Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 1/2010

01-03-2010 | CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION

Medicolegal evaluation of suicidal deaths exemplified by the situation in Germany

Authors: Markus Große Perdekamp, Stefan Pollak, Annette Thierauf

Published in: Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Suicide is a significant form of unnatural death and must be differentiated as such from other violent manners of death (homicide, accident), but also from unexpected deaths due to natural causes. The distinction is made on the basis of a careful collection and correct interpretation of post-mortem forensic findings on the one hand, the general background of the case and the criminal investigation at the scene on the other. For competent assessment by the post-mortem medical examiner and/or forensic pathologist, a thorough knowledge of the numerous methods of committing suicide and their pathomorphological correlates is indispensable. This not only includes the constellation of findings and injury patterns typical of suicide, but also unusual manifestations. Highly conspicuous are complex suicides, in which several methods are applied simultaneously, or one after the other, as well as joint suicides and homicide–suicides involving several persons. Certain settings also deserve special attention. Moreover, simulated or dissimulated suicide is a possibility that must always be borne in mind in forensic practice.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Brinkmann B, Banaschak S, Bratzke H, Cremer U, Diese G, et al. Errors resulting from the external examination of corpses in Germany: results of a multicentre study. Arch Kriminol. 1997;199:1–12, 65–74. Brinkmann B, Banaschak S, Bratzke H, Cremer U, Diese G, et al. Errors resulting from the external examination of corpses in Germany: results of a multicentre study. Arch Kriminol. 1997;199:1–12, 65–74.
2.
go back to reference Henderson JP, Mellin C, Patel F. Suicide—a statistical analysis by age, sex and method. J Clin Forensic Med. 2005;12:305–9.CrossRefPubMed Henderson JP, Mellin C, Patel F. Suicide—a statistical analysis by age, sex and method. J Clin Forensic Med. 2005;12:305–9.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Schmidt P, Müller R, Dettmeyer R, Madea B. Suicide in children, adolescents and young adults. Forensic Sci Int. 2002;127:161–7.CrossRefPubMed Schmidt P, Müller R, Dettmeyer R, Madea B. Suicide in children, adolescents and young adults. Forensic Sci Int. 2002;127:161–7.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Madea B, editor. Die Ärztliche Leichenschau. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: Springer; 2006. p. 24–32. Madea B, editor. Die Ärztliche Leichenschau. 2nd ed. Heidelberg: Springer; 2006. p. 24–32.
5.
go back to reference Ringel R. Der Selbstmord. Abschluss einer krankhaften psychischen Entwicklung. Wien Düsseldorf: Maudrich; 1953. Ringel R. Der Selbstmord. Abschluss einer krankhaften psychischen Entwicklung. Wien Düsseldorf: Maudrich; 1953.
6.
go back to reference Kölves K, Värnik A, Tooding LM, Wasserman D. The role of alcohol in suicide: a case–control psychological autopsy study. Psychol Med. 2006;36:923–30.CrossRefPubMed Kölves K, Värnik A, Tooding LM, Wasserman D. The role of alcohol in suicide: a case–control psychological autopsy study. Psychol Med. 2006;36:923–30.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference McGirr A, Tousignant M, Routhier D, Pouliot L, Chawky N, Margolese HC, et al. Risk factors for completed suicide in schizophrenia and other chronic psychotic disorders: a case–control study. Schizophr Res. 2006;84:132–43.CrossRefPubMed McGirr A, Tousignant M, Routhier D, Pouliot L, Chawky N, Margolese HC, et al. Risk factors for completed suicide in schizophrenia and other chronic psychotic disorders: a case–control study. Schizophr Res. 2006;84:132–43.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Shields LBE, Hunsaker DM, Hunsaker JC. Trends of suicide in the United States during the 20th century. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 3. Totowa: Humana Press; 2005. p. 305–35.CrossRef Shields LBE, Hunsaker DM, Hunsaker JC. Trends of suicide in the United States during the 20th century. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 3. Totowa: Humana Press; 2005. p. 305–35.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Pollak S. Statistics and phenomenology of combined suicides and other multiple suicidal injuries in the urban area (I, II), with 2 case reports. Arch Kriminol. 1978;161:20–30, 68–81. Pollak S. Statistics and phenomenology of combined suicides and other multiple suicidal injuries in the urban area (I, II), with 2 case reports. Arch Kriminol. 1978;161:20–30, 68–81.
