Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

LIVE: Thursday 2nd May 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

Quality sleep is essential for health. But what happens to our brains when sleep patterns are disturbed? Join our experts to explore the interplay between sleep disruption and neurological diseases, and the questions that you need to be asking your patients to help you prevent the harmful effects of sleep deprivation.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 8/2018

01-08-2018 | Neurology of Systemic Diseases (J Biller, Section Editor)

Neurologic Consequences of Preterm Birth

Authors: Margie A. Ream, Lenora Lehwald

Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | Issue 8/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Preterm birth is the leading cause of death worldwide in children < 5 years of age; however, technology and advances in medical knowledge are increasing the survival of children born even at the fringes of viability. With increased survival comes increased risk of long-term neurologic impairments. This paper aims to review recent findings related to changes in brain development associated with prematurity and its impact on neurodevelopmental disabilities.

Recent Findings

Advanced imaging techniques, longitudinal follow-up of individuals born extremely preterm into adulthood and improved understanding of risk factors associated with neurologic impairment contribute to recent discoveries. Sensory impairments are often associated with later cognitive and social impairments and therefore represent targets for therapy.

Summary

All aspects of neurologic development can be affected by preterm delivery. Future research is needed to further elucidate targets for prenatal and postnatal interventions for neuroprotection and to improve outcomes of prematurity.
Literature
1.
Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, Chu Y, Perin J, Zhu J, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet. 2016;388(10063):3027–35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
2.
•• Younge N, Goldstein RF, Bann CM, Hintz SR, Patel RM, Smith PB, et al. Survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes among periviable infants. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(7):617–28. Neonatal Research Network study of outcomes of infants born at 22-24 weeks gestational age over an 11-year period followed up at 18-22 months. This large cohort over a decade was able to reveal trends over the period of the study. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
Younge N, Goldstein RF, Cotten CM, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Survival and neurodevelopment of periviable infants. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(19):1890–1.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Hubel DH, Wiesel TN. Ferrier lecture. Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1977;198(1130):1–59.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Greenough WT, West RW, DeVoogd TJ. Subsynaptic plate perforations: changes with age and experience in the rat. Science. 1978;202(4372):1096–8.PubMedCrossRef
6.
7.
Nosarti C, Nam KW, Walshe M, Murray RM, Cuddy M, Rifkin L, et al. Preterm birth and structural brain alterations in early adulthood. Neuroimage Clin. 2014;6:180–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
8.
Walsh JM, Doyle LW, Anderson PJ, Lee KJ, Cheong JLY. Moderate and late preterm birth: effect on brain size and maturation at term-equivalent age. Radiology. 2014;273(1):232–40.PubMedCrossRef
9.
• Bjuland KJ, Rimol LM, Løhaugen GCC, Skranes J. Brain volumes and cognitive function in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) young adults. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2014;18(5):578–90. This study is one of the few that performed neuroimaging in adults born prematurely..PubMedCrossRef
10.
Viola A, Confort-Gouny S, Schneider JF, le Fur Y, Viout P, Chapon F, et al. Is brain maturation comparable in fetuses and premature neonates at term equivalent age? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(8):1451–8.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Akazawa K, Chang L, Yamakawa R, Hayama S, Buchthal S, Alicata D, et al. Probabilistic maps of the white matter tracts with known associated functions on the neonatal brain atlas: application to evaluate longitudinal developmental trajectories in term-born and preterm-born infants. Neuroimage. 2016;128:167–79.PubMedCrossRef
12.
13.
Braddick O, Atkinson J, Wattam-Bell J. VERP and brain imaging for identifying levels of visual dorsal and ventral stream function in typical and preterm infants. Prog Brain Res. 2011;189:95–111.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Taylor NM, Jakobson LS, Maurer D, Lewis TL. Differential vulnerability of global motion, global form, and biological motion processing in full-term and preterm children. Neuropsychologia. 2009;47(13):2766–78.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Sripada K, Løhaugen GC, Eikenes L, Bjørlykke KM, Håberg AK, Skranes J, et al. Visual-motor deficits relate to altered gray and white matter in young adults born preterm with very low birth weight. Neuroimage. 2015;109:493–504.PubMedCrossRef
