Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology
Published in: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 2/2013

01-10-2013

The Implication of Vitamin D and Autoimmunity: a Comprehensive Review

Authors: Chen-Yen Yang, Patrick S. C. Leung, Iannis E. Adamopoulos, M. Eric Gershwin

Published in: Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology | Issue 2/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Historically, vitamin D has been associated with the regulation of bone metabolism. However, increasing evidence demonstrates a strong association between vitamin D signaling and many biological processes that regulate immune responses. The discovery of the vitamin D receptor in multiple immune cell lineages, such as monocytes, dendritic cells, and activated T cells credits vitamin D with a novel role in modulating immunological functions and its subsequent role in the development or prevention of autoimmune diseases. In this review we, discuss five major areas in vitamin D biology of high immunological significance: (1) the metabolism of vitamin D; (2) the significance of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and systemic lupus erythematosus; (3) vitamin D receptor transcriptional regulation of immune cell lineages, including Th1, Th17, Th2, regulatory T, and natural killer T cells; (4) the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and systemic lupus erythematosus; and finally, (5) the therapeutic effects of vitamin D supplementation on disease severity and progression.
Literature
1.
Holick MF, Chen TC (2008) Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr 87:1080S–1086SPubMed
2.
Agmon-Levin N, Kivity S, Tzioufas AG et al (2012) Low levels of vitamin-D are associated with neuropathy and lymphoma among patients with Sjogren’s syndrome. J Autoimmun 39:234–239PubMedCrossRef
3.
Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Rimm EB et al (2006) Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 98:451–459PubMedCrossRef
4.
Giovannucci E (2009) Vitamin D and cancer incidence in the Harvard cohorts. Ann Epidemiol 19:84–88PubMedCrossRef
5.
Twig G, Shina A, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y (2012) Pathogenesis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss in thyroid autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 38:J275–J281PubMedCrossRef
6.
Anderson JL, May HT, Horne BD et al (2010) Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol 106:963–968PubMedCrossRef
7.
Sood A, Arora R (2010) Vitamin D deficiency and its correlations with increased cardiovascular incidences. Am J Ther 17:e105–e109PubMed
8.
Qazi RA, Martin KJ (2012) Vitamin D in kidney disease: pathophysiology and the utility of treatment. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 38:115–123CrossRef
9.
10.
Cantorna MT, Mahon BD (2005) D-hormone and the immune system. J Rheumatol Suppl 76:11–20PubMed
11.
Holick MF (2011) Vitamin D: evolutionary, physiological and health perspectives. Curr Drug Targets 12:4–18PubMedCrossRef
12.
Arnson Y, Amital H, Agmon-Levin N et al (2011) Serum 25-OH vitamin D concentrations are linked with various clinical aspects in patients with systemic sclerosis: a retrospective cohort study and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 10:490–494PubMedCrossRef
13.
Hajas A, Sandor J, Csathy L et al (2011) Vitamin D insufficiency in a large MCTD population. Autoimmun Rev 10:317–324PubMedCrossRef
14.
Holick MF, MacLaughlin JA, Clark MB et al (1980) Photosynthesis of previtamin D3 in human skin and the physiologic consequences. Science 210:203–205PubMedCrossRef
15.
Jones G, Strugnell SA, DeLuca HF (1998) Current understanding of the molecular actions of vitamin D. Physiol Rev 78:1193–1231PubMed
16.
Haussler MR, Whitfield GK, Haussler CA et al (1998) The nuclear vitamin D receptor: biological and molecular regulatory properties revealed. J Bone Miner Res 13:325–349PubMedCrossRef
17.
Smolders J, Peelen E, Thewissen M et al (2009) The relevance of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms for vitamin D research in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 8:621–626PubMedCrossRef
18.
Uitterlinden AG, Fang Y, Van Meurs JB, Pols HA, Van Leeuwen JP (2004) Genetics and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Gene 338:143–156PubMedCrossRef
19.
Colin EM, Weel AE, Uitterlinden AG et al (2000) Consequences of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms for growth inhibition of cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52:211–216CrossRef
20.
van Etten E, Verlinden L, Giulietti A et al (2007) The vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphism: functional impact on the immune system. Eur J Immunol 37:395–405PubMedCrossRef
21.
