Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology
Published in: Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology 4/2016

01-12-2016 | Motility (H Parkman and R Schey, Section Editors)

How to Diagnose and Treat Functional Chest Pain

Author: Jose M. Remes-Troche, M.D.

Published in: Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology | Issue 4/2016

Login to get access

Opinion statement

Chest pain that is not explained by reflux disease or cardiac, musculoskeletal, mucosal, or motor esophageal abnormalities is classified as functional chest pain (FCP). Although several mechanisms are involved, esophageal hypersensitivity plays a major role and it could be considered a biomarker for FCP. Psychologic comorbidity such as anxiety, neuroticism, depression, and somatization is common. When the diagnosis of FCP is suspected, patients should undergo evaluation with esophageal motility testing, endoscopy, 24-h esophageal pH monitoring, and in some cases, sensory tests. Once the diagnosis of FCP has been established, treatment options rely on controlling patients’ symptoms. Medical treatment has focused predominantly on medications that target pain, such as antidepressants and other pain neuromodulators. Non-pharmacologic interventions with complementary behavioral treatments, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, biofeedback, and hypnosis, have recently been recognized as useful in FCP patients. The latest findings on the evaluation and treatment of FCP are outlined herein.
Literature
1.
Eslick GD, Coulshed DS, Talley NJ. Review article: the burden of illness of non-cardiac chest pain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1217–23.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Webster R, Norman P, Goodacre S, Thompson A. The prevalence and correlates of psychological outcomes in patients with acute non-cardiac chest pain: a systematic review. Emerg Med J. 2012;29(4):267–73.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Hsia RY, Hale Z, Tabas JA. A national study of the prevalence of life-threatening diagnoses in patients with chest pain. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(7):1029–32.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Ford AC, Suares NC, Talley NJ. Meta-analysis: the epidemiology of noncardiac chest pain in the community. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(2):172–80.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Thompson WG, Irvine EJ, Pare P, Ferrazzi S, Rance L. Functional gastrointestinal disorders in Canada: first population-based survey using Rome II criteria with suggestions for improving the questionnaire. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:225–35.CrossRefPubMed
6.•
Fass R, Navarro-Rodriguez T. Non cardiac chest pain. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42:636–46. This article provides an excellent review of the mechanisms involved in FCP, its diagnosis and treatment.CrossRefPubMed
7.
8.
Cheung TK, Hou X, Lam KF, Chen J, Wong WM, Cha H, et al. Quality of life and psychological impact in patients with noncardiac chest pain. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43:13–8.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Ortiz-Garrido O, Ortiz-Olvera NX, González-Martínez M, Morán-Villota S, Vargas-López G, Dehesa-Violante M, et al. Clinical assessment and health-related quality of life in patients with non-cardiac chest pain. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2015;80(2):121–9.PubMed
10.
Eslick GD, Talley NJ. Non-cardiac chest pain: predictors of health care seeking, the types of health care professional consulted, work absenteeism and interruption of daily activities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:909–15.CrossRefPubMed
11.••
Aziz Q, Fass R, Gyawali CP, Miwa H, Pandolfino JE, Zerbib F. Esophageal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1368–79. This article provides the most recent Rome IV diagnosis criteria for functional esophageal disorders, including FCP.CrossRef
12.
Remes-Troche JM. The hypersensitive esophagus: pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment Options. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2010;12:4.CrossRef
13.
Lembo AJ. Visceral hypersensitivity in noncardiac chest pain. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2004;33:55–60.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Richter JF, Barish CF, Castell DO. Abnormal sensory perception in patients with esophageal chest pain. Gastroenterology. 1986;91:845–52.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Nasr I, Attaluri A, Hashmi S, Gregersen H, Rao SS. Investigation of esophageal sensation and biomechanical properties in functional chest pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;22(5):520–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Drewes AM, Schipper KP, Dimcevksi C, Petersen P, Andersen OK, Gregersen H, et al. Multimodal assessment of pain in the esophagus: a new experimental model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002;283:G95–103.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Fass R, Naliboff B, Higa L, Johnson C, Kodner A, Munakata J, et al. Differential effect of long-term esophageal acid exposure on mechanosensitivity and chemosensitivity in humans. Gastroenterology. 1998;115:1363–73.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Trimble KC, Pryde A, Heading RC. Lowered oesophageal sensory thresholds in patients with symptomatic but not excess gastro-oesophageal reflux: evidence for a spectrum of visceral sensitivity in GORD. Gut. 1995;37:7–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Tack J. Is there a unifying role for visceral hypersensitivity and irritable bowel syndrome in non-erosive reflux disease? Digestion. 2008;78 Suppl 1:42–5.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Remes-Troche JM, Chahal P, Mudipalli R, Rao SS. Adenosine modulates oesophageal sensorimotor function in humans. Gut. 2009;58:1049–55.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Remes-Troche JM, Attaluri A, Hashmi S, Paulson J, Rao SSC. The role of adenosine in esophageal nociception in patients with functional chest pain. Gastroenterol. 2009;136(5):A-93.
22.
Aziz Q, Andersson J, Valind S, Thompson D. Identification of human brain loci processing esophageal sensation using positron emission tomography. Gastroenterology. 1997;113:50–97.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Willert RP, Woolf CJ, Hobson AR, Delaney C, Thompson DG, Aziz Q. The development and maintenance of human visceral pain hypersensitivity is dependent on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Gastroenterology. 2004;126:683–92.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Rao SS, Hayek B, Summers RW. Functional chest pain of esophageal origin: hyperalgesia or motor dysfunction. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:2584–9.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Balaban DH, Yamamoto Y, Liu J, Pehlivanov N, Wisniewski R, DeSilvey D, et al. Sustained esophageal contraction: a marker of esophageal chest pain identified by intraluminal ultrasonography. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:29–37.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Pehlivanov N, Liu J, Mittal R. Sustained esophageal contraction: a motor correlate of heartburn symptom. Am J Physio Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001;281:G743–51.
27.
Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Psychiatric illness and contraction abnormalities of the esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1983;309:1337–42.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Olden KW. The psychological aspects of noncardiac chest pain. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2004;33:61–7.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Farmer AD, Coen SJ, Kano M, Naqvi H, Paine PA, Scott SM, et al. Psychophysiological responses to visceral and somatic pain in functional chest pain identify clinically relevant pain clusters. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26(1):139–48.CrossRefPubMed
30.•
Hershcovici T, Achem SR, Jha LK, Fass R. Systematic review: the treatment of noncardiac chest pain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(1):5–14. A comprehensive systematic review regarding all therapeutic options for FCP.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Cremonini F, Wise J, Moayyedi P, Talley NJ. Diagnosticandtherapeuticuseofproton pump inhibitors in noncardiac chestpain: a meta -analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1226–32.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Wang W, Huang J, Zheng G, Wong WM, Lam SK, Karlberg J, et al. Isproton pump inhibitortesting an effectiveapproachtodiagnose gastroesophageal refluxdisease in patientswith noncardiac chestpain? Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1222–8.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Pace F, Pace M. The proton pump inhibitor test and the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;4(4):423–7.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Hsia PC, Maher KA, Lewis JH, Cattau Jr EL, Fleischer DE, Benjamin SB. Utility of upper endoscopy in the evaluation of noncardiac chest pain. Gastrointest Endosc. 1991;37(1):22–6.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Frøbert O, Funch-Jensen P, Jacobsen NO, Kruse A, Bagger JP. Upper endoscopy in patients with angina and normal coronary angiograms. Endoscopy. 1995;27(5):365–70.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Dickman R, Mattek N, Holub J, Peters D, Fass R. Prevalence of upper gastrointestinal tract findings in patients with noncardiac chest pain versus those with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)-related symptoms: results from a national endoscopic database. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;10(6):1173–9.CrossRef
37.
Achem SR, Almansa C, Krishna M, Heckman MG, Wolfsen HC, Talley NJ, et al. Oesophageal eosinophilic infiltration in patients with noncardiac chest pain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33:1194–201.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Katz PO, Dalton CB, Richter JE, Wu WC, Castell DO. Esophageal testing of patients with noncardiac chest pain or dysphagia. Results of three years' experience with 1161 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1987;106(4):593–7.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Nasr I, Attaluri A, Coss-Adame E, Rao SS. Diagnostic utility of the oesophageal balloon distension test in the evaluation of oesophageal chest pain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(12):1474–81.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.••
Kahrilas PJ, Bredenoord AJ, Fox M, Gyawali CP, Roman S, Smout AJ, et al. The Chicago classification of esophageal motility disorders, v3.0. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015;27(2):160–74. This document provides the diagnosis criteria for major esophageal motility disorders according high resolution esophageal manometry, the technique considered as the gold-standard.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Barret M, Herregods TV, Oors JM, Smout AJ, Bredenoord AJ. Diagnostic yield of 24-hour esophageal manometry in non-cardiac chest pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016. doi:10.​1111/​nmo.​12818.PubMed
42.
