Top

Published in:

01-06-2016 | Editorial

Treatment of hypothyroidism: all that glitters is gold?

Authors: Anna Maria Formenti, Gherardo Mazziotti, Raffaele Giubbini, Andrea Giustina

Published in: Endocrine | Issue 3/2016

Excerpt

Levothyroxine (L-T4) is recommended worldwide for replacement therapy of hypothyroidism due to its efficacy in resolving the symptoms, long-term experience of its benefits, long serum half-life, and low cost. Since the isolation of L-T4 by Kendall in 1914 [1] and then the synthesis of T4 and its better absorbed sodium salt [2], it has become the therapy of choice, also due to the demonstration that about 80 % of biologically active tri-iodiothyronine is derived from peripheral conversion of T4 [3]. …

Landmark article, June 19, 1915. The isolation in crystalline form of the compound containing iodin, which occurs in the thyroid. Its chemical nature and physiologic activity. By E.C. Kendall. JAMA 250, 2045–2046 (1983)

J. Elks, B.A. Hems, Recent developments with thyroxine. Pharm. J. 109, 508 (1949)PubMed

A. Pilo, G. Iervasi, F. Vitek, M. Ferdeghini, F. Cazzuola, R. Bianchi, Thyroidal and peripheral production of 3,5,3-triiodothyronine in humans by multicompartmental analysis. Am. J. Physiol. 258, E715–E726 (1990)PubMed

M.D. Danese, P.W. Ladenson, C.L. Meinert, N.R. Powe, Effect of thyroxine therapy on serum lipoproteins in patients with mild thyroid failure: a quantitative review of the literature. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 2993–3001 (2000)PubMed

A.R. Cappola, P.W. Ladenson, Hypothyroidism and atherosclerosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 2438–2444 (2003)CrossRefPubMed

N. Rodondi, A.B. Newman, E. Vittinghoff, N. de Rekeneire, S. Satterfield, T.B. Harris, D.C. Bauer, Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of the heart failure, other cardiovascular events, and death. Arch. Intern. Med. 165, 2460–2466 (2005)CrossRefPubMed

J. Jonklaas, A.C. Bianco, A.J. Bauer, K.D. Burman, A.R. Cappola, F.S. Celi, D.S. Cooper, B.W. Kim, R.P. Peeters, M.S. Rosenthal, A.M. Sawka, Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism. Thyroid 24, 1670–1752 (2014)CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

K.W. Wenzel, H.E. Kirschsieper, Aspects of the absorption of oral l-thyroxine in normal man. Metabolism 26, 1–8 (1977)CrossRefPubMed

C.L. Perez, F.S. Araki, H. Graf, G.A. de Carvalho, Serum thyrotrophin levels following levothyroxine administration at breakfast. Thyroid 23, 779–784 (2013)CrossRefPubMed

10.

G. Mazziotti, J. Bilezikian, E. Canalis, D. Cocchi, A. Giustina, New understanding and treatments of osteoporosis. Endocrine 41, 58–69 (2012)CrossRefPubMed

11.

S. Benvenga, L. Bartolone, S. Squadrito, F. Lo Giudice, F. Trimarchi, Delayed intestinal absorption of levothyroxine. Thyroid 5, 249–253 (1995)CrossRefPubMed

12.

M. Centanni, L. Gargano, G. Canettieri, N. Viceconti, A. Franchi, G. Delle Fave, B. Annibale, Thyroxine in goiter, Helicobacter pylori infection, and chronic gastritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 354, 1787–1795 (2006)CrossRefPubMed

13.

M. Centanni, Thyroxine treatment: absorption, malabsorption, and novel therapeutic approaches. Endocrine 43, 8–9 (2013)CrossRefPubMed

14.

C.S. Yue, C. Scarsi, M.P. Ducharme, Pharmacokinetics and potential advantages of a new oral solution of levothyroxine vs. other available dosage forms. Arzneimittelforschung 62, 631–636 (2012)CrossRefPubMed

15.

P. Fallahi, S.M. Ferrari, A. Antonelli, Oral l-thyroxine liquid vs. tablet in patients with hypothyroidism without malabsorption. Endocrine (2015). doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0836-y

16.

H. Zhang, J. Zhang, J.B. Streisand, Oral mucosal delivery: clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic applications. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 41, 661–680 (2002)CrossRefPubMed

17.

S. Benvenga, L. Bartolone, M.A. Pappalardo, A. Russo, D. Lapa, G. Giorgianni, G. Saraceno, F. Trimarchi, Altered intestinal absorption of l-thyroxine caused by coffee. Thyroid 18, 293–301 (2008)CrossRefPubMed

18.

R. Vita, G. Saraceno, F. Trimarchi, S. Benvenga, A novel formulation of l-thyroxine (L-T4) reduces the problem of L-T4 malabsorption by coffee observed with traditional tablet formulations. Endocrine 43, 154–160 (2013)CrossRefPubMed

19.

S. Morelli, G. Reboldi, S. Moretti, E. Menicali, N. Avenia, E. Puxeddu, Timing of breakfast does not influence therapeutic efficacy of liquid levothyroxine formulation. Endocrine (2015). doi:10.1007/s12020-015-0788-2

20.

C. Cappelli, I. Pirola, L. Daffini, A. Formenti, C. Iacobello, A. Cristiano, E. Gandossi, E. Agabiti Rosei, M. Castellano, A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of liquid thyroxine Ingested at breakfast: results of the TICO study. Thyroid (2015). doi:10.1089/thy.2015.0422 PubMed

21.

T. Watt, J.B. Bjoner, M. Groenvold, P. Cramon, K.H. Winther, L. Hegedüs, S.J. Bonnema, A.K. Rasmussen, J.E. Ware Jr, U. Feldt-Rasmussen, Development of short version of the thyroid-related patient-reported outcome ThyPRO. Thyroid 25, 1069–1079 (2015)CrossRefPubMed

22.

C.T. Sawin, A. Geller, P.A. Wolf, A.J. Belanger, E. Baker, P. Bacharach, P.W. Wilson, E.J. Benjamin, R.B. D’Agostino, Low serum thyrotropin concentration as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N. Engl. J. Med. 331, 1249–1252 (1994)CrossRefPubMed

23.

D.C. Bauer, B. Ettinger, M.C. Nevitt, K.L. Stone, Risk for fracture in women with low serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone. Ann. Intern. Med. 134, 561–568 (2001)CrossRefPubMed

24.

G. Mazziotti, T. Porcelli, I. Patelli, P.P. Vescovi, A. Giustina, Serum TSH values and risk of vertebral fractures in euthyroid post-menopausal women with low bone mineral density. Bone 46, 747–751 (2010)CrossRefPubMed

25.

U.M. Kabadi, Variability of l-thyroxine replacement dose in elderly patients with primary hypothyroidism. J. Fam. Pract. 24, 473–477 (1987)PubMed

26.

G. Mazziotti, M. Mormando, A. Cristiano, A. Bianchi, T. Porcelli, A. Giampietro, A.F. Maffezzoni, V. Serra, L. De Marinis, A. Giustina, Association between l-thyroxine treatment, GH deficiency, and radiological vertebral fractures in patients with adult-onset hypopituitarism. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 170, 893–899 (2014)CrossRefPubMed

27.

A.M. Formenti, L. Daffini, I. Pirola, E. Gandossi, A. Cristiano, C. Cappelli, Liquid levothyroxine and its potential use. Hormones 14, 183–189 (2015)CrossRefPubMed

Title: Treatment of hypothyroidism: all that glitters is gold?
Authors: Anna Maria Formenti
Gherardo Mazziotti
Raffaele Giubbini
Andrea Giustina
Publication date: 01-06-2016
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Endocrine / Issue 3/2016
Print ISSN: 1355-008X
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0100
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-0882-0

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Treatment of hypothyroidism: all that glitters is gold?

Excerpt

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Excerpt

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2016

Insulin sensitizes FGF21 in glucose and lipid metabolisms via activating common AKT pathway

Pre-training levels of testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin are not correlated with training adaptations in fat mass and insulin sensitivity in healthy young men

Estradiol differentially induces progesterone receptor isoforms expression through alternative promoter regulation in a mouse embryonic hypothalamic cell line

Pros and cons in endocrine practice: pre-surgical treatment with somatostatin analogues in acromegaly

Elevated plasma tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 2 and resistin are associated with increased incidence of kidney function decline in Chinese adults

Improving glucocorticoid replacement in patients with adrenal insufficiency

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page