Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 4/2015

01-04-2015 | Elderly + Heart Disease (J Wei, Section Editor)

The Demographics of Aging and Its Impact on the Cardiovascular Health

Authors: Gohar Azhar, Jeanne Y. Wei

Published in: Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports | Issue 4/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

In the next few decades, the progressive “graying” of America will accelerate. People 65+ are expected to grow to be approximately 80 million, or 21 %, of the US population by 2040. The 85+ group is the fastest-growing segment of the population, and it is estimated to increase from 6 million to over 14 million by 2040. This growth will result in a significant increase in the incidence and prevalence of age-associated diseases, including hypertension, coronary heart disease, and heart failure. An appreciation of this demographic change is essential for those involved in the healthcare industry, including providers, health organizations, policy makers as well as patients.
Literature
2.•
go back to reference Barzilai N, Atzmon G. Genes for exceptional longevity. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;34(1):171–88. This study provides a comprehensive overview of genes associated with longevity in lower species as well as human centenarians.CrossRef Barzilai N, Atzmon G. Genes for exceptional longevity. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;34(1):171–88. This study provides a comprehensive overview of genes associated with longevity in lower species as well as human centenarians.CrossRef
3.•
go back to reference Zhang X, Azhar G, Wei JY. The expression of microRNA and microRNA clusters in the aging heart. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e34688. This article discusses the impact of microRNA clusters in the adult mouse heart during aging as well as the role of individual microRNAs and Argonaut proteins.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Zhang X, Azhar G, Wei JY. The expression of microRNA and microRNA clusters in the aging heart. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e34688. This article discusses the impact of microRNA clusters in the adult mouse heart during aging as well as the role of individual microRNAs and Argonaut proteins.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
6.
go back to reference Katada S, Imhof A, Sassone-Corsi P. Connecting the threads: epigenetics and metabolism. Cell. 2012;148(1–2):24–8.CrossRefPubMed Katada S, Imhof A, Sassone-Corsi P. Connecting the threads: epigenetics and metabolism. Cell. 2012;148(1–2):24–8.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Rogers SC, Zhang X, Azhar G, Luo S, Wei JY. Exposure to high or low glucose levels accelerates the appearance of markers of endothelial cell senescence and induces dysregulation of nitric oxide synthase. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68:1469–81.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Rogers SC, Zhang X, Azhar G, Luo S, Wei JY. Exposure to high or low glucose levels accelerates the appearance of markers of endothelial cell senescence and induces dysregulation of nitric oxide synthase. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68:1469–81.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
9.
go back to reference Rossi DJ, Jamieson CHM, Weissman IL. Stems cells and the pathways to aging and cancer. Cell. 2008;132(4):681–96.CrossRefPubMed Rossi DJ, Jamieson CHM, Weissman IL. Stems cells and the pathways to aging and cancer. Cell. 2008;132(4):681–96.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Odiet JA, Wei JY. Heart failure and the aging myocardium: possible role of cardiac mitochondria. Heart Fail Rev. 1996;2:139–49.CrossRef Odiet JA, Wei JY. Heart failure and the aging myocardium: possible role of cardiac mitochondria. Heart Fail Rev. 1996;2:139–49.CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Braunstein JB, Anderson GF, Gerstenblith G, Weller W, Niefeld M, Herbert R, et al. Noncardiac comorbidity increases preventable hospitalizations and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(7):1226–33.CrossRefPubMed Braunstein JB, Anderson GF, Gerstenblith G, Weller W, Niefeld M, Herbert R, et al. Noncardiac comorbidity increases preventable hospitalizations and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(7):1226–33.CrossRefPubMed
14.••
go back to reference The State of Aging and Health in America. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2013. This article provides a snapshot of the aging landscape in the United States with the most current information and statistics. The State of Aging and Health in America. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2013. This article provides a snapshot of the aging landscape in the United States with the most current information and statistics.
15.