Richter JE, Hewson EG, Sinclair JW, Dalton CB. Acid perfusion test and 24 -hour esophageal pH monitoring with symptom index. Comparison of tests for esophageal acid sensitivity. Dig Dis Sci. 1991;36:565–71.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Dekel R, Martinez-Hawthorne SD, Guillen RJ, Fass R. Evaluation of symptom index in identifying gastroesophageal reflux disease -related noncardiac chest pain. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38:24–9.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Kim BJ, Choi SC, Kim JJ, Rhee JC, Rhee PL. Pathological bolus exposure plays a significant role in eliciting non-cardiac chest pain. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25(12):1855–60.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Prakash C, Clouse RE. Wireless pH monitoring in patients with non-cardiac chest pain. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:446–52.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Karamanolis G, Triantafillou K, Pasha P, Vlachogiannakos I, Gaglia A, Polymeros D, et al. Bravo 48-hour wireless pH monitoring in patients with non-cardiac chest pain. Objective gastro esophageal reflux disease parameters predict the responses to proton pump inhibitors. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012;18(2):169–73.CrossRef
47.
48.
Rao SS, Gregersen H, Hayek B, Summers RW, Christensen J, et al. Unexplained chest pain: The hypersensitive, hyperreactive, and poorly compliant esophagus. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:950–8.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Drewes AM, Schipper KP, Dimcevski G, Petersen P, Andersen OK, Gregersen H, et al. Multi-modal induction and assessment of allodynia and hyperalgesia in the human oesophagus. Eur J Pain. 2003;7(6):539–49.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Kwiatek MA, Kahrilas K, Soper NJ, Bulsiewicz WJ, McMahon BP, Gregersen H, et al. Esophagogastric junction distensibility after fundoplication assessed with a novel functional luminal imaging probe. J Gastrointest Surg. 2010;14(2):268–76.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
51.
Lin Z, Kahrilas PJ, Xiao Y, Nicodème F, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, et al. Functional luminal imaging probe topography: an improved method for characterizing esophageal distensibility in eosinophilic esophagitis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2013;6(2):97–10.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Pandolfino JE, de Ruigh A, Nicodème F, Xiao Y, Boris L, Kahrilas PJ. Distensibility of the esophagogastric junction assessed with the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP™) in achalasia patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25(6):496–501.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
53.
McMahon B, Rao SS, Gregersen H, Kwiatek MA, Pandolfino JE, Drewes AM, et al. Distensibility testing of the esophagus. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1232:331–40.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Nguyen TM, Eslick GD. Systematic review: the treatment of noncardiac chest pain with antidepressants. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35(5):493–500.CrossRefPubMed
55.•
Weijenborg PW, de Schepper HS, Smout AJ, Bredenoord AJ. Effects of antidepressants in patients with functional esophageal disorders or gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(2):251–9. This paper is the most recent systematic review regarding antidepressants as a pain modular for functional esophageal disorders. This study concludes that imipramine, sertraline and venlafaxine are useful for symptomatic control in FCP.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Cannon 3rd RO, Quyyumi AA, Mincemoyer R, Stine AM, Gracely RH, Smith WB, et al. Imipramine in patients with chest pain despite normal coronary angiograms. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1411–7.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Cox ID, Hann CM, Kaski JC. Low dose imipramine improves chest pain but not quality of life in patients with angina and normal coronary angiograms. Eur Heart J. 1998;19:250–4.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Varia I, Logue E, O’connor C, Newby K, Wagner HR, Davenport C, et al. Randomized trial of sertraline in patients with unexplained chest pain of noncardiac origin. Am Heart J. 2000;140:367–72.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Lee H, Kim JH, Min BH, Lee JH, Son HJ, Kim JJ, et al. Efficacy of venlafaxine for symptomatic relief in young adult patients with functional chest pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:1504–12.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Doraiswamy PM, Varia I, Hellegers C, Wagner HR, Clary GL, Beyer J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of paroxetine for noncardiac chest pain. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2006;39:15–24.PubMed
61.
Spinhoven P, Van der Does AJ, Van Dijk E, Van Rood YR. Heart-focused anxiety as a mediating variable in the treatment of noncardiac chest pain by cognitive-behavioral therapy and paroxetine. J Psychosom Res. 2010;69:227–35.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Clouse RE, Lustman PJ, Eckert TC, Ferney DM, Griffith LS. Low-dose trazodone for symptomatic patients with esophageal contraction abnormalities. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 1987;92:1027–36.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Stahl SM. Mechanism of action of trazodone: a multifunctional drug. CNS Spectr. 2009;14(10):536–46.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Fagiolini A, Comandini A, Dell’Osso MC, Kasper S. Rediscovering trazodone for the treatment of major depressive disorder. CNS Drugs. 2012;26(12):1033–49.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
65.
Handa M, Mine K, Yamamoto H, Hayashi H, Tsuchida O, Kanazawa F, et al. Antidepressant treatment of patients with diffuse esophageal spasm: a psychosomatic approach. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1999;28:228–32.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Atluri DK, Chandar AK, Fass R, Falck-Ytter Y. Systematic review with meta-analysis: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for noncardiac chest pain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41(2):167–76.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Viazis N, Keyoglou A, Kanellopoulos AK, Karamanolis G, Vlachogiannakos J, Triantafyllou K, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of hypersensitive esophagus: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(11):1662–7.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Malik Z, Bayman L, Valestin J, Rizvi-Toner A, Hashmi S, Schey R. Dronabinol increases pain threshold in patients with functional chest pain: a pilot double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Dis Esophagus. 2016. doi:10.​1111/​dote.​12455.
69.
Rodriguez-Stanley S, Zubaidi S, Proskin HM, Kralstein JR, Shetzline MA, Miner Jr PB. Effect of tegaserod on esophageal pain threshold, regurgitation and symptom relief in patients with functional heartburn and mechanical sensitivity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:442–50.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Rao SS, Mudipalli RS, Remes-Troche JM, Utech CL, Zimmerman B. Theophylline improves esophageal chest pain--a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102:930–8.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Rao SS, Mudipalli RS, Mujica V, Utech CL, Zhao X, Conklin JL. An open-label trial of theophylline for functional chest pain. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;12:2763–8.CrossRef
72.
Kirch S, Gegg R, Johns MM, Rubin AD. Globus pharyngeus: effectiveness of treatment with proton pump inhibitors and gabapentin. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2013;122:492–5.CrossRefPubMed
73.
van Peski-Oosterbaan AS, Spinhoven P, van Rood Y, van der Does JW, Bruschke AV, Rooijmans HG. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for noncardiac chest pain: a randomized trial. Am J Med. 1999;106:424–9.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Klimes I, Mayou RA, Pearce MJ, Coles L, Fagg JR. Psychological treatment for atypical non-cardiac chest pain: a controlled evaluation. Psychol Med. 1990;203:605–11.CrossRef
75.
Mayou RA, Bryant BM, Sanders D, Bass C, Klimes I, Forfar C. A controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy for non-cardiac chest pain. Psychol Med. 1997;27:1021–31.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Jonsbu E, Dammen T, Morken G, Moum T, Martinsen EW. Short-term cognitive behavioral therapy for non-cardiac chest pain and benign palpitations: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychosom Res. 2011;70:117–23.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Coss-Adame E, Rao SS. A review of esophageal chest pain. Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY). 2015;11(11):759–66.
78.
Kuijpers PM, Denollet J, Wellens HJ, Crijns HM, Honig A. Noncardiac chest pain in the emergency department: the role of cardiac history, anxiety or depression and Type D personality. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14(2):273–9.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Webster R, Thompson Norman P, Goodacre SA. The acceptability and feasibility of an anxiety reduction intervention for emergency department patients with non-cardiac chest pain. Psychol Health Med. 2016;29:1–11.
80.
81.
Jones H, Cooper P, Miller V, Brooks N, Whorwell PJ. Treatment of non-cardiac chest pain: a controlled trial of hypnotherapy. Gut. 2006;55:403–1408.CrossRef
82.
Shapiro M, Shanani R, Taback H, Abramowich D, Scapa E, Broide E. Functional chest pain responds to biofeedback treatment but functional heartburn does not: what is the difference? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24(6):708–14.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Gasiorowska A, Navarro-Rodriguez T, Dickman R, Wendel C, Moty B, Powers J, et al. Clinical trial: the effect of Johrei on symptoms of patients with functional chest pain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29(1):126–34.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
How to Diagnose and Treat Functional Chest Pain
Author
Jose M. Remes-Troche, M.D.
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology / Issue 4/2016
Print ISSN: 1092-8472
Electronic ISSN: 1534-309X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11938-016-0106-y

Other articles of this Issue 4/2016

Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology 4/2016 Go to the issue

Intractable Disease in the Elderly: When Conventional Therapy Fails (S Katz, Section Editor)

Interactions Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease Drugs and Chemotherapy

Motility (H Parkman and R Schey, Section Editors)

Opioids and GI Motility—Friend or Foe?

Motility (H Parkman and R Schey, Section Editors)

Gastrointestinal Transit Assessment: Role of Scintigraphy: Where Are We Now? Where Are We Going?

Stomach (K Koch, Section Editor)

Newest Drugs for Chronic Unexplained Nausea and Vomiting

Stomach (K Koch, Section Editor)

Chronic Unexplained Nausea and Vomiting or Gastric Neuromuscular Dysfunction (GND)? An Update on Nomenclature, Pathophysiology and Treatment, and Relationship to Gastroparesis

Stomach (K Koch, Section Editor)

Diet and Complementary Medicine for Chronic Unexplained Nausea and Vomiting and Gastroparesis
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits