal N, Polidori D, et al. Dose-ranging effects of canagliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, as add-on to metformin in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1232–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Nyirjesy P, Zhao Y, Ways K, Usiskin K. Evaluation of vulvovaginal symptoms and Candida colonization in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28:1173–8.PubMedCrossRef Nyirjesy P, Zhao Y, Ways K, Usiskin K. Evaluation of vulvovaginal symptoms and Candida colonization in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28:1173–8.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Stenlöf K, Cefalu WT, Kim KA. Long-term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise: findings from the 52-week CANTATA-M study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30:163–75.PubMedCrossRef Stenlöf K, Cefalu WT, Kim KA. Long-term efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise: findings from the 52-week CANTATA-M study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30:163–75.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Yale JF, Bakris G, Cariou B, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:463–73.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Yale JF, Bakris G, Cariou B, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:463–73.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Weir MR, Kline I, Xie J, Edwards R, Usiskin K. Effect of canagliflozin on serum electrolytes in patients with type 2 diabetes in relation to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;22:1–10.CrossRef Weir MR, Kline I, Xie J, Edwards R, Usiskin K. Effect of canagliflozin on serum electrolytes in patients with type 2 diabetes in relation to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;22:1–10.CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Cefalu WT, Leiter LA, Yoon KH, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (CANTATA-SU): 52 week results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2014;382:941–50.CrossRef Cefalu WT, Leiter LA, Yoon KH, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin versus glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin (CANTATA-SU): 52 week results from a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2014;382:941–50.CrossRef
65.
go back to reference Neal B, Perkovic V, de Zeeuw D, Mahaffey KW, et al. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS)–a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am Heart J. 2013;166:217–23.PubMedCrossRef Neal B, Perkovic V, de Zeeuw D, Mahaffey KW, et al. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS)–a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am Heart J. 2013;166:217–23.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Rosenwasser RF, Sultan S, Sutton D, Choksi R, Epstein BJ. SGLT-2 inhibitors and their potential in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2013;27(6):453–67. Rosenwasser RF, Sultan S, Sutton D, Choksi R, Epstein BJ. SGLT-2 inhibitors and their potential in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2013;27(6):453–67.
68.
go back to reference Ridderstråle M, Svaerd R, Zeller C, Kim G, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC. Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a 4-year (208-week) phase III trial of empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, versus glimepiride as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with insufficient glycemic control. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013;12:129.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Ridderstråle M, Svaerd R, Zeller C, Kim G, Woerle HJ, Broedl UC. Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a 4-year (208-week) phase III trial of empagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, versus glimepiride as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with insufficient glycemic control. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013;12:129.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Tahara A, Kurosaki E, Yokono M, et al. Antidiabetic effects of SGLT2-selective inhibitor ipragliflozin in streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced mildly diabetic mice. Pharmacol Sci. 2012;120:36–44.CrossRef Tahara A, Kurosaki E, Yokono M, et al. Antidiabetic effects of SGLT2-selective inhibitor ipragliflozin in streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced mildly diabetic mice. Pharmacol Sci. 2012;120:36–44.CrossRef
70.
go back to reference Suzuki M, Honda K, Fukazawa M, et al. Tofogliflozin, a potent and highly specific sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, improves glycemic control in diabetic rats and mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012;341:692–701.PubMedCrossRef Suzuki M, Honda K, Fukazawa M, et al. Tofogliflozin, a potent and highly specific sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, improves glycemic control in diabetic rats and mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012;341:692–701.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Hussey EK, Kapur A, O’Connor-Semmes R, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remogliflozin etabonate, a novel SGLT2 inhibitor, and metformin when co-administered in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;30:14–25. Hussey EK, Kapur A, O’Connor-Semmes R, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remogliflozin etabonate, a novel SGLT2 inhibitor, and metformin when co-administered in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;30:14–25.
72.
go back to reference Zanardi TA, Han SC, Jeong EJ, Rime S, Yu RZ, Chakravarty K, Henry SP. Pharmacodynamics and subchronic toxicity in mice and monkeys of ISIS 388626, a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide that targets human sodium glucose cotransporter 2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012;343:489–96.PubMedCrossRef Zanardi TA, Han SC, Jeong EJ, Rime S, Yu RZ, Chakravarty K, Henry SP. Pharmacodynamics and subchronic toxicity in mice and monkeys of ISIS 388626, a second-generation antisense oligonucleotide that targets human sodium glucose cotransporter 2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2012;343:489–96.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Sodium-Glucose Linked Transporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors—Fighting Diabetes from a New Perspective
Authors
Theodoros P. Angelopoulos
John Doupis
Publication date
01-06-2014
Publisher
Springer Healthcare
Published in
Advances in Therapy / Issue 6/2014
Print ISSN: 0741-238X
Electronic ISSN: 1865-8652
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-014-0127-7

Other articles of this Issue 6/2014

Advances in Therapy 6/2014 Go to the issue
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.