10.
go back to reference Bohnert M, Pollak S. Complex suicides—a review of the literature. Arch Kriminol. 2004;213:138–53.PubMed Bohnert M, Pollak S. Complex suicides—a review of the literature. Arch Kriminol. 2004;213:138–53.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Bohnert M. Complex suicides. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 2. Totowa: Humana Press; 2005. p. 127–43. Bohnert M. Complex suicides. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 2. Totowa: Humana Press; 2005. p. 127–43.
12.
go back to reference Racette S, Sauvageau A. Planned and unplanned complex suicides: a 5-year retrospective study. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52:449–52.CrossRefPubMed Racette S, Sauvageau A. Planned and unplanned complex suicides: a 5-year retrospective study. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52:449–52.CrossRefPubMed
13.
14.
15.
go back to reference Jensen LL, Gilbert JD, Byard RW. Coincident deaths: double suicide or murder-suicide? Med Sci Law. 2009;49:27–32.PubMed Jensen LL, Gilbert JD, Byard RW. Coincident deaths: double suicide or murder-suicide? Med Sci Law. 2009;49:27–32.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Pollak S. Erscheinungsformen des erweiterten Selbstmordes. Forensia. 1979;2:67–78. Pollak S. Erscheinungsformen des erweiterten Selbstmordes. Forensia. 1979;2:67–78.
17.
go back to reference Byard RW. Murder-suicide: an overview. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 3. Totowa: Humana Press; 2005. p. 337–47.CrossRef Byard RW. Murder-suicide: an overview. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 3. Totowa: Humana Press; 2005. p. 337–47.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Travis AR, Johnson LJ, Milroy CM. Homicide–suicide (dyadic death), homicide, and firearm use in England and Wales. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2007;28:314–8.CrossRefPubMed Travis AR, Johnson LJ, Milroy CM. Homicide–suicide (dyadic death), homicide, and firearm use in England and Wales. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2007;28:314–8.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Schröer J, Püschel K. Special aspects of crime scene interpretation and behavioural analysis—the phenomenon of “undoing”. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 4. Totowa: Humana Press; 2006. p. 193–202.CrossRef Schröer J, Püschel K. Special aspects of crime scene interpretation and behavioural analysis—the phenomenon of “undoing”. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 4. Totowa: Humana Press; 2006. p. 193–202.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Guddat SS, Schalinski S, Püschel K, Tsokos M, Schulz F. An extreme case of undoing and posing in a case of murder-suicide. A forensic pathological approach to crime scene investigation. Arch Kriminol. 2007;220:20–4.PubMed Guddat SS, Schalinski S, Püschel K, Tsokos M, Schulz F. An extreme case of undoing and posing in a case of murder-suicide. A forensic pathological approach to crime scene investigation. Arch Kriminol. 2007;220:20–4.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Schmidt PH, Padosch SA, Madea B. Occupation-related suicides. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 2. Totowa: Humana Press; 2005. p. 145–65. Schmidt PH, Padosch SA, Madea B. Occupation-related suicides. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 2. Totowa: Humana Press; 2005. p. 145–65.
22.
