Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 11/2014

01-11-2014 | Critical Care (SA Mayer, Section Editor)

Strategies for Streamlining Emergency Stroke Care

Authors: Keith G. DeSousa, Diogo C. Haussen, Dileep R. Yavagal

Published in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | Issue 11/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

There has been a tremendous evolution in the stroke systems of care in the USA. Public awareness, prehospital care, and in-hospital protocols have never been so effectively connected. However, given the critical role of time to effective reperfusion in the setting of acute ischemic stroke, it is vital and timely to implement strategies to further streamline emergency stroke care. This article reviews the most current standards and guidelines related to the flow of stroke care in the prehospital and emergency settings.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(24):1581–7. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(24):1581–7.
3.
go back to reference Adeoye O et al. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator use for ischemic stroke in the United States: a doubling of treatment rates over the course of 5 years. Stroke. 2011;42(7):1952–5.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Adeoye O et al. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator use for ischemic stroke in the United States: a doubling of treatment rates over the course of 5 years. Stroke. 2011;42(7):1952–5.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
4.
go back to reference Fassbender K et al. Streamlining of prehospital stroke management: the golden hour. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(6):585–96.PubMedCrossRef Fassbender K et al. Streamlining of prehospital stroke management: the golden hour. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(6):585–96.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Katzan IL et al. Utilization of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(3):346–50.PubMedCrossRef Katzan IL et al. Utilization of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(3):346–50.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Menon SC, Pandey DK, Morgenstern LB. Critical factors determining access to acute stroke care. Neurology. 1998;51(2):427–32.PubMedCrossRef Menon SC, Pandey DK, Morgenstern LB. Critical factors determining access to acute stroke care. Neurology. 1998;51(2):427–32.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Lacy CR et al. Delay in presentation and evaluation for acute stroke: Stroke Time Registry for Outcomes Knowledge and Epidemiology (S.T.R.O.K.E.). Stroke. 2001;32(1):63–9.PubMedCrossRef Lacy CR et al. Delay in presentation and evaluation for acute stroke: Stroke Time Registry for Outcomes Knowledge and Epidemiology (S.T.R.O.K.E.). Stroke. 2001;32(1):63–9.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Agyeman O et al. Time to admission in acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2006;37(4):963–6.PubMedCrossRef Agyeman O et al. Time to admission in acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2006;37(4):963–6.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Jurkowski JM et al. Awareness of necessity to call 9-1-1 for stroke symptoms, upstate New York. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(2):A41.PubMedPubMedCentral Jurkowski JM et al. Awareness of necessity to call 9-1-1 for stroke symptoms, upstate New York. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(2):A41.PubMedPubMedCentral
12.
go back to reference Mosley I et al. Stroke symptoms and the decision to call for an ambulance. Stroke. 2007;38(2):361–6.PubMedCrossRef Mosley I et al. Stroke symptoms and the decision to call for an ambulance. Stroke. 2007;38(2):361–6.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Mohammad YM. Mode of arrival to the emergency department of stroke patients in the United States. J Vasc Interv Neurol. 2008;1(3):83–6.PubMedPubMedCentral Mohammad YM. Mode of arrival to the emergency department of stroke patients in the United States. J Vasc Interv Neurol. 2008;1(3):83–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
15.
16.
17.
go back to reference Lecouturier J et al. Systematic review of mass media interventions designed to improve public recognition of stroke symptoms, emergency response and early treatment. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:784.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Lecouturier J et al. Systematic review of mass media interventions designed to improve public recognition of stroke symptoms, emergency response and early treatment. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:784.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
18.
go back to reference Addo J et al. Delay in presentation after an acute stroke in a multiethnic population in south London: the South London Stroke Register. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1(3):e001685.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Addo J et al. Delay in presentation after an acute stroke in a multiethnic population in south London: the South London Stroke Register. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1(3):e001685.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
