Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Advances in Therapy 5/2014

Open Access 01-05-2014 | Review

Phase III Trials of New Oral Anticoagulants in the Acute Treatment and Secondary Prevention of VTE: Comparison and Critique of Study Methodology and Results

Authors: Alexander T. Cohen, Stephan Imfeld, Thomas Rider

Published in: Advances in Therapy | Issue 5/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

The traditional treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been use of heparin and vitamin K antagonists (VKA), and although shown to be effective, they have numerous limitations. New oral anticoagulants (NOACs) including direct thrombin (factor IIa) inhibitors (dabigatran) and selective factor Xa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban) have emerged as promising alternatives with the potential to overcome the limitations of traditional treatments. Clinical trials have been performed with a view to making significant changes to the acute, long-term and extended treatment of VTE. Data are now available on the efficacy and safety, including bleeding rates, of the NOACs in comparison with VKA in the acute treatment and secondary prevention of VTE as well as in comparison with placebo extended VTE treatment. This review compares and contrasts the design and results of the Phase III trials of NOACs in VTE and discusses the implications of the NOACs in terms of treatment strategies in VTE patients.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Cohen AT, Agnelli G, Anderson FA, et al. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality. Thromb Haemost. 2007;98:756–64.PubMed Cohen AT, Agnelli G, Anderson FA, et al. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality. Thromb Haemost. 2007;98:756–64.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Holbrook AM, Pereira JA, Labiris R, et al. Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1095–106.PubMedCrossRef Holbrook AM, Pereira JA, Labiris R, et al. Systematic overview of warfarin and its drug and food interactions. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1095–106.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Barritt DW, Jordan SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism. A controlled trial. Lancet. 1960;1:1309–12.PubMedCrossRef Barritt DW, Jordan SC. Anticoagulant drugs in the treatment of pulmonary embolism. A controlled trial. Lancet. 1960;1:1309–12.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e419S–94S.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e419S–94S.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Hutten BA, Prins MH. Duration of treatment with vitamin K antagonists in symptomatic venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD001367. Hutten BA, Prins MH. Duration of treatment with vitamin K antagonists in symptomatic venous thromboembolism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD001367.
7.
go back to reference Buller HR, Gallus AS, Pillion G, Prins MH, Raskob GE, Cassiopea I. Enoxaparin followed by once-weekly idrabiotaparinux versus enoxaparin plus warfarin for patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism: a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2012;379:123–9.PubMedCrossRef Buller HR, Gallus AS, Pillion G, Prins MH, Raskob GE, Cassiopea I. Enoxaparin followed by once-weekly idrabiotaparinux versus enoxaparin plus warfarin for patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism: a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2012;379:123–9.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference van Gogh I, Buller HR, Cohen AT, et al. Idraparinux versus standard therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1094–104.CrossRef van Gogh I, Buller HR, Cohen AT, et al. Idraparinux versus standard therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1094–104.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Simonneau G, Sors H, Charbonnier B, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. The THESEE Study Group. Tinzaparine ou Heparine Standard: evaluations dans l’Embolie Pulmonaire. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:663–9.PubMedCrossRef Simonneau G, Sors H, Charbonnier B, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. The THESEE Study Group. Tinzaparine ou Heparine Standard: evaluations dans l’Embolie Pulmonaire. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:663–9.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference NICE. Treating venous thromboembolism. National Clinical Guideline Centre 2012. NICE. Treating venous thromboembolism. National Clinical Guideline Centre 2012.
11.
go back to reference Moualla H, Garcia D. Vitamin K antagonists–current concepts and challenges. Thromb Res. 2011;128:210–5.PubMedCrossRef Moualla H, Garcia D. Vitamin K antagonists–current concepts and challenges. Thromb Res. 2011;128:210–5.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Ansell J, Hirsh J, Poller L, Bussey H, Jacobson A, Hylek E. The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126(3 Suppl):204S–33S.PubMedCrossRef Ansell J, Hirsh J, Poller L, Bussey H, Jacobson A, Hylek E. The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126(3 Suppl):204S–33S.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference NICE. Rivaroxaban for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and prevention of recurrent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. NICE technology appraisal guidance 261. National Clinical Guideline Centre 2012. NICE. Rivaroxaban for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and prevention of recurrent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. NICE technology appraisal guidance 261. National Clinical Guideline Centre 2012.
14.
go back to reference Kahn SR, M’Lan CE, Lamping DL, et al. The influence of venous thromboembolism on quality of life and severity of chronic venous disease. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2:2146–51.PubMedCrossRef Kahn SR, M’Lan CE, Lamping DL, et al. The influence of venous thromboembolism on quality of life and severity of chronic venous disease. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2:2146–51.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Weitz JI, Eikelboom JW, Samama MM, American College of Chest. New antithrombotic drugs: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e120S–51S.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Weitz JI, Eikelboom JW, Samama MM, American College of Chest. New antithrombotic drugs: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e120S–51S.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Prandoni P, Noventa F, Ghirarduzzi A, et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuing anticoagulation in patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. A prospective cohort study in 1,626 patients. Haematologica. 2007;92:199–205.PubMedCrossRef Prandoni P, Noventa F, Ghirarduzzi A, et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuing anticoagulation in patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. A prospective cohort study in 1,626 patients. Haematologica. 2007;92:199–205.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Residual venous thrombosis as a predictive factor of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:955–60.PubMedCrossRef Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Residual venous thrombosis as a predictive factor of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:955–60.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Eichinger S, Heinze G, Jandeck LM, Kyrle PA. Risk assessment of recurrence in patients with unprovoked deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: the Vienna prediction model. Circulation. 2010;121:1630–6.PubMedCrossRef Eichinger S, Heinze G, Jandeck LM, Kyrle PA. Risk assessment of recurrence in patients with unprovoked deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism: the Vienna prediction model. Circulation. 2010;121:1630–6.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Hansson PO, Sorbo J, Eriksson H. Recurrent venous thromboembolism after deep vein thrombosis: incidence and risk factors. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:769–74.PubMedCrossRef Hansson PO, Sorbo J, Eriksson H. Recurrent venous thromboembolism after deep vein thrombosis: incidence and risk factors. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:769–74.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:699–708.PubMedCrossRef Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:699–708.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference EINSTEIN Investigators, Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2499–510.PubMedCrossRef EINSTEIN Investigators, Bauersachs R, Berkowitz SD, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2499–510.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference EINSTEIN-PE Investigators, Buller HR, Prins MH, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1287–97.PubMedCrossRef EINSTEIN-PE Investigators, Buller HR, Prins MH, et al. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1287–97.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2342–52.PubMedCrossRef Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2342–52.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Extended use of dabigatran, warfarin, or placebo in venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:709–18.PubMedCrossRef Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Extended use of dabigatran, warfarin, or placebo in venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:709–18.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:799–808.PubMedCrossRef Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:799–808.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Hokusai-VTE Investigators, Büller HR, Décousus H, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1406–15.PubMedCrossRef Hokusai-VTE Investigators, Büller HR, Décousus H, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1406–15.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Schulman S, Kakkar AK, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Treatment of acute venous thromboembolism with dabigatran or warfarin and pooled analysis. Circulation. 2014;129:764–72.PubMedCrossRef Schulman S, Kakkar AK, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Treatment of acute venous thromboembolism with dabigatran or warfarin and pooled analysis. Circulation. 2014;129:764–72.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Raskob G, Buller H, Prins M et al. Edoxaban for the long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism: rationale and design of the Hokusai-VTE study. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:1287–94. Raskob G, Buller H, Prins M et al. Edoxaban for the long-term treatment of venous thromboembolism: rationale and design of the Hokusai-VTE study. J Thromb Haemost 2013;11:1287–94.
29.
go back to reference Agnelli G, Gallus A, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Treatment of proximal deep-vein thrombosis with the oral direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939): the ODIXa-DVT (Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor BAY 59-7939 in patients with acute symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis) study. Circulation. 2007;116:180–7.PubMedCrossRef Agnelli G, Gallus A, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Treatment of proximal deep-vein thrombosis with the oral direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban (BAY 59-7939): the ODIXa-DVT (Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor BAY 59-7939 in patients with acute symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis) study. Circulation. 2007;116:180–7.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Fang MC, Go AS, Hylek EM, et al. Age and the risk of warfarin-associated hemorrhage: the anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:1231–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Fang MC, Go AS, Hylek EM, et al. Age and the risk of warfarin-associated hemorrhage: the anticoagulation and risk factors in atrial fibrillation study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:1231–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Beyer-Westendorf J, Buller H. External and internal validity of open label or double-blind trials in oral anticoagulation: better, worse or just different? J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9:2153–8.PubMedCrossRef Beyer-Westendorf J, Buller H. External and internal validity of open label or double-blind trials in oral anticoagulation: better, worse or just different? J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9:2153–8.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Erkens PM, ten Cate H, Buller HR, Prins MH. Benchmark for time in therapeutic range in venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e42269.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Erkens PM, ten Cate H, Buller HR, Prins MH. Benchmark for time in therapeutic range in venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e42269.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Deitelzweig SB, Lin J, Kreilick C, Hussein M, Battleman D. Warfarin therapy in patients with venous thromboembolism: patterns of use and predictors of clinical outcomes. Adv Ther. 2010;27:623–33.PubMedCrossRef Deitelzweig SB, Lin J, Kreilick C, Hussein M, Battleman D. Warfarin therapy in patients with venous thromboembolism: patterns of use and predictors of clinical outcomes. Adv Ther. 2010;27:623–33.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Kimmel SE, Chen Z, Price M, et al. The influence of patient adherence on anticoagulation control with warfarin: results from the International Normalized Ratio Adherence and Genetics (IN-RANGE) Study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:229–35.PubMedCrossRef Kimmel SE, Chen Z, Price M, et al. The influence of patient adherence on anticoagulation control with warfarin: results from the International Normalized Ratio Adherence and Genetics (IN-RANGE) Study. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:229–35.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Shameem R, Ansell J. Disadvantages of VKA and requirements for novel anticoagulants. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2013;26:103–14.PubMedCrossRef Shameem R, Ansell J. Disadvantages of VKA and requirements for novel anticoagulants. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2013;26:103–14.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Gonzalez CD, Bolanos R, de Sereday M. Editorial on hypothesis and objectives in clinical trials: superiority, equivalence and non-inferiority. Thromb J. 2009;7:3.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Gonzalez CD, Bolanos R, de Sereday M. Editorial on hypothesis and objectives in clinical trials: superiority, equivalence and non-inferiority. Thromb J. 2009;7:3.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Christensen E. Methodology of superiority vs. equivalence trials and non-inferiority trials. J Hepatol. 2007;46:947–54.PubMedCrossRef Christensen E. Methodology of superiority vs. equivalence trials and non-inferiority trials. J Hepatol. 2007;46:947–54.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Phase III Trials of New Oral Anticoagulants in the Acute Treatment and Secondary Prevention of VTE: Comparison and Critique of Study Methodology and Results
Authors
Alexander T. Cohen
Stephan Imfeld
Thomas Rider
Publication date
01-05-2014
Publisher
Springer Healthcare
Published in
Advances in Therapy / Issue 5/2014
Print ISSN: 0741-238X
Electronic ISSN: 1865-8652
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-014-0119-7

Other articles of this Issue 5/2014

Advances in Therapy 5/2014 Go to the issue