Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports 3/2010

01-06-2010

Catatonia: Diagnosis, Classification, and Treatment

Author: Andrew Francis

Published in: Current Psychiatry Reports | Issue 3/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Catatonia is a distinct neuropsychiatric syndrome that is becoming more recognized clinically and in ongoing research. It occurs with psychiatric, metabolic, or neurologic conditions. It may occur in many forms, including neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Treatment with benzodiazepines or electroconvulsive therapy leads to a dramatic and rapid response, although systematic, randomized trials are lacking. An important unresolved question is the role of antipsychotic agents in treatment and their potential adverse effects.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Kahlbaum KL: Catatonia. Translated by Levi Y, Pridon T. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1973. Kahlbaum KL: Catatonia. Translated by Levi Y, Pridon T. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; 1973.
2.
go back to reference Rosebush PL, Hildebrand AM, Furlong BG, Mazurek MF: Catatonic syndrome in a general psychiatric inpatient population: frequency, clinical presentation, and response to lorazepam. J Clin Psychiatry 1990, 51:357–362.PubMed Rosebush PL, Hildebrand AM, Furlong BG, Mazurek MF: Catatonic syndrome in a general psychiatric inpatient population: frequency, clinical presentation, and response to lorazepam. J Clin Psychiatry 1990, 51:357–362.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Francis A: Update on catatonia. Psychiatr Times 2006, 23:23–24. Francis A: Update on catatonia. Psychiatr Times 2006, 23:23–24.
4.
go back to reference Benegal V, Hingorani S, Khanna S: Idiopathic catatonia: validity of the concept. Psychopathology 1993, 26:41–46.CrossRefPubMed Benegal V, Hingorani S, Khanna S: Idiopathic catatonia: validity of the concept. Psychopathology 1993, 26:41–46.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Taylor MA, Fink M: Catatonia in psychiatric classification: a home of its own. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:1233–1241.CrossRefPubMed Taylor MA, Fink M: Catatonia in psychiatric classification: a home of its own. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:1233–1241.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Koch M, Chandragiri S, Rizvi S, et al.: Catatonic signs in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Compr Psychiatry 2000, 41:73–75.CrossRefPubMed Koch M, Chandragiri S, Rizvi S, et al.: Catatonic signs in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Compr Psychiatry 2000, 41:73–75.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Francis A, Chandragiri S, Rizvi S, et al.: Is lorazepam a treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome? CNS Spectr 2000, 5:54–57.PubMed Francis A, Chandragiri S, Rizvi S, et al.: Is lorazepam a treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome? CNS Spectr 2000, 5:54–57.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Khaldarov V: Benzodiazepines as a treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Hosp Physician 2000, 6:51–55. Khaldarov V: Benzodiazepines as a treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Hosp Physician 2000, 6:51–55.
9.
go back to reference Petrides G, Malur C, Fink M: Convulsive therapy. In Catatonia: From Psychopathology to Neurobiology. Edited by Caroff SN, Mann SC, Francis A, Fricchione GL. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2004:151–160. Petrides G, Malur C, Fink M: Convulsive therapy. In Catatonia: From Psychopathology to Neurobiology. Edited by Caroff SN, Mann SC, Francis A, Fricchione GL. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2004:151–160.
10.
11.
go back to reference Yacoub A, Francis A: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by atypical neuroleptics and responsive to lorazepam. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2006, 2:235–240.CrossRefPubMed Yacoub A, Francis A: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by atypical neuroleptics and responsive to lorazepam. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2006, 2:235–240.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Bush G, Petrides G, Francis A: Catatonia and other motor syndromes in a chronically hospitalized psychiatric population. Schizophr Res 1997, 27:83–92.CrossRefPubMed Bush G, Petrides G, Francis A: Catatonia and other motor syndromes in a chronically hospitalized psychiatric population. Schizophr Res 1997, 27:83–92.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Starkstein SE, Petracca G, Teson A, et al.: Catatonia in depression: prevalence, clinical correlates, and validation of a scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 60:326–332.CrossRefPubMed Starkstein SE, Petracca G, Teson A, et al.: Catatonia in depression: prevalence, clinical correlates, and validation of a scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996, 60:326–332.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, et al.: Catatonia I: rating scale and standardized examination. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996, 93:129–136.CrossRefPubMed Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, et al.: Catatonia I: rating scale and standardized examination. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996, 93:129–136.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, edn 4. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, edn 4. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
16.