Orton SM, Morris AP, Herrera BM et al (2008) Evidence for genetic regulation of vitamin D status in twins with multiple sclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 88:441–447PubMed
22.
Smolders J, Damoiseaux J, Menheere P, Tervaert JW, Hupperts R (2009) Fok-I vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism (rs10735810) and vitamin D metabolism in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 207:117–121PubMedCrossRef
23.
Monticielo OA, Brenol JC, Chies JA et al (2012) The role of BsmI and FokI vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in Brazilian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 21:43–52PubMedCrossRef
24.
Ban Y, Taniyama M, Yanagawa T et al (2001) Vitamin D receptor initiation codon polymorphism influences genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Japanese population. BMC Med Genet 2:7PubMedCrossRef
25.
Fassbender WJ, Goertz B, Weismuller K et al (2002) VDR gene polymorphisms are overrepresented in german patients with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy controls without effect on biochemical parameters of bone metabolism. Horm Metab Res 34:330–337PubMedCrossRef
26.
Gyorffy B, Vasarhelyi B, Krikovszky D et al (2002) Gender-specific association of vitamin D receptor polymorphism combinations with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol 147:803–808PubMedCrossRef
27.
Audi L, Marti G, Esteban C et al (2004) VDR gene polymorphism at exon 2 start codon (FokI) may have influenced Type 1 diabetes mellitus susceptibility in two Spanish populations. Diabet Med 21:393–394PubMedCrossRef
28.
Capoluongo E, Pitocco D, Concolino P et al (2006) Slight association between type 1 diabetes and “ff” VDR FokI genotype in patients from the Italian Lazio Region. Lack of association with diabetes complications. Clin Biochem 39:888–892PubMedCrossRef
29.
Lemos MC, Fagulha A, Coutinho E et al (2008) Lack of association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Portuguese population. Hum Immunol 69:134–138PubMedCrossRef
30.
Panierakis C, Goulielmos G, Mamoulakis D, Petraki E, Papavasiliou E, Galanakis E (2009) Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Crete, Greece. Clin Immunol 133:276–281PubMedCrossRef
31.
Gogas Yavuz D, Keskin L, Kiyici S et al (2011) Vitamin D receptor gene BsmI, FokI, ApaI, TaqI polymorphisms and bone mineral density in a group of Turkish type 1 diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol 48:329–336PubMedCrossRef
32.
Mohammadnejad Z, Ghanbari M, Ganjali R et al (2012) Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and type 1 diabetes mellitus in Iranian population. Mol Biol Rep 39:831–837PubMedCrossRef
33.
Huang CM, Wu MC, Wu JY, Tsai FJ (2002) No association of vitamin D receptor gene start codon fok 1 polymorphisms in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 29:1211–1213PubMed
34.
Tajouri L, Ovcaric M, Curtain R et al (2005) Variation in the vitamin D receptor gene is associated with multiple sclerosis in an Australian population. J Neurogenet 19:25–38PubMedCrossRef
35.
Simon KC, Munger KL, Xing Y, Ascherio A (2010) Polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolism related genes and risk of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 16:133–138PubMedCrossRef
36.
Fukazawa T, Yabe I, Kikuchi S et al (1999) Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with multiple sclerosis in Japanese. J Neurol Sci 166:47–52PubMedCrossRef
37.
Chang TJ, Lei HH, Yeh JI et al (2000) Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms influence susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus in the Taiwanese population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52:575–580CrossRef
38.
Ozaki Y, Nomura S, Nagahama M, Yoshimura C, Kagawa H, Fukuhara S (2000) Vitamin-D receptor genotype and renal disorder in Japanese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nephron 85:86–91PubMedCrossRef
39.
Niino M, Fukazawa T, Yabe I, Kikuchi S, Sasaki H, Tashiro K (2000) Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in multiple sclerosis and the association with HLA class II alleles. J Neurol Sci 177:65–71PubMedCrossRef
40.
Huang CM, Wu MC, Wu JY, Tsai FJ (2002) Association of vitamin D receptor gene BsmI polymorphisms in Chinese patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 11:31–34PubMedCrossRef
41.
Taverna MJ, Sola A, Guyot-Argenton C et al (2002) Taq I polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor and risk of severe diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 45:436–442PubMedCrossRef
42.
Shimada A, Kanazawa Y, Motohashi Y et al (2008) Evidence for association between vitamin D receptor BsmI polymorphism and type 1 diabetes in Japanese. J Autoimmun 30:207–211PubMedCrossRef
43.
Luo XY, Yang MH, Wu FX et al (2012) Vitamin D receptor gene BsmI polymorphism B allele, but not BB genotype, is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Han Chinese population. Lupus 21:53–59PubMedCrossRef
44.
Sakulpipatsin W, Verasertniyom O, Nantiruj K, Totemchokchyakarn K, Lertsrisatit P, Janwityanujit S (2006) Vitamin D receptor gene BsmI polymorphisms in Thai patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther 8:R48PubMedCrossRef
45.
Smolders J, Damoiseaux J, Menheere P, Tervaert JW, Hupperts R (2009) Association study on two vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and vitamin D metabolites in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1173:515–520PubMedCrossRef
46.
Abbasi M, Rezaieyazdi Z, Afshari JT, Hatef M, Sahebari M, Saadati N (2010) Lack of association of vitamin D receptor gene BsmI polymorphisms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 30:1537–1539PubMedCrossRef
47.
Sioka C, Papakonstantinou S, Markoula S et al (2011) Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis patients in northwest Greece. J Negat Results Biomed 10:3PubMedCrossRef
48.
Cox MB, Ban M, Bowden NA, Baker A, Scott RJ, Lechner-Scott J (2012) Potential association of vitamin D receptor polymorphism Taq1 with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 18:16–22PubMedCrossRef
49.
Adorini L, Penna G (2008) Control of autoimmune diseases by the vitamin D endocrine system. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 4:404–412PubMedCrossRef
50.
Szodoray P, Nakken B, Gaal J et al (2008) The complex role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases. Scand J Immunol 68:261–269PubMedCrossRef
51.
Cutolo M, Pizzorni C, Sulli A (2011) Vitamin D endocrine system involvement in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev 11:84–87PubMedCrossRef
52.
Peelen E, Knippenberg S, Muris AH et al (2011) Effects of vitamin D on the peripheral adaptive immune system: a review. Autoimmun Rev 10:733–743PubMedCrossRef
53.
Bhalla AK, Amento EP, Clemens TL, Holick MF, Krane SM (1983) Specific high-affinity receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: presence in monocytes and induction in T lymphocytes following activation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:1308–1310PubMedCrossRef
54.
Provvedini DM, Tsoukas CD, Deftos LJ, Manolagas SC (1983) 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes. Science 221:1181–1183PubMedCrossRef
55.
Veldman CM, Cantorna MT, DeLuca HF (2000) Expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) receptor in the immune system. Arch Biochem Biophys 374:334–338PubMedCrossRef
56.
57.
Alroy I, Towers TL, Freedman LP (1995) Transcriptional repression of the interleukin-2 gene by vitamin D3: direct inhibition of NFATp/AP-1 complex formation by a nuclear hormone receptor. Mol Cell Biol 15:5789–5799PubMed
58.
Lemire JM, Archer DC, Beck L, Spiegelberg HL (1995) Immunosuppressive actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: preferential inhibition of Th1 functions. J Nutr 125:1704S–1708SPubMed
59.
Cippitelli M, Santoni A (1998) Vitamin D3: a transcriptional modulator of the interferon-gamma gene. Eur J Immunol 28:3017–3030PubMedCrossRef
60.
Rigby WF, Stacy T, Fanger MW (1984) Inhibition of T lymphocyte mitogenesis by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol). J Clin Invest 74:1451–1455PubMedCrossRef
61.
Lemire JM, Adams JS, Kermani-Arab V, Bakke AC, Sakai R, Jordan SC (1985) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses human T helper/inducer lymphocyte activity in vitro. J Immunol 134:3032–3035PubMed
62.
Reichel H, Koeffler HP, Tobler A, Norman AW (1987) 1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits gamma-interferon synthesis by normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84:3385–3389PubMedCrossRef
63.
Boonstra A, Barrat FJ, Crain C, Heath VL, Savelkoul HF, O’Garra A (2001) 1Alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol 167:4974–4980PubMed
64.
Gorman S, Kuritzky LA, Judge MA et al (2007) Topically applied 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances the suppressive activity of CD4+ CD25+ cells in the draining lymph nodes. J Immunol 179:6273–6283PubMed
65.
Daniel C, Sartory NA, Zahn N, Radeke HH, Stein JM (2008) Immune modulatory treatment of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis with calcitriol is associated with a change of a T helper (Th) 1/Th17 to a Th2 and regulatory T cell profile. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 324:23–33PubMedCrossRef
66.
Yu S, Cantorna MT (2008) The vitamin D receptor is required for iNKT cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:5207–5212PubMedCrossRef
67.
Broux B, Pannemans K, Zhang X et al (2012) CX(3)CR1 drives cytotoxic CD4(+)CD28(−) T cells into the brain of multiple sclerosis patients. J Autoimmun 38:10–19PubMedCrossRef
68.