16.
17.
Weber P, Depoorter A, Hetzel P, Lemola S. Habituation as parameter for prediction of mental development in healthy preterm infants: an electrophysiological pilot study. J Child Neurol. 2016;31(14):1591–7.PubMedCrossRef
18.
American Academy of Pediatrics, J.i.C.o.I.H. Position statement: principles and guidelines for early hearing detection and intervention programs. Pediatrics. 2007;120(4):898–921.CrossRef
19.
Robertson CM, et al. Permanent bilateral sensory and neural hearing loss of children after neonatal intensive care because of extreme prematurity: a thirty-year study. Pediatrics. 2009;123(5):e797–807.PubMedCrossRef
20.
van Dommelen P, Verkerk PH, van Straaten HLM, Baerts W, von Weissenbruch M, Duijsters C, et al. Hearing loss by week of gestation and birth weight in very preterm neonates. J Pediatr. 2015;166(4):840–843.e1.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Mahmoudzadeh M, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Fournier M, Kongolo G, Goudjil S, Dubois J, et al. Syllabic discrimination in premature human infants prior to complete formation of cortical layers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(12):4846–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
McMahon E, Wintermark P, Lahav A. Auditory brain development in premature infants: the importance of early experience. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1252:17–24.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Baldoli C, Scola E, Della Rosa PA, Pontesilli S, Longaretti R, Poloniato A, et al. Maturation of preterm newborn brains: a fMRI-DTI study of auditory processing of linguistic stimuli and white matter development. Brain Struct Funct. 2015;220(6):3733–51.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Wachman EM, Lahav A. The effects of noise on preterm infants in the NICU. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2011;96(4):F305–9.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Lejeune F, Parra J, Berne-Audéoud F, Marcus L, Barisnikov K, Gentaz E, et al. Sound interferes with the early tactile manual abilities of preterm infants. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23329.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
Webb AR, Heller HT, Benson CB, Lahav A. Mother’s voice and heartbeat sounds elicit auditory plasticity in the human brain before full gestation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(10):3152–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
Grunau RE, Weinberg J, Whitfield MF. Neonatal procedural pain and preterm infant cortisol response to novelty at 8 months. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):e77–84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
Vinall J, Miller SP, Bjornson BH, Fitzpatrick KPV, Poskitt KJ, Brant R, et al. Invasive procedures in preterm children: brain and cognitive development at school age. Pediatrics. 2014;133(3):412–21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
29.
Brummelte S, Grunau RE, Zaidman-Zait A, Weinberg J, Nordstokke D, Cepeda IL. Cortisol levels in relation to maternal interaction and child internalizing behavior in preterm and full-term children at 18 months corrected age. Dev Psychobiol. 2011;53(2):184–95.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Ranger M, Chau CMY, Garg A, Woodward TS, Beg MF, Bjornson B, et al. Neonatal pain-related stress predicts cortical thickness at age 7 years in children born very preterm. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e76702.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
31.
Doesburg SM, Chau CM, Cheung TPL, Moiseev A, Ribary U, Herdman AT, et al. Neonatal pain-related stress, functional cortical activity and visual-perceptual abilities in school-age children born at extremely low gestational age. Pain. 2013;154(10):1946–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
32.
33.
Barton EE, Reichow B, Schnitz A, Smith IC, Sherlock D. A systematic review of sensory-based treatments for children with disabilities. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;37:64–80.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Bloomfield FH, Alexander T, Muelbert M, Beker F. Smell and taste in the preterm infant. Early Hum Dev. 2017;114:31–4.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Lipchock SV, Reed DR, Mennella JA. The gustatory and olfactory systems during infancy: implications for development of feeding behaviors in the high-risk neonate. Clin Perinatol. 2011;38(4):627–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
Varendi H, Porter RH, Winberg J. Attractiveness of amniotic fluid odor: evidence of prenatal olfactory learning? Acta Paediatr. 1996;85(10):1223–7.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Delaunay-El Allam M, et al. Long-lasting memory for an odor acquired at the mother’s breast. Dev Sci. 2010;13(6):849–63.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Bartocci M, Winberg J, Papendieck G, Mustica T, Serra G, Lagercrantz H. Cerebral hemodynamic response to unpleasant odors in the preterm newborn measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Pediatr Res. 2001;50(3):324–30.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Beker F, Opie G, Noble E, Jiang Y, Bloomfield FH. Smell and taste to improve nutrition in very preterm infants: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Neonatology. 2017;111(3):260–6.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Yildiz A, Arikan D, Gözüm S, Taştekın A, Budancamanak I. The effect of the odor of breast milk on the time needed for transition from gavage to total oral feeding in preterm infants. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2011;43(3):265–73.PubMed
41.
42.
Crump C, Winkleby MA, Sundquist K, Sundquist J. Risk of hypertension among young adults who were born preterm: a Swedish national study of 636,000 births. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(7):797–803.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
van Haastert IC, de Vries LS, Helders PJM, Jongmans MJ. Early gross motor development of preterm infants according to the Alberta Infant Motor Scale. J Pediatr. 2006;149(5):617–22.PubMedCrossRef
44.
van Dokkum NH, de Kroon MLA, Bos AF, Reijneveld SA, Kerstjens JM. Attainment of gross motor milestones by preterm children with normal development upon school entry. Early Hum Dev. 2018;119:62–7.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Bracewell M, Marlow N. Patterns of motor disability in very preterm children. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2002;8(4):241–8.PubMedCrossRef
46.
47.
Marlow N, Wolke D, Bracewell MA, Samara M, EPICure Study Group. Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(1):9–19.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Dahan-Oliel N, Mazer B, Riley P, Maltais DB, Nadeau L, Majnemer A. Participation and enjoyment of leisure activities in adolescents born at ≤ 29 week gestation. Early Hum Dev. 2014;90(6):307–14.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Himpens E, van den Broeck C, Oostra A, Calders P, Vanhaesebrouck P. Prevalence, type, distribution, and severity of cerebral palsy in relation to gestational age: a meta-analytic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(5):334–40.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Ancel PY, Livinec F, Larroque B, Marret S, Arnaud C, Pierrat V, et al. Cerebral palsy among very preterm children in relation to gestational age and neonatal ultrasound abnormalities: the EPIPAGE cohort study. Pediatrics. 2006;117(3):828–35.PubMedCrossRef
51.
McIntyre S, Morgan C, Walker K, Novak I. Cerebral palsy—don’t delay. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2011;17(2):114–29.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Vincer MJ, Allen AC, Joseph KS, Stinson DA, Scott H, Wood E. Increasing prevalence of cerebral palsy among very preterm infants: a population-based study. Pediatrics. 2006;118(6):e1621–6.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Beaino G, et al. Predictors of cerebral palsy in very preterm infants: the EPIPAGE prospective population-based cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52(6):e119–25.PubMedCrossRef
54.
• Spittle A, Orton J, Anderson PJ, Boyd R, Doyle LW. Early developmental intervention programmes provided post hospital discharge to prevent motor and cognitive impairment in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;776(11): p. CD005495 Review of effectiveness of developmental interventions which highlights the importance of early therapy.
55.
Spittle AJ, Boyd RN, Inder TE, Doyle LW. Predicting motor development in very preterm infants at 12 months’ corrected age: the role of qualitative magnetic resonance imaging and general movements assessments. Pediatrics. 2009;123(2):512–7.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Spittle AJ, Orton J. Cerebral palsy and developmental coordination disorder in children born preterm. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;19(2):84–9.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Marlow N, Hennessy EM, Bracewell MA, Wolke D, for the EPICure Study Group. Motor and executive function at 6 years of age after extremely preterm birth. Pediatrics. 2007;120(4):793–804.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Serenius F, Ewald U, Farooqi A, Fellman V, Hafström M, Hellgren K, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely preterm infants 6.5 years after active perinatal care in Sweden. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(10):954–63.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Marret S, Marchand-Martin L, Picaud JC, Hascoët JM, Arnaud C, Rozé JC, et al. Brain injury in very preterm children and neurosensory and cognitive disabilities during childhood: the EPIPAGE cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e62683.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
• Hirschberger RG, et al. Co-occurrence and severity of neurodevelopmental burden (cognitive impairment, cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, and epilepsy) at age ten years in children born extremely preterm. Pediatr Neurol. 2018;79:45–52. This study described long-term outcomes related to multiple neurodevelopmental impairments. PubMedCrossRef
61.
Saigal S, Ouden L, Wolke D, Hoult L, Paneth N, Streiner DL, et al. School-age outcomes in children who were extremely low birth weight from four international population-based cohorts. Pediatrics. 2003;112(4):943–50.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Young JM, Morgan BR, Powell TL, Moore AM, Whyte HEA, Smith ML, et al. Associations of perinatal clinical and magnetic resonance imaging measures with developmental outcomes in children born very preterm. J Pediatr. 2016;170:90–6.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Beaino G, Khoshnood B, Kaminski M, Marret S, Pierrat V, Vieux R, et al. Predictors of the risk of cognitive deficiency in very preterm infants: the EPIPAGE prospective cohort. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(3):370–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
Shah PE, Kaciroti N, Richards B, Lumeng JC. Gestational age and kindergarten school readiness in a national sample of preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2016;178:61–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
65.
Akshoomoff N, Joseph RM, Taylor HG, Allred EN, Heeren T, OʼShea TM, et al. Academic achievement deficits and their neuropsychological correlates in children born extremely preterm. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2017;38(8):627–37.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
66.
Sucksdorff M, Lehtonen L, Chudal R, Suominen A, Joelsson P, Gissler M, et al. Preterm birth and poor fetal growth as risk factors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2015;136(3):e599–608.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Leviton A, Hooper SR, Hunter SJ, Scott MN, Allred EN, Joseph RM, et al. Antecedents of screening positive for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in ten-year-old children born extremely preterm. Pediatr Neurol. 2018;81:25–30.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Scott MN, Hunter SJ, Joseph RM, OʼShea TM, Hooper SR, Allred EN, et al. Neurocognitive correlates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children born at extremely low gestational age. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2017;38(4):249–59.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Sansavini A, Guarini A, Justice LM, Savini S, Broccoli S, Alessandroni R, et al. Does preterm birth increase a child’s risk for language impairment? Early Hum Dev. 2010;86(12):765–72.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zerbeto AB, Cortelo FM, Filho ÉC. Association between gestational age and birth weight on the language development of Brazilian children: a systematic review. J Pediatr. 2015;91(4):326–32.CrossRef
71.
Ionio C, Riboni E, Confalonieri E, Dallatomasina C, Mascheroni E, Bonanomi A, et al. Paths of cognitive and language development in healthy preterm infants. Infant Behav Dev. 2016;44:199–207.PubMedCrossRef
72.
• Caskey M, Stephens B, Tucker R, Vohr B. Adult talk in the NICU with preterm infants and developmental outcomes. Pediatrics. 2014;133(3):e578–84. This study highlights NICU practices and exposure of voice. PubMedCrossRef
73.
Kwon SH, Scheinost D, Vohr B, Lacadie C, Schneider K, Dai F, et al. Functional magnetic resonance connectivity studies in infants born preterm: suggestions of proximate and long-lasting changes in language organization. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58 Suppl 4:28–34.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Aeby A, de Tiège X, Creuzil M, David P, Balériaux D, van Overmeire B, et al. Language development at 2 years is correlated to brain microstructure in the left superior temporal gyrus at term equivalent age: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroimage. 2013;78:145–51.PubMedCrossRef
75.
van Noort-van der Spek IL, Franken MC, Weisglas-Kuperus N. Language functions in preterm-born children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4):745–54.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Barde LH, et al. Differences in neural activation between preterm and full term born adolescents on a sentence comprehension task: implications for educational accommodations. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2012;2(Suppl 1):S114–28.PubMedCrossRef
77.
De Schuymer L, et al. Preverbal skills as mediators for language outcome in preterm and full term children. Early Hum Dev. 2011;87(4):265–72.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Shoemark H, Hanson-Abromeit D, Stewart L. Constructing optimal experience for the hospitalized newborn through neuro-based music therapy. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:487.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Standley J. Music therapy research in the NICU: an updated meta-analysis. Neonatal Netw. 2012;31(5):311–6.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Allen KA. Music therapy in the NICU: is there evidence to support integration for procedural support? Adv Neonatal Care. 2013;13(5):349–52.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Asztalos EV, Church PT, Riley P, Fajardo C, Shah PS, Canadian Neonatal Network and Canadian Neonatal Follow-up Network Investigators. Association between primary caregiver education and cognitive and language development of preterm neonates. Am J Perinatol. 2017;34(4):364–71.PubMed
82.
Johnson S, Marlow N. Preterm birth and childhood psychiatric disorders. Pediatr Res. 2011;69(5 Pt 2):11R–8R.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Arpi E, Ferrari F. Preterm birth and behaviour problems in infants and preschool-age children: a review of the recent literature. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(9):788–96.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Burnett AC, Anderson PJ, Cheong J, Doyle LW, Davey CG, Wood SJ. Prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses in preterm and full-term children, adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2011;41(12):2463–74.PubMedCrossRef
85.
• Eryigit-Madzwamuse S, Strauss V, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D. Personality of adults who were born very preterm. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2015;100(6):F524–9. The conclusion of this study attempts to generalize a preterm personality which can lead to inferences about psychological comorbidities of prematurity. PubMedCrossRef
86.
Healy E, Reichenberg A, Nam KW, Allin MPG, Walshe M, Rifkin L, et al. Preterm birth and adolescent social functioning-alterations in emotion-processing brain areas. J Pediatr. 2013;163(6):1596–604.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Williamson KE, Jakobson LS. Social perception in children born at very low birthweight and its relationship with social/behavioral outcomes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;55(9):990–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
88.
Nosarti C, Reichenberg A, Murray RM, Cnattingius S, Lambe MP, Yin L, et al. Preterm birth and psychiatric disorders in young adult life. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69(6):E1–8.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Kroll J, Froudist-Walsh S, Brittain PJ, Tseng CEJ, Karolis V, Murray RM, et al. A dimensional approach to assessing psychiatric risk in adults born very preterm. Psychol Med. 2018:1–7.
90.
Papini C, White TP, Montagna A, Brittain PJ, Froudist-Walsh S, Kroll J, et al. Altered resting-state functional connectivity in emotion-processing brain regions in adults who were born very preterm. Psychol Med. 2016;46(14):3025–39.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Zmyj N, Witt S, Weitkämper A, Neumann H, Lücke T. Social cognition in children born preterm: a perspective on future research directions. Front Psychol. 2017;8:455.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
92.
Smith L, Ulvund S. The role of joint attention in later development among preterm children: linkages between early and middle childhood. Soc Dev. 2003;12(2):222–34.CrossRef
93.
Telford EJ, Fletcher-Watson S, Gillespie-Smith K, Pataky R, Sparrow S, Murray IC, et al. Preterm birth is associated with atypical social orienting in infancy detected using eye tracking. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016;57(7):861–8.PubMedCrossRef
94.
De Schuymer L, et al. Gaze aversion during social interaction in preterm infants: a function of attention skills? Infant Behav Dev. 2012;35(1):129–39.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Campbell C, Horlin C, Reid C, McMichael J, Forrest L, Brydges C, et al. How do you think she feels? Vulnerability in empathy and the role of attention in school-aged children born extremely preterm. Br J Dev Psychol. 2015;33(3):312–23.PubMedCrossRef
96.
97.
Joseph RM, Korzeniewski SJ, Allred EN, O’Shea TM, Heeren T, Frazier JA, et al. Extremely low gestational age and very low birthweight for gestational age are risk factors for autism spectrum disorder in a large cohort study of 10-year-old children born at 23-27 weeks’ gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(3):304.e1–304.e16.CrossRef
98.
Kuzniewicz MW, Wi S, Qian Y, Walsh EM, Armstrong MA, Croen LA. Prevalence and neonatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorders in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2014;164(1):20–5.PubMedCrossRef
99.
• Joseph RM, O’Shea TM, Allred EN, Heeren T, Hirtz D, Paneth N, et al. Prevalence and associated features of autism spectrum disorder in extremely low gestational age newborns at age 10 years. Autism Res. 2017;10(2):224–32. This large cohort study of nearly 1000 preterm children used ADOS for autism diagnosis. PubMedCrossRef
100.
Movsas TZ, Paneth N. The effect of gestational age on symptom severity in children with autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2012;42(11):2431–9.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Schieve LA, Baio J, Rice CE, Durkin M, Kirby RS, Drews-Botsch C, et al. Risk for cognitive deficit in a population-based sample of U.S. children with autism spectrum disorders: variation by perinatal health factors. Disabil Health J. 2010;3(3):202–12.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Meyer U, Feldon J, Dammann O. Schizophrenia and autism: both shared and disorder-specific pathogenesis via perinatal inflammation? Pediatr Res. 2011;69(5 Pt 2):26R–33R.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Dalman C, Allebeck P, Cullberg J, Grunewald C, Köster M. Obstetric complications and the risk of schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of a national birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(3):234–40.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Jaekel J, Baumann N, Bartmann P, Wolke D. Mood and anxiety disorders in very preterm/very low-birth weight individuals from 6 to 26 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018;59(1):88–95.PubMedCrossRef
105.
• Lloyd RO, et al. Electrographic seizures during the early postnatal period in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2017;187:18–25.e2. Preterm infants were consequitively enrolled in this study for continuous EEG recording and seizure identification. PubMedCrossRef
106.
Vesoulis ZA, Inder TE, Woodward LJ, Buse B, Vavasseur C, Mathur AM. Early electrographic seizures, brain injury, and neurodevelopmental risk in the very preterm infant. Pediatr Res. 2014;75(4):564–9.PubMedCrossRef
107.
108.
Tu YF, Wang LW, Wang ST, Yeh TF, Huang CC. Postnatal steroids and febrile seizure susceptibility in preterm children. Pediatrics. 2016;137(4):e20153404.PubMedCrossRef
109.
• Radic JA, Vincer M, McNeely PD. Outcomes of intraventricular hemorrhage and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in a population-based cohort of very preterm infants born to residents of Nova Scotia from 1993 to 2010. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;15(6):580–8. This is a large population-based study of approximately 400 preterm infants with IVH.
110.
•• Chevallier M, et al. Leading causes of preterm delivery as risk factors for intraventricular hemorrhage in very preterm infants: results of the EPIPAGE 2 cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(5):518.e1–518.e12. This large multicenter population-based study in France provided multiple important observations. CrossRef
111.
Gamaleldin I, Harding D, Siassakos D, Draycott T, Odd D. Significant intraventricular hemorrhage is more likely in very preterm infants born by vaginal delivery: a multi-centre retrospective cohort study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017:1–6.
112.
Stangenes KM, Fevang SK, Grundt J, Donkor HM, Markestad T, Hysing M, et al. Children born extremely preterm had different sleeping habits at 11 years of age and more childhood sleep problems than term-born children. Acta Paediatr. 2017;106(12):1966–72.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Neurologic Consequences of Preterm Birth
Authors
Margie A. Ream
Lenora Lehwald
Publication date
01-08-2018
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports / Issue 8/2018
Print ISSN: 1528-4042
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6293
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-018-0862-2

Other articles of this Issue 8/2018

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 8/2018 Go to the issue

Nerve and Muscle (L H Weimer, Section Editor)

Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes in 2018

Sleep (M Thorpy and M Billiard, Section Editors)

Insomnia Disorder and Brain’s Default-Mode Network

Neurology of Systemic Diseases (J Biller, Section Editor)

Intractable Hiccups

Demyelinating Disorders (J Bernard and M Cameron, Section Editors)

Cannabinoids for Treatment of MS Symptoms: State of the Evidence

Demyelinating Disorders (J Bernard and M Cameron, Section Editors)

The Management of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis

Genetics (V Bonifati, Section Editor)

GBA-Associated Parkinson’s Disease and Other Synucleinopathies