go back to reference Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, et al.: Catatonia II: treatment with lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996, 93:137–143.CrossRefPubMed Bush G, Fink M, Petrides G, et al.: Catatonia II: treatment with lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996, 93:137–143.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Lee JWY, Schwartz DI, Hallmayer J: Catatonia in a psychiatric intensive care facility: incidence and response to benzodiazepines. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2000, 12:89–96.PubMed Lee JWY, Schwartz DI, Hallmayer J: Catatonia in a psychiatric intensive care facility: incidence and response to benzodiazepines. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2000, 12:89–96.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Northoff G, Koch A, Wenke A, et al.: Catatonia as a psychmotor syndrome: a rating scale and extrapyramidal motor symptoms. Mov Disord 1999, 14:404–416.CrossRefPubMed Northoff G, Koch A, Wenke A, et al.: Catatonia as a psychmotor syndrome: a rating scale and extrapyramidal motor symptoms. Mov Disord 1999, 14:404–416.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Bräunig P, Kruger S, Shugar G, et al.: The catatonia rating scale—development, reliability, and use. Compr Psychiatry 2000, 41:147–158.CrossRefPubMed Bräunig P, Kruger S, Shugar G, et al.: The catatonia rating scale—development, reliability, and use. Compr Psychiatry 2000, 41:147–158.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Cohen D: Towards a valid nosography and psychopathology of catatonia in children and adolescents. Int Rev Neurobiol 2006, 72:131–147.CrossRefPubMed Cohen D: Towards a valid nosography and psychopathology of catatonia in children and adolescents. Int Rev Neurobiol 2006, 72:131–147.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Cohen D, Flament M, Dubos PF, Basquin M: Case series: catatonic syndrome in young people. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999, 38:1040–1046.PubMedCrossRef Cohen D, Flament M, Dubos PF, Basquin M: Case series: catatonic syndrome in young people. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999, 38:1040–1046.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Dhossche D, Wing, L, Ohta M, Jurge-Neumarker K: Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2006. Dhossche D, Wing, L, Ohta M, Jurge-Neumarker K: Catatonia in Autism Spectrum Disorders. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2006.
23.
go back to reference Kakooza-Mwesige A, Wachtel LE, Dhossche DM: Catatonia in autism: implications across the life span. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008, 17:327–335.CrossRefPubMed Kakooza-Mwesige A, Wachtel LE, Dhossche DM: Catatonia in autism: implications across the life span. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008, 17:327–335.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Esmaili T, Malek A: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in a six-year-old girl suffering from major depressive disorder with catatonic features. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007, 16:58–60.CrossRefPubMed Esmaili T, Malek A: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in a six-year-old girl suffering from major depressive disorder with catatonic features. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007, 16:58–60.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Carroll BT, Kennedy JC, Goforth HW: Catatonic signs in medical and psychiatric catatonias. CNS Spectr 2000, 5:66–69.PubMed Carroll BT, Kennedy JC, Goforth HW: Catatonic signs in medical and psychiatric catatonias. CNS Spectr 2000, 5:66–69.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Cottencin O, Warembourg F, de Chouly de Lenclave M, et al.: Catatonia and consultation-liaison psychiatry study of 12 cases. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007, 31:1170–1176. Cottencin O, Warembourg F, de Chouly de Lenclave M, et al.: Catatonia and consultation-liaison psychiatry study of 12 cases. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007, 31:1170–1176.
28.
go back to reference Francis A, Lopez-Canino A: Delirium with catatonic features—a new subtype? Psychiatr Times 2009, 26:15–18. Francis A, Lopez-Canino A: Delirium with catatonic features—a new subtype? Psychiatr Times 2009, 26:15–18.
29.
go back to reference Taylor MA: Catatonia: a review of a behavioral neurologic syndrome. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1990, 3:48–72. Taylor MA: Catatonia: a review of a behavioral neurologic syndrome. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1990, 3:48–72.
30.
go back to reference Barnes MP, Saunders M, Walls TJ, et al.: The syndrome of Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986, 49:991–996.CrossRefPubMed Barnes MP, Saunders M, Walls TJ, et al.: The syndrome of Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986, 49:991–996.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Stöber G: Genetics. In Catatonia: From Psychopathology to Neurobiology. Edited by Caroff SN, Mann SC, Francis A, Fricchione GL. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2004:173–188. Stöber G: Genetics. In Catatonia: From Psychopathology to Neurobiology. Edited by Caroff SN, Mann SC, Francis A, Fricchione GL. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2004:173–188.
32.
go back to reference Northoff G: Neuroimaging and neurophysiology. In Catatonia: From Psychopathology to Neurobiology. Edited by Caroff SN, Mann SC, Francis A, Fricchione GL. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2004:77–92. Northoff G: Neuroimaging and neurophysiology. In Catatonia: From Psychopathology to Neurobiology. Edited by Caroff SN, Mann SC, Francis A, Fricchione GL. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2004:77–92.
33.