23.
go back to reference Tsokos M, Türk EE, Madea B, et al. Pathologic features of suicidal deaths caused by explosives. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2003;24:55–63.CrossRefPubMed Tsokos M, Türk EE, Madea B, et al. Pathologic features of suicidal deaths caused by explosives. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2003;24:55–63.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Schwark T, Severin K, Grellner W. “I am flying to the stars”—suicide by aircraft in Germany. Forensic Sci Int. 2008;179:e75–8.CrossRefPubMed Schwark T, Severin K, Grellner W. “I am flying to the stars”—suicide by aircraft in Germany. Forensic Sci Int. 2008;179:e75–8.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Grellner W, Kukuk M, Glenenwikel F. About suicide methods of physicians, medical personnel and related professions. Arch Kriminol. 1998;201:65–72.PubMed Grellner W, Kukuk M, Glenenwikel F. About suicide methods of physicians, medical personnel and related professions. Arch Kriminol. 1998;201:65–72.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Edirisinghe PA, Busuttil A. Suicide by severing the arterio-venous subclavian dialysis catheter. J Clin Forensic Med. 2006;13:86–8.CrossRefPubMed Edirisinghe PA, Busuttil A. Suicide by severing the arterio-venous subclavian dialysis catheter. J Clin Forensic Med. 2006;13:86–8.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Gill JR, Marker E, Stajic M. Suicide by cyanide: 17 deaths. J Forensic Sci. 2004;49:826–8.PubMed Gill JR, Marker E, Stajic M. Suicide by cyanide: 17 deaths. J Forensic Sci. 2004;49:826–8.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Saukko P, Knight B. Knight’s forensic pathology. 3rd ed. London: Arnold; 2004. p. 379–94, 566–9. Saukko P, Knight B. Knight’s forensic pathology. 3rd ed. London: Arnold; 2004. p. 379–94, 566–9.
29.
go back to reference Aggrawal A. Agrochemical poisoning. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 4. Totowa: Humana Press; 2006. p. 261–327.CrossRef Aggrawal A. Agrochemical poisoning. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 4. Totowa: Humana Press; 2006. p. 261–327.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Thierauf A, Gnann H, Bohnert M, Vennemann B, Auwärter V, Weinmann W. Suicidal poisoning with mercaptodimethur—morphological findings and toxicological analysis. Int J Legal Med. 2009;123:387–94.CrossRefPubMed Thierauf A, Gnann H, Bohnert M, Vennemann B, Auwärter V, Weinmann W. Suicidal poisoning with mercaptodimethur—morphological findings and toxicological analysis. Int J Legal Med. 2009;123:387–94.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Chan P, Duflou J. Suicidal electrocution in Sydney: a 10-year case review. J Forensic Sci. 2008;53:455–9.CrossRefPubMed Chan P, Duflou J. Suicidal electrocution in Sydney: a 10-year case review. J Forensic Sci. 2008;53:455–9.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Krauland W. Evaluation of fatal gunshot injuries (the weapon in the hand). Arch Kriminol. 1984;174:1–22.PubMed Krauland W. Evaluation of fatal gunshot injuries (the weapon in the hand). Arch Kriminol. 1984;174:1–22.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Betz P, Tutsch-Bauer E, Eisenmenger W. “Tentative” injuries in a homicide. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1995;16:246–8.PubMedCrossRef Betz P, Tutsch-Bauer E, Eisenmenger W. “Tentative” injuries in a homicide. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1995;16:246–8.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Böhmer K. Tötung durch Erhängen. Dtsch Z Ges Gerichtl Med 1939/40;32:449–53. Böhmer K. Tötung durch Erhängen. Dtsch Z Ges Gerichtl Med 1939/40;32:449–53.
35.
go back to reference Große Perdekamp M, Nadjem H, Weinmann W, Pollak S. Plastic bag as the method in suicide and homicide. Arch Kriminol. 2001;207:33–41. Große Perdekamp M, Nadjem H, Weinmann W, Pollak S. Plastic bag as the method in suicide and homicide. Arch Kriminol. 2001;207:33–41.
36.
go back to reference Thomsen AH, Gregersen M. Suicide by carbon monoxide from car exhaust-gas in Denmark 1995–1999. Forensic Sci Int. 2006;161:41–6.CrossRefPubMed Thomsen AH, Gregersen M. Suicide by carbon monoxide from car exhaust-gas in Denmark 1995–1999. Forensic Sci Int. 2006;161:41–6.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Wirth I, Schulz R, Schmeling A. Suicide by means of a charcoal grill. Casuistic report with review of the literature. Arch Kriminol. 2008;221:129–37. Wirth I, Schulz R, Schmeling A. Suicide by means of a charcoal grill. Casuistic report with review of the literature. Arch Kriminol. 2008;221:129–37.