go back to reference Atchley RC. Retirement as a social institution. Annu Rev Sociol. 1982;8:263–87.CrossRef Atchley RC. Retirement as a social institution. Annu Rev Sociol. 1982;8:263–87.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Older Americans. Key indicators of well-being. U.S. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics (FIFARS) with the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Washington, DC: U.S. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics; 2012. Older Americans. Key indicators of well-being. U.S. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics (FIFARS) with the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Washington, DC: U.S. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging Related Statistics; 2012.
17.
go back to reference Aging America. Trends and projections. An information paper to the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, Nov 1989, serial no. 101-E. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989. Aging America. Trends and projections. An information paper to the Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate, Nov 1989, serial no. 101-E. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989.
18.
go back to reference Hogan C, Lunney J, Gabel J, Lynn J. Medicare beneficiaries’ costs of care in the last year of life. Health Aff. 2001;20:188–95.CrossRef Hogan C, Lunney J, Gabel J, Lynn J. Medicare beneficiaries’ costs of care in the last year of life. Health Aff. 2001;20:188–95.CrossRef
19.
go back to reference National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Reports 2001;49(12). National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Reports 2001;49(12).
20.
go back to reference Hoffman C, Rice D, Sung HY. Persons with chronic conditions: their prevalence and costs. JAMA. 1996;276(18):1473–9.CrossRefPubMed Hoffman C, Rice D, Sung HY. Persons with chronic conditions: their prevalence and costs. JAMA. 1996;276(18):1473–9.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Wolf JL, Starfield B, Anderson G. Prevalence, expenditures, and complications of multiple chronic conditions in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(20):2269–76.CrossRef Wolf JL, Starfield B, Anderson G. Prevalence, expenditures, and complications of multiple chronic conditions in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(20):2269–76.CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Meeting the needs of older adults with serious illness. Book Chapter. Shannon Brownlee, Christine Cassel, Vikas Saini. When more is less: overuse of medical services harms patients. Aging Med. 2014;3–18 Meeting the needs of older adults with serious illness. Book Chapter. Shannon Brownlee, Christine Cassel, Vikas Saini. When more is less: overuse of medical services harms patients. Aging Med. 2014;3–18
24.
go back to reference Goldman DP, Cutler D, Rowe JW, Michaud P-C, Sullivan J, Peneva D, et al. Substantial health and economic returns from delayed aging may warrant a new focus for medical research. Health Aff. 2013;32(10):1698–705.CrossRef Goldman DP, Cutler D, Rowe JW, Michaud P-C, Sullivan J, Peneva D, et al. Substantial health and economic returns from delayed aging may warrant a new focus for medical research. Health Aff. 2013;32(10):1698–705.CrossRef
25.•
go back to reference Howard K, Koh A. 2020 Vision for Healthy People. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1653–6. This guide describes the new health indicators and focus areas for health improvement for 2020, based on achievements and failures of the 2010 goals.CrossRef Howard K, Koh A. 2020 Vision for Healthy People. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1653–6. This guide describes the new health indicators and focus areas for health improvement for 2020, based on achievements and failures of the 2010 goals.CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Martini EM, Garrett N, Lindquist T, Isham GJ. The boomers are coming: a total cost of care model of the impact of population aging on health care costs in the United States by major practice category. Health Serv Res. 2007;42(1):201–18.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Martini EM, Garrett N, Lindquist T, Isham GJ. The boomers are coming: a total cost of care model of the impact of population aging on health care costs in the United States by major practice category. Health Serv Res. 2007;42(1):201–18.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
27.••
go back to reference Odden MC, Coxson PG, Moran A, Lightwood JM, Goldman L, Bibbins-Domingo K. The impact of the aging population on coronary heart disease in the United States. Am J Med. 2011;124:827–33. A summary of the incidence, prevalence, mortality and costs of aging on coronary heart disease and its impact on the stakeholders.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed Odden MC, Coxson PG, Moran A, Lightwood JM, Goldman L, Bibbins-Domingo K. The impact of the aging population on coronary heart disease in the United States. Am J Med. 2011;124:827–33. A summary of the incidence, prevalence, mortality and costs of aging on coronary heart disease and its impact on the stakeholders.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