Luckey D, Bastakoty D, Mangalam AK (2011) Role of HLA class II genes in susceptibility and resistance to multiple sclerosis: studies using HLA transgenic mice. J Autoimmun 37:122–128PubMedCrossRef
69.
Moroni L, Bianchi I, Lleo A (2012) Geoepidemiology, gender and autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev 11:A386–A392PubMedCrossRef
70.
Sellner J, Kraus J, Awad A, Milo R, Hemmer B, Stuve O (2011) The increasing incidence and prevalence of female multiple sclerosis–a critical analysis of potential environmental factors. Autoimmun Rev 10:495–502PubMedCrossRef
71.
Soilu-Hanninen M, Airas L, Mononen I, Heikkila A, Viljanen M, Hanninen A (2005) 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels in serum at the onset of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 11:266–271PubMedCrossRef
72.
Correale J, Ysrraelit MC, Gaitan MI (2009) Immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin D in multiple sclerosis. Brain 132:1146–1160PubMedCrossRef
73.
Soilu-Hanninen M, Laaksonen M, Laitinen I, Eralinna JP, Lilius EM, Mononen I (2008) A longitudinal study of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone levels indicate the importance of vitamin D and calcium homeostasis regulation in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:152–157PubMedCrossRef
74.
van der Mei IA, Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T et al (2007) Vitamin D levels in people with multiple sclerosis and community controls in Tasmania, Australia. J Neurol 254:581–590PubMedCrossRef
75.
Smolders J, Menheere P, Kessels A, Damoiseaux J, Hupperts R (2008) Association of vitamin D metabolite levels with relapse rate and disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 14:1220–1224PubMedCrossRef
76.
Hiremath GS, Cettomai D, Baynes M et al (2009) Vitamin D status and effect of low-dose cholecalciferol and high-dose ergocalciferol supplementation in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 15:735–740PubMedCrossRef
77.
Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A (2006) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 296:2832–2838PubMedCrossRef
78.
Kragt J, van Amerongen B, Killestein J et al (2009) Higher levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with a lower incidence of multiple sclerosis only in women. Mult Scler 15:9–15PubMedCrossRef
79.
de Boer IH, Sachs MC, Cleary PA et al. (2012) Circulating vitamin D metabolites and kidney disease in type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(12):4780–4788
80.
Borkar VV, Devidayal, Verma S, Bhalla AK (2010) Low levels of vitamin D in North Indian children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 11:345–350PubMedCrossRef
81.
Singh DK, Winocour P, Summerhayes B, Viljoen A, Sivakumar G, Farrington K (2009) Are low erythropoietin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of tubulo-interstitial dysfunction in diabetes without persistent microalbuminuria? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 85:258–264PubMedCrossRef
82.
Bener A, Alsaied A, Al-Ali M et al (2009) High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in type 1 diabetes mellitus and healthy children. Acta Diabetol 46:183–189PubMedCrossRef
83.
Littorin B, Blom P, Scholin A et al (2006) Lower levels of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D among young adults at diagnosis of autoimmune type 1 diabetes compared with control subjects: results from the nationwide Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS). Diabetologia 49:2847–2852PubMedCrossRef
84.
Bogaczewicz J, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A, Arkuszewska C et al (2012) Vitamin D status in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and its association with selected clinical and laboratory parameters. Lupus 21:477–484PubMedCrossRef
85.
Kim HA, Sung JM, Jeon JY, Yoon JM, Suh CH (2011) Vitamin D may not be a good marker of disease activity in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 31:1189–1194PubMedCrossRef
86.
Amital H, Szekanecz Z, Szucs G et al (2010) Serum concentrations of 25-OH vitamin D in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are inversely related to disease activity: is it time to routinely supplement patients with SLE with vitamin D? Ann Rheum Dis 69:1155–1157PubMedCrossRef
87.
Wright TB, Shults J, Leonard MB, Zemel BS, Burnham JM (2009) Hypovitaminosis D is associated with greater body mass index and disease activity in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. J Pediatr 155:260–265PubMedCrossRef
88.
Borba VZ, Vieira JG, Kasamatsu T, Radominski SC, Sato EI, Lazaretti-Castro M (2009) Vitamin D deficiency in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. Osteoporos Int 20:427–433PubMedCrossRef
89.