38.
go back to reference Hartwig S, Tsokos M. Suicidal and accidental carbon monoxide poisonings due to charcoal fires in closed spaces. Arch Kriminol. 2008;222:1–13.PubMed Hartwig S, Tsokos M. Suicidal and accidental carbon monoxide poisonings due to charcoal fires in closed spaces. Arch Kriminol. 2008;222:1–13.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Auwärter V, Große Perdekamp M, Kempf J, Schmidt U, Weinmann W, Pollak S. Toxicological analysis after asphyxial suicide with helium and a plastic bag. Forensic Sci Int. 2007;170:139–41.CrossRef Auwärter V, Große Perdekamp M, Kempf J, Schmidt U, Weinmann W, Pollak S. Toxicological analysis after asphyxial suicide with helium and a plastic bag. Forensic Sci Int. 2007;170:139–41.CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Grassberger M, Krauskopf A. Suicidal asphyxiation with helium: report of three cases. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2007;119:323–5.CrossRefPubMed Grassberger M, Krauskopf A. Suicidal asphyxiation with helium: report of three cases. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2007;119:323–5.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Trübner K, Püschel K. Fatalities in the bathtub. Arch Kriminol. 1991;188:35–46.PubMed Trübner K, Püschel K. Fatalities in the bathtub. Arch Kriminol. 1991;188:35–46.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Wyatt JP, Beale JP, Graham CA, Beard D, Busuttil A. Suicidal high falls. J Clin Forensic Med. 2000;7:1–5.CrossRefPubMed Wyatt JP, Beale JP, Graham CA, Beard D, Busuttil A. Suicidal high falls. J Clin Forensic Med. 2000;7:1–5.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Türk EE. Fatal falls from height. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 5. Totowa: Humana Press; 2008. p. 25–38.CrossRef Türk EE. Fatal falls from height. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 5. Totowa: Humana Press; 2008. p. 25–38.CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Crombie IK, Pounder DJ, Dick PH. Who takes alcohol prior to suicide? J Clin Forensic Med. 1998;5:65–8.CrossRefPubMed Crombie IK, Pounder DJ, Dick PH. Who takes alcohol prior to suicide? J Clin Forensic Med. 1998;5:65–8.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Bilban M, Skibin L. Presence of alcohol in suicide victims. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;147:9–12.CrossRef Bilban M, Skibin L. Presence of alcohol in suicide victims. Forensic Sci Int. 2005;147:9–12.CrossRef
46.
go back to reference Püschel K, Schmoldt A. Drogennot- und -todesfälle. In: Madea B, Brinkmann B, editors. Handbuch gerichtliche Medizin 2. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo: Springer; 2003. p. 689–736. Püschel K, Schmoldt A. Drogennot- und -todesfälle. In: Madea B, Brinkmann B, editors. Handbuch gerichtliche Medizin 2. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, Tokyo: Springer; 2003. p. 689–736.
47.