go back to reference Carroll BT: The universal field hypothesis of catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. CNS Spectr 2000, 5:26–33.PubMed Carroll BT: The universal field hypothesis of catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. CNS Spectr 2000, 5:26–33.PubMed
34.
go back to reference McCall WV, Shelp FE, McDonald WM: Controlled investigation of the amobarbital interview for catatonic mutism. Am J Psychiatry 1992, 149:202–206. (Published erratum appears in Am J Psychiatry 1992, 149:720.) McCall WV, Shelp FE, McDonald WM: Controlled investigation of the amobarbital interview for catatonic mutism. Am J Psychiatry 1992, 149:202–206. (Published erratum appears in Am J Psychiatry 1992, 149:720.)
35.
go back to reference Rosebush P, Mazurek M. Pharmacotherapy. In Catatonia: From Psychopathology to Neurobiology. Edited by Caroff SN, Mann SC, Francis A, Fricchione GL. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2004:141–150. Rosebush P, Mazurek M. Pharmacotherapy. In Catatonia: From Psychopathology to Neurobiology. Edited by Caroff SN, Mann SC, Francis A, Fricchione GL. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2004:141–150.
36.
go back to reference Wetzel H, Heuser I, Benkert O: Stupor and affective state: alleviation of psychomotor disturbances by lorazepam and recurrence of symptoms after Ro 15-1788. J Nerv Ment Dis 1987, 175:240–242.CrossRefPubMed Wetzel H, Heuser I, Benkert O: Stupor and affective state: alleviation of psychomotor disturbances by lorazepam and recurrence of symptoms after Ro 15-1788. J Nerv Ment Dis 1987, 175:240–242.CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Ungvari GS, Chiu HF, Chow LY, et al.: Lorazepam for chronic catatonia: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999, 142:393–398.CrossRef Ungvari GS, Chiu HF, Chow LY, et al.: Lorazepam for chronic catatonia: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999, 142:393–398.CrossRef
38.
go back to reference •• Thomas P, Cottencin O, Rascle C, et al.: Catatonia in French psychiatry: implications of the zolpidem challenge test. Psychiatr Ann 2007, 37:45–54. This was an update on an important new treatment for catatonia, zolpidem. •• Thomas P, Cottencin O, Rascle C, et al.: Catatonia in French psychiatry: implications of the zolpidem challenge test. Psychiatr Ann 2007, 37:45–54. This was an update on an important new treatment for catatonia, zolpidem.
39.
go back to reference Carroll, BT, Goforth HW, Thomas C, et al.: Review of adjunctive glutamate antagonist therapy in the treatment of catatonia syndromes. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007, 19:406–412. Carroll, BT, Goforth HW, Thomas C, et al.: Review of adjunctive glutamate antagonist therapy in the treatment of catatonia syndromes. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007, 19:406–412.
40.
go back to reference Petrides G, Divadeenam K, Bush G, Francis A: Synergism of lorazepam and ECT in the treatment of catatonia. Biol Psychiatry 1997, 42:375–381.CrossRefPubMed Petrides G, Divadeenam K, Bush G, Francis A: Synergism of lorazepam and ECT in the treatment of catatonia. Biol Psychiatry 1997, 42:375–381.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Hawkins JM, Archer KJ, Strakowski SM, Keck PE: Somatic treatment of catatonia. Int J Psychiatry Med 1995, 25:354–369. Hawkins JM, Archer KJ, Strakowski SM, Keck PE: Somatic treatment of catatonia. Int J Psychiatry Med 1995, 25:354–369.
42.
go back to reference White DA, Robins AH: An analysis of 17 catatonic patients diagnosed with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. CNS Spectr 2000, 5:58–65.PubMed White DA, Robins AH: An analysis of 17 catatonic patients diagnosed with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. CNS Spectr 2000, 5:58–65.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Van Den Eede F, Van Hecke J, Van Dalfsen A, et al.: The use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of catatonia. Eur Psychiatry 2005, 20:422–429.CrossRef Van Den Eede F, Van Hecke J, Van Dalfsen A, et al.: The use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of catatonia. Eur Psychiatry 2005, 20:422–429.CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Martenyi F, Metcalfe S, Schausberer B, Dossenbach MR: An efficacy analysis of olanzapine treatment data in schizophrenia patients with catatonic signs and symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 2001, 62(Suppl 2):25–27.PubMed Martenyi F, Metcalfe S, Schausberer B, Dossenbach MR: An efficacy analysis of olanzapine treatment data in schizophrenia patients with catatonic signs and symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 2001, 62(Suppl 2):25–27.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Girish K, Gill NS: Electro convulsive therapy in lorazepam non-responsive catatonia. Indian J Psychiatry 2003, 45:21–25. Girish K, Gill NS: Electro convulsive therapy in lorazepam non-responsive catatonia. Indian J Psychiatry 2003, 45:21–25.
46.
go back to reference Mann SC, Caroff SN, Fricchione GL, et al.: Malignant catatonia. In Catatonia: From Psychopathology to Neurobiology. Edited by Caroff SN, Mann SC, Francis A, Fricchione GL. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2004:105–120. Mann SC, Caroff SN, Fricchione GL, et al.: Malignant catatonia. In Catatonia: From Psychopathology to Neurobiology. Edited by Caroff SN, Mann SC, Francis A, Fricchione GL. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 2004:105–120.
Metadata
Title
Catatonia: Diagnosis, Classification, and Treatment
Author
Andrew Francis
Publication date
01-06-2010
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Psychiatry Reports / Issue 3/2010
Print ISSN: 1523-3812
Electronic ISSN: 1535-1645
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-010-0113-y

Other articles of this Issue 3/2010

Current Psychiatry Reports 3/2010 Go to the issue