29.
go back to reference Bhatia RS et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:260–9.CrossRefPubMed Bhatia RS et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:260–9.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Bhuiyan T, Maurer M. Heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: persistent diagnosis, therapeutic enigma. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2001;440–9. Bhuiyan T, Maurer M. Heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: persistent diagnosis, therapeutic enigma. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2001;440–9.
31.•
go back to reference Yamada S, Shimizi Y, Suzuki M, Izumi T. Functional limitations predict the risk of rehospitalization among patients with chronic heart failure. Circ J. 2012;76:1654–61. The study highlights the importance of measuring function in heart failure patients to reduce the cost of rehospitalization and improve the overall prognosis.CrossRefPubMed Yamada S, Shimizi Y, Suzuki M, Izumi T. Functional limitations predict the risk of rehospitalization among patients with chronic heart failure. Circ J. 2012;76:1654–61. The study highlights the importance of measuring function in heart failure patients to reduce the cost of rehospitalization and improve the overall prognosis.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Jugdutt BI. Aging and heart failure: changing demographics and implications for therapy in the elderly. Heart Fail Rev. 2010;15:401–5.CrossRefPubMed Jugdutt BI. Aging and heart failure: changing demographics and implications for therapy in the elderly. Heart Fail Rev. 2010;15:401–5.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association statistics committee and stroke statistics sub-committee. Circulation. 2010;121:e1–170.CrossRef Lloyd-Jones D, Adams RJ, Brown TM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association statistics committee and stroke statistics sub-committee. Circulation. 2010;121:e1–170.CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Rodgers GP, Conti JB, Feinstein JA, et al. ACC 2009 survey results and recommendations addressing the cardiology workforce crisis: a report of the ACC Board of Trustees Workforce Taskforce. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1195–208.CrossRefPubMed Rodgers GP, Conti JB, Feinstein JA, et al. ACC 2009 survey results and recommendations addressing the cardiology workforce crisis: a report of the ACC Board of Trustees Workforce Taskforce. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1195–208.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Sinnaeve P R, Brueckmann M, Clemens A, Oldgren J, Eikelboom J, Healey J S. Stroke prevention in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: challenges for anticoagulation. J Intern Med. 271(1) 15–24. Sinnaeve P R, Brueckmann M, Clemens A, Oldgren J, Eikelboom J, Healey J S. Stroke prevention in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation: challenges for anticoagulation. J Intern Med. 271(1) 15–24.
37.
go back to reference McEvoy JW, Nasir K. ABI and stroke: action at a distance and call to action. Atherosclerosis. 2014;234(1):73–4.CrossRefPubMed McEvoy JW, Nasir K. ABI and stroke: action at a distance and call to action. Atherosclerosis. 2014;234(1):73–4.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Lin P-J, Yang Z, Fillit HM, Cohen JT, Neumann PJ. Unintended benefits: the potential economic impact of addressing risk factors to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Health Aff. 2014;33(4):547–54.CrossRef Lin P-J, Yang Z, Fillit HM, Cohen JT, Neumann PJ. Unintended benefits: the potential economic impact of addressing risk factors to prevent Alzheimer’s disease. Health Aff. 2014;33(4):547–54.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
The Demographics of Aging and Its Impact on the Cardiovascular Health
Authors
Gohar Azhar
Jeanne Y. Wei
Publication date
01-04-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports / Issue 4/2015
Print ISSN: 1932-9520
Electronic ISSN: 1932-9563
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-015-0441-x

Other articles of this Issue 4/2015

Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports 4/2015 Go to the issue

Race + Ethnicity Disparities (K Watson and T Horwich, Section Editors)

The Role of Hypertension in Race-Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Disease

Genetics, Environment, Behavior and Risk Reduction (S Padmanabhan, Section Editor)

The Early Life Origins of Cardiovascular Disease

Diabetes + Insulin Resistance (M Rutter, Section Editor)

Statins and Incident Diabetes: Can Risk Outweigh Benefit?