go back to reference Madea B, Käferstein H, Sticht G. Drug fatalities with cadaver dumping. Arch Kriminol. 1994;193:1–9.PubMed Madea B, Käferstein H, Sticht G. Drug fatalities with cadaver dumping. Arch Kriminol. 1994;193:1–9.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Händel K. Suizid am Steuer. Lebensversicherungsmedizin. 1982;34:153–4.PubMed Händel K. Suizid am Steuer. Lebensversicherungsmedizin. 1982;34:153–4.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Kammal M, Schulz F, Püschel K. Suicidal gunshot to the head while driving a car. Arch Kriminol. 2007;219:124–30.PubMed Kammal M, Schulz F, Püschel K. Suicidal gunshot to the head while driving a car. Arch Kriminol. 2007;219:124–30.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Lasczkowski G, Röhrich J, Bratzke H. Suicidal excess—presentation of an unusual case. Arch Kriminol. 1998;202:100–8.PubMed Lasczkowski G, Röhrich J, Bratzke H. Suicidal excess—presentation of an unusual case. Arch Kriminol. 1998;202:100–8.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Rupp W, Scheithauer R, Pollak S. Ungewöhnliche Selbst- und Fremdtötungen in Kraftfahrzeugen. Unfall Sicherheitsforsch Straßenverkehr. 1993;89:176–9. Rupp W, Scheithauer R, Pollak S. Ungewöhnliche Selbst- und Fremdtötungen in Kraftfahrzeugen. Unfall Sicherheitsforsch Straßenverkehr. 1993;89:176–9.
52.
53.
go back to reference Schmidt P, Freudenstein P, Bonte W. Suicide in prison and police custody. Rechtsmedizin. 1991;2:16–9. Schmidt P, Freudenstein P, Bonte W. Suicide in prison and police custody. Rechtsmedizin. 1991;2:16–9.
54.
go back to reference Grant JR, Southall PE, Fowler DR, Mealey J, Thomas EJ, Kinhock TW. Death in custody: a historical analysis. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52:1177–81.CrossRefPubMed Grant JR, Southall PE, Fowler DR, Mealey J, Thomas EJ, Kinhock TW. Death in custody: a historical analysis. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52:1177–81.CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Vennemann B, Brinkmann B. Death occurring in water. Rechtsmedizin. 2003;13:201–15.CrossRef Vennemann B, Brinkmann B. Death occurring in water. Rechtsmedizin. 2003;13:201–15.CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Rothschild MA, Raatschen HJ, Schneider V. Suicide by self-immolation in Berlin from 1990 to 2000. Forensic Sci Int. 2002;124:163–6.CrossRef Rothschild MA, Raatschen HJ, Schneider V. Suicide by self-immolation in Berlin from 1990 to 2000. Forensic Sci Int. 2002;124:163–6.CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Thierauf A, Strehler M, Schmidt P, Madea B. Suicide by self-immolation. Arch Kriminol. 2007;220:103–14.PubMed Thierauf A, Strehler M, Schmidt P, Madea B. Suicide by self-immolation. Arch Kriminol. 2007;220:103–14.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Bohnert M, Rothschild MA. Complex suicides by self-incineration. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;131:197–201.CrossRefPubMed Bohnert M, Rothschild MA. Complex suicides by self-incineration. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;131:197–201.CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Türk EE, Anders S, Tsokos M. Planned complex suicide. Report of two autopsy cases of suicidal shot injury and subsequent self-immolation. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;139:35–8.CrossRefPubMed Türk EE, Anders S, Tsokos M. Planned complex suicide. Report of two autopsy cases of suicidal shot injury and subsequent self-immolation. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;139:35–8.CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Madea B, Schmidt P, Banaschak S, Schyma C. Homicide by fire. Arch Kriminol. 2001;208:1–9.PubMed Madea B, Schmidt P, Banaschak S, Schyma C. Homicide by fire. Arch Kriminol. 2001;208:1–9.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Bohnert M, Lehmann R, Simon KH, Wehner F. Reconstruction of a fire homicide after pouring spirit on the victim. Arch Kriminol. 2009;223:185–94.PubMed Bohnert M, Lehmann R, Simon KH, Wehner F. Reconstruction of a fire homicide after pouring spirit on the victim. Arch Kriminol. 2009;223:185–94.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Pollak S, Saukko P. Atlas of forensic medicine. CD-ROM, Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2003. Pollak S, Saukko P. Atlas of forensic medicine. CD-ROM, Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2003.
63.
go back to reference Seidl S. Accidental autoerotic death: a review on the lethal paraphiliac syndrome. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 1. Totowa: Humana Press; 2004. p. 235–62. Seidl S. Accidental autoerotic death: a review on the lethal paraphiliac syndrome. In: Tsokos M, editor. Forensic pathology reviews, vol. 1. Totowa: Humana Press; 2004. p. 235–62.
64.
go back to reference Vennemann B, Pollak S. Death by hanging while watching violent pornographic videos on the Internet—suicide or accidental autoerotic death? Int J Legal Med. 2006;120:110–4.CrossRefPubMed Vennemann B, Pollak S. Death by hanging while watching violent pornographic videos on the Internet—suicide or accidental autoerotic death? Int J Legal Med. 2006;120:110–4.CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Püschel K, Holtz W, Hildebrand E, Naeve W, Brinkmann B. Hanging: suicide or homicide? Arch Kriminol. 1984;174:141–53.PubMed Püschel K, Holtz W, Hildebrand E, Naeve W, Brinkmann B. Hanging: suicide or homicide? Arch Kriminol. 1984;174:141–53.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Maxeiner H, Bockhold B. Homicidal and suicidal ligature strangulation—a comparison of the post-mortem findings. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;137:60–6.CrossRefPubMed Maxeiner H, Bockhold B. Homicidal and suicidal ligature strangulation—a comparison of the post-mortem findings. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;137:60–6.CrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Herbst J, Hoppe B, Haffner HT. Criteria for homicide or suicide in fatalities due to sharp force injury. Rechtsmedizin. 1999;10:14–20.CrossRef Herbst J, Hoppe B, Haffner HT. Criteria for homicide or suicide in fatalities due to sharp force injury. Rechtsmedizin. 1999;10:14–20.CrossRef
68.
go back to reference DiMaio VJM. Gunshot wounds: Practical aspects of firearms, ballistics and forensic techniques. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1999. p. 355–77. DiMaio VJM. Gunshot wounds: Practical aspects of firearms, ballistics and forensic techniques. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1999. p. 355–77.
69.
go back to reference Karger B. Penetrating gunshot to the head and lack of immediate incapacitation. Int J Legal Med. 1995;108:53–61, 117–26. Karger B. Penetrating gunshot to the head and lack of immediate incapacitation. Int J Legal Med. 1995;108:53–61, 117–26.
70.
go back to reference Große Perdekamp M, Faller-Marquardt M, Kleck A, Pollak S. Suicide with multiple graze shots. Arch Kriminol. 2005;216:150–9. Große Perdekamp M, Faller-Marquardt M, Kleck A, Pollak S. Suicide with multiple graze shots. Arch Kriminol. 2005;216:150–9.
71.
go back to reference Pollak S. Typology of suicides with more than one gunshot wound. In: Strauch H, Pragst F, editors. Beiträge des Wissenschaftlichen Symposiums Rechtsmedizin/Festschrift für Gunther Geserick anlässlich seines 60. Geburtstages. Heppenheim: Helm; 1999. p. 102–20. Pollak S. Typology of suicides with more than one gunshot wound. In: Strauch H, Pragst F, editors. Beiträge des Wissenschaftlichen Symposiums Rechtsmedizin/Festschrift für Gunther Geserick anlässlich seines 60. Geburtstages. Heppenheim: Helm; 1999. p. 102–20.
72.
go back to reference Karger B, Billeb E, Koops E, Brinkmann B. Autopsy features relevant for discrimination between suicidal and homicidal gunshot injuries. Int J Legal Med. 2002;116:273–8.PubMed Karger B, Billeb E, Koops E, Brinkmann B. Autopsy features relevant for discrimination between suicidal and homicidal gunshot injuries. Int J Legal Med. 2002;116:273–8.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Medicolegal evaluation of suicidal deaths exemplified by the situation in Germany
Authors
Markus Große Perdekamp
Stefan Pollak
Annette Thierauf
Publication date
01-03-2010
Publisher
Humana Press Inc
Published in
Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology / Issue 1/2010
Print ISSN: 1547-769X
Electronic ISSN: 1556-2891
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-009-9120-x

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 1/2010 Go to the issue

What's New Beyond Forensics

What’s new beyond forensics?