21.
go back to reference Kothari R et al. Frequency and accuracy of prehospital diagnosis of acute stroke. Stroke. 1995;26(6):937–41.PubMedCrossRef Kothari R et al. Frequency and accuracy of prehospital diagnosis of acute stroke. Stroke. 1995;26(6):937–41.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Jones SP et al. The identification of acute stroke: an analysis of emergency calls. Int J Stroke. 2013;8(6):408–12.PubMedCrossRef Jones SP et al. The identification of acute stroke: an analysis of emergency calls. Int J Stroke. 2013;8(6):408–12.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Ramanujam P et al. Accuracy of stroke recognition by emergency medical dispatchers and paramedics—San Diego experience. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12(3):307–13.PubMedCrossRef Ramanujam P et al. Accuracy of stroke recognition by emergency medical dispatchers and paramedics—San Diego experience. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2008;12(3):307–13.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference De Luca A, Giorgi Rossi P, Villa GF. The use of Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale during telephone dispatch interview increases the accuracy in identifying stroke and transient ischemic attack symptoms. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:513.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral De Luca A, Giorgi Rossi P, Villa GF. The use of Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale during telephone dispatch interview increases the accuracy in identifying stroke and transient ischemic attack symptoms. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:513.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
26.••
go back to reference Jauch EC et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44(3):870–947. This article provides the latest guidelines for early treatment of stroke patients.PubMedCrossRef Jauch EC et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44(3):870–947. This article provides the latest guidelines for early treatment of stroke patients.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Acker 3rd JE et al. Implementation strategies for emergency medical services within stroke systems of care: a policy statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Expert Panel on Emergency Medical Services Systems and the Stroke Council. Stroke. 2007;38(11):3097–115.PubMedCrossRef Acker 3rd JE et al. Implementation strategies for emergency medical services within stroke systems of care: a policy statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Expert Panel on Emergency Medical Services Systems and the Stroke Council. Stroke. 2007;38(11):3097–115.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Shaw L et al. Paramedic Initiated Lisinopril for Acute Stroke Treatment (PIL-FAST): study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2011;12:152.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Shaw L et al. Paramedic Initiated Lisinopril for Acute Stroke Treatment (PIL-FAST): study protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial. Trials. 2011;12:152.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference Nurmi J et al. Strict glucose control after acute stroke can be provided in the prehospital setting. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(4):436–9.PubMedCrossRef Nurmi J et al. Strict glucose control after acute stroke can be provided in the prehospital setting. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18(4):436–9.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Saver JL et al. Methodology of the Field Administration of Stroke Therapy-Magnesium (FAST-MAG) phase 3 trial: part 2 - prehospital study methods. Int J Stroke. 2014;9(2):220–5.PubMedCrossRef Saver JL et al. Methodology of the Field Administration of Stroke Therapy-Magnesium (FAST-MAG) phase 3 trial: part 2 - prehospital study methods. Int J Stroke. 2014;9(2):220–5.PubMedCrossRef
31.•
go back to reference American Heart Association. Ambulance magnesium treatment fails to improve stroke outcome. 2014. This was the first clinical trial to show that administration of a stroke treatment by EMS is feasible. American Heart Association. Ambulance magnesium treatment fails to improve stroke outcome. 2014. This was the first clinical trial to show that administration of a stroke treatment by EMS is feasible.
32.
go back to reference Ebinger M et al. Prehospital thrombolysis: a manual from Berlin. J Vis Exp. 2013;81:e50534.PubMed Ebinger M et al. Prehospital thrombolysis: a manual from Berlin. J Vis Exp. 2013;81:e50534.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Albright KC et al. ACCESS: acute cerebrovascular care in emergency stroke systems. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(10):1210–8.PubMedCrossRef Albright KC et al. ACCESS: acute cerebrovascular care in emergency stroke systems. Arch Neurol. 2010;67(10):1210–8.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Alberts MJ et al. Formation and function of acute stroke-ready hospitals within a stroke system of care recommendations from the brain attack coalition. Stroke. 2013;44(12):3382–93.PubMedCrossRef Alberts MJ et al. Formation and function of acute stroke-ready hospitals within a stroke system of care recommendations from the brain attack coalition. Stroke. 2013;44(12):3382–93.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Alberts MJ et al. Revised and updated recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers: a summary statement from the brain attack coalition. Stroke. 2011;42(9):2651–65.PubMedCrossRef Alberts MJ et al. Revised and updated recommendations for the establishment of primary stroke centers: a summary statement from the brain attack coalition. Stroke. 2011;42(9):2651–65.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Schwamm LH et al. Recommendations for the implementation of telemedicine within stroke systems of care: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2009;40(7):2635–60.PubMedCrossRef Schwamm LH et al. Recommendations for the implementation of telemedicine within stroke systems of care: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2009;40(7):2635–60.PubMedCrossRef
39.
40.
go back to reference Rubin MN, Demaerschalk BM. The use of telemedicine in the management of acute stroke. Neurosurg Focus. 2014;36(1):E4.PubMedCrossRef Rubin MN, Demaerschalk BM. The use of telemedicine in the management of acute stroke. Neurosurg Focus. 2014;36(1):E4.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Pervez MA et al. Remote supervision of IV-tPA for acute ischemic stroke by telemedicine or telephone before transfer to a regional stroke center is feasible and safe. Stroke. 2010;41(1):e18–24.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Pervez MA et al. Remote supervision of IV-tPA for acute ischemic stroke by telemedicine or telephone before transfer to a regional stroke center is feasible and safe. Stroke. 2010;41(1):e18–24.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
42.
go back to reference Foley N, Salter K, Teasell R. Specialized stroke services: a meta-analysis comparing three models of care. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23(2–3):194–202.PubMedCrossRef Foley N, Salter K, Teasell R. Specialized stroke services: a meta-analysis comparing three models of care. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23(2–3):194–202.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Langhorne P et al. Estimating the impact of stroke unit care in a whole population: an epidemiological study using routine data. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81(12):1301–5.PubMedCrossRef Langhorne P et al. Estimating the impact of stroke unit care in a whole population: an epidemiological study using routine data. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81(12):1301–5.PubMedCrossRef
44.••
go back to reference Meretoja A et al. Reducing in-hospital delay to 20 minutes in stroke thrombolysis. Neurology. 2012;79(4):306–13. This article provides a guide by use of which hospital delays in administration of intravenous thrombolysis can be reduced considerably.PubMedCrossRef Meretoja A et al. Reducing in-hospital delay to 20 minutes in stroke thrombolysis. Neurology. 2012;79(4):306–13. This article provides a guide by use of which hospital delays in administration of intravenous thrombolysis can be reduced considerably.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Meretoja A et al. Helsinki model cut stroke thrombolysis delays to 25 minutes in Melbourne in only 4 months. Neurology. 2013;81(12):1071–6.PubMedCrossRef Meretoja A et al. Helsinki model cut stroke thrombolysis delays to 25 minutes in Melbourne in only 4 months. Neurology. 2013;81(12):1071–6.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Ruff IM et al. Improving door-to-needle times: a single center validation of the target stroke hypothesis. Stroke. 2014;45(2):504–8.PubMedCrossRef Ruff IM et al. Improving door-to-needle times: a single center validation of the target stroke hypothesis. Stroke. 2014;45(2):504–8.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Schwamm LH et al. Temporal trends in patient characteristics and treatment with intravenous thrombolysis among acute ischemic stroke patients at get with the guidelines-stroke hospitals. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6(5):543–9.PubMedCrossRef Schwamm LH et al. Temporal trends in patient characteristics and treatment with intravenous thrombolysis among acute ischemic stroke patients at get with the guidelines-stroke hospitals. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2013;6(5):543–9.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Furlan A et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA. 1999;282(21):2003–11.PubMedCrossRef Furlan A et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA. 1999;282(21):2003–11.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Smith WS. Safety of mechanical thrombectomy and intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. Results of the multi Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia (MERCI) trial, part I. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(6):1177–82.PubMed Smith WS. Safety of mechanical thrombectomy and intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. Results of the multi Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia (MERCI) trial, part I. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(6):1177–82.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Albers GW et al. Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: the Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution (DEFUSE) study. Ann Neurol. 2006;60(5):508–17.PubMedCrossRef Albers GW et al. Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: the Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution (DEFUSE) study. Ann Neurol. 2006;60(5):508–17.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Jovin TG et al. Imaging-based endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke due to proximal intracranial anterior circulation occlusion treated beyond 8 h from time last seen well: retrospective multicenter analysis of 237 consecutive patients. Stroke. 2011;42(8):2206–11.PubMedCrossRef Jovin TG et al. Imaging-based endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke due to proximal intracranial anterior circulation occlusion treated beyond 8 h from time last seen well: retrospective multicenter analysis of 237 consecutive patients. Stroke. 2011;42(8):2206–11.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Haussen DC, Yavagal DR. Endovascular therapies in acute ischemic stroke. Semin Neurol. 2013;33(5):441–7.PubMedCrossRef Haussen DC, Yavagal DR. Endovascular therapies in acute ischemic stroke. Semin Neurol. 2013;33(5):441–7.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Lansberg MG et al. MRI profile and response to endovascular reperfusion after stroke (DEFUSE 2): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(10):860–7.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Lansberg MG et al. MRI profile and response to endovascular reperfusion after stroke (DEFUSE 2): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2012;11(10):860–7.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
55.
go back to reference Sheth KN et al. Advanced modality imaging evaluation in acute ischemic stroke may lead to delayed endovascular reperfusion therapy without improvement in clinical outcomes. J Neurointerv Surg. 2013;5 Suppl 1:i62–5.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral Sheth KN et al. Advanced modality imaging evaluation in acute ischemic stroke may lead to delayed endovascular reperfusion therapy without improvement in clinical outcomes. J Neurointerv Surg. 2013;5 Suppl 1:i62–5.PubMedCrossRefPubMedCentral
56.
go back to reference Yoo AJ et al. Impact of pretreatment noncontrast CT Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score on clinical outcome after intra-arterial stroke therapy. Stroke. 2014;45(3):746–51.PubMedCrossRef Yoo AJ et al. Impact of pretreatment noncontrast CT Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score on clinical outcome after intra-arterial stroke therapy. Stroke. 2014;45(3):746–51.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Turk AS et al. ADAPT FAST study: a direct aspiration first pass technique for acute stroke thrombectomy. J Neurointerv Surg. 2014;6(4):260–4.PubMedCrossRef Turk AS et al. ADAPT FAST study: a direct aspiration first pass technique for acute stroke thrombectomy. J Neurointerv Surg. 2014;6(4):260–4.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Khatri P et al. Time to angiographic reperfusion and clinical outcome after acute ischaemic stroke: an analysis of data from the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS III) phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:567–74.PubMedCrossRef Khatri P et al. Time to angiographic reperfusion and clinical outcome after acute ischaemic stroke: an analysis of data from the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS III) phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:567–74.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Strategies for Streamlining Emergency Stroke Care
Authors
Keith G. DeSousa
Diogo C. Haussen
Dileep R. Yavagal
Publication date
01-11-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports / Issue 11/2014
Print ISSN: 1528-4042
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6293
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-014-0497-x

Other articles of this Issue 11/2014

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 11/2014 Go to the issue

Neurology of Systemic Disease (J Biller, Section Editor)

Cerebral Thrombosis and Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Neuroimaging (DJ Brooks, Section Editor)

Tau PET Imaging in Alzheimer’s Disease