Ruiz-Irastorza G, Egurbide MV, Olivares N, Martinez-Berriotxoa A, Aguirre C (2008) Vitamin D deficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence, predictors and clinical consequences. Rheumatology (Oxford) 47:920–923CrossRef
90.
Cantorna MT (2006) Vitamin D and its role in immunology: multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 92:60–64PubMedCrossRef
91.
Nordvik I, Myhr KM, Nyland H, Bjerve KS (2000) Effect of dietary advice and n-3 supplementation in newly diagnosed MS patients. Acta Neurol Scand 102:143–149PubMedCrossRef
92.
Achiron A, Barak Y, Miron S, Izhak Y, Faibel M, Edelstein S (2003) Alfacalcidol treatment in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neuropharmacol 26:53PubMedCrossRef
93.
Wingerchuk DM, Lesaux J, Rice GP, Kremenchutzky M, Ebers GC (2005) A pilot study of oral calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76:1294–1296PubMedCrossRef
94.
Li X, Liao L, Yan X et al (2009) Protective effects of 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on residual beta-cell function in patients with adult-onset latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA). Diabetes Metab Res Rev 25:411–416PubMedCrossRef
95.
Pitocco D, Crino A, Di Stasio E et al (2006) The effects of calcitriol and nicotinamide on residual pancreatic beta-cell function in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (IMDIAB XI). Diabet Med 23:920–923PubMedCrossRef
96.
Ruiz-Irastorza G, Gordo S, Olivares N, Egurbide MV, Aguirre C (2010) Changes in vitamin D levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: effects on fatigue, disease activity, and damage. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 62:1160–1165CrossRef
97.
Antico A, Tampoia M, Tozzoli R, Bizzaro N (2012) Can supplementation with vitamin D reduce the risk or modify the course of autoimmune diseases? A systematic review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 12:127–136PubMedCrossRef
98.
Roy E, Leduc M, Guegan S et al (2011) Specific maternal microchimeric T cells targeting fetal antigens in beta cells predispose to auto-immune diabetes in the child. J Autoimmun 36:253–262PubMedCrossRef
99.
Bogdanos DP, Smyk DS, Rigopoulou EI et al (2012) Twin studies in autoimmune disease: genetics, gender and environment. J Autoimmun 38:J156–J169PubMedCrossRef
100.
Staples JA, Ponsonby AL, Lim LL, McMichael AJ (2003) Ecologic analysis of some immune-related disorders, including type 1 diabetes, in Australia: latitude, regional ultraviolet radiation, and disease prevalence. Environ Health Perspect 111:518–523PubMedCrossRef
101.
Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, Jarvelin MR, Virtanen SM (2001) Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet 358:1500–1503PubMedCrossRef
102.
Agmon-Levin N, Mosca M, Petri M, Shoenfeld Y (2012) Systemic lupus erythematosus one disease or many? Autoimmun Rev 11:593–595PubMedCrossRef
103.
Borchers AT, Naguwa SM, Shoenfeld Y, Gershwin ME (2010) The geoepidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 9:A277–A287PubMedCrossRef
104.
Fu SM, Deshmukh US, Gaskin F (2011) Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus revisited 2011: end organ resistance to damage, autoantibody initiation and diversification, and HLA-DR. J Autoimmun 37:104–112PubMedCrossRef
105.
Lehmann P, Homey B (2009) Clinic and pathophysiology of photosensitivity in lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 8:456–461PubMedCrossRef
106.
Breslin LC, Magee PJ, Wallace JM, McSorley EM (2011) An evaluation of vitamin D status in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus. Proc Nutr Soc 70:399–407PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
The Implication of Vitamin D and Autoimmunity: a Comprehensive Review
Authors
Chen-Yen Yang
Patrick S. C. Leung
Iannis E. Adamopoulos
M. Eric Gershwin
Publication date
01-10-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology / Issue 2/2013
Print ISSN: 1080-0549
Electronic ISSN: 1559-0267
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-013-8361-3

Other articles of this Issue 2/2013

Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology 2/2013 Go to the issue

ReviewPaper

Autoinflammatory Skin Disorders in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Pyoderma Gangrenosum and Sweet’s Syndrome: a Comprehensive Review and Disease Classification Criteria

ReviewPaper

Serpins, Immunity and Autoimmunity: Old Molecules, New Functions

ReviewPaper

Clinical Guidelines and Definitions of Autoinflammatory Diseases: Contrasts and Comparisons with Autoimmunity—a Comprehensive Review

ReviewPaper

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Autoantibodies in Autoimmune Diseases: from Bread Baking to Autoimmunity

OriginalPaper

Immunoglobulin-Mediated Neuro-Cognitive Impairment: New Data and a Comprehensive Review

ReviewPaper

Autoimmunity in 2012
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits