Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current Hypertension Reports
Published in: Current Hypertension Reports 11/2015

Open Access 01-11-2015 | Hypertension and the Brain (S Stocker, Section Editor)

Exercise for Hypertension: A Prescription Update Integrating Existing Recommendations with Emerging Research

Authors: Linda S. Pescatello, Hayley V. MacDonald, Lauren Lamberti, Blair T. Johnson

Published in: Current Hypertension Reports | Issue 11/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Hypertension is the most common, costly, and preventable cardiovascular disease risk factor. Numerous professional organizations and committees recommend exercise as initial lifestyle therapy to prevent, treat, and control hypertension. Yet, these recommendations differ in the components of the Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type (FITT) principle of exercise prescription (Ex Rx); the evidence upon which they are based is only of fair methodological quality; and the individual studies upon which they are based generally do not include people with hypertension, which are some of the limitations in this literature. The purposes of this review are to (1) overview the professional exercise recommendations for hypertension in terms of the FITT principle of Ex Rx; (2) discuss new and emerging research related to Ex Rx for hypertension; and (3) present an updated FITT Ex Rx for adults with hypertension that integrates the existing recommendations with this new and emerging research.
Literature
1.
Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131:e29–e322.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Heidenreich PA, Trogdon JG, Khavjou OA, Butler J, Dracup K, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Forecasting the future of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:933–44.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Egan BM, Li J, Hutchison FN, Ferdinand KC. Hypertension in the United States, 1999 to 2012: Progress toward Healthy People 2020 goals. Circulation. 2014;130:1692–9.CrossRefPubMed
4.••
Johnson BT, MacDonald HV, Bruneau Jr ML, Goldsby TU, Brown JC, Huedo-Medina TB, et al. Methodological quality of meta-analyses on the blood pressure response to exercise: a review. J Hypertens. 2014;32:706–23. This systematic review of meta-analyses on the blood pressure response to exercise details the search strategy used for this review as well as provides an extensive discussion of the state of the exercise and hypertension literature.CrossRefPubMed
5.••
Pescatello LS, MacDonald HV, Ash GI, Lambert LM, Farquhar WB, Arena R, et al. Assessing the existing professional exercise recommendations for hypertension: a review and recommendations for future research priorities. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90:801–12. This systematic review elaborates on the existing professional recommendations for exercise and hypertension and contains a detailed discussion of why the recommendations differ and directions for future research.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, Farquhar WB, Kelley GA, Ray CA, et al. American college of sports medicine position stand: exercise and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:533–53.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension. 2005;46:667–75.CrossRefPubMed
8.
9.
Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Progressive resistance exercise and resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2000;35:838–43.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effect of resistance training on resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2005;23:251–9.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH, Coeckelberghs E, Vanhees L. Impact of resistance training on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Hypertension. 2011;58:950–8.CrossRefPubMed
12.
ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288:2981–97.CrossRef
13.
Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:493–503.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Brown RE, Riddell MC, Macpherson AK, Canning KL, Kuk JL. The joint association of physical activity, blood-pressure control, and pharmacologic treatment of hypertension for all-cause mortality risk. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26:1005–10.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Naci H, Ioannidis JP. Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: Metaepidemiological study. BMJ. 2013;347:f5577.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
16.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo Jr JL, et al. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206–52.CrossRefPubMed
17.
18.
Eckel RH, Jakicic JM, Ard JD, de Jesus JM, Houston Miller N, Hubbard VS, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC guideline on lifestyle management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2960–84.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Brook RD, Appel LJ, Rubenfire M, Ogedegbe G, Bisognano JD, Elliott WJ, et al. Beyond medications and diet: alternative approaches to lowering blood pressure: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Hypertension. 2013;61:1360–83.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Bohm M, et al. 2013 ESH/ESC practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Blood Press. 2014;23:3–16.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Dasgupta K, Quinn RR, Zarnke KB, Rabi DM, Ravani P, Daskalopoulou SS, et al. The 2014 Canadian hypertension education program recommendations for blood pressure measurement, diagnosis, assessment of risk, prevention, and treatment of hypertension. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30:485–501.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Pescatello LS. Exercise and hypertension: recent advances in exercise prescription. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2005;7:281–6.CrossRefPubMed
23.••
Pescatello LS, Arena R, Riebe D, Thompson PD. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 9th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2013. The ACSM Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription are the gold standard for anyone conducting exercise testing and programs. They contain detailed information on the FITT principle of Ex Rx among healthy populations, adults with hypertension, and other chronic diseases and health conditions that often coexist with hypertension including overweight and obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and dyslipidemia, among others.
24.
Fitzgerald W. Labile hypertension and jogging: New diagnostic tool or spurious discovery? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981;282:542–4.CrossRef
25.
Kenney MJ, Seals DR. Postexercise hypotension. Key features, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Hypertension. 1993;22:653–64.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Pescatello LS, Kulikowich JM. The aftereffects of dynamic exercise on ambulatory blood pressure. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:1855–61.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Quinn TJ. Twenty-four hour, ambulatory blood pressure responses following acute exercise: Impact of exercise intensity. J Hum Hypertens. 2000;14:547–53.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Kraul J, Chrastek J, Adamirova J. The hypotensive effect of physical activity. In: Rabb W, editor. Prevention of ischemic heart disease: principles and practice. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas; 1966.
29.
Bennett T, Wilcox RG, Macdonald IA. Post-exercise reduction of blood pressure in hypertensive men is not due to acute impairment of baroreflex function. Clin Sci (Lond). 1984;67:97–103.CrossRef
30.
Brandao Rondon MU, Alves MJ, Braga AM, Teixeira OT, Barretto AC, Krieger EM, et al. Postexercise blood pressure reduction in elderly hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:676–82.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Cleroux J, Kouame N, Nadeau A, Coulombe D, Lacourciere Y. Aftereffects of exercise on regional and systemic hemodynamics in hypertension. Hypertension. 1992;19:183–91.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Floras JS, Hara K. Sympathoneural and haemodynamic characteristics of young subjects with mild essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 1993;11:647–55.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Floras JS, Sinkey CA, Aylward PE, Seals DR, Thoren PN, Mark AL. Postexercise hypotension and sympathoinhibition in borderline hypertensive men. Hypertension. 1989;14:28–35.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Wilcox RG, Bennett T, Brown AM, Macdonald IA. Is exercise good for high blood pressure? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;285:767–9.CrossRef
35.
Pescatello LS, Guidry MA, Blanchard BE, Kerr A, Taylor AL, Johnson AN, et al. Exercise intensity alters postexercise hypotension. J Hypertens. 2004;22:1881–8.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Pescatello LS, Fargo AE, Leach Jr CN, Scherzer HH. Short-term effect of dynamic exercise on arterial blood pressure. Circulation. 1991;83:1557–61.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Wallace JP, Bogle PG, King BA, Krasnoff JB, Jastremski CA. The magnitude and duration of ambulatory blood pressure reduction following acute exercise. J Hum Hypertens. 1999;13:361–6.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Paulev PE, Jordal R, Kristensen O, Ladefoged J. Therapeutic effect of exercise on hypertension. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1984;53:180–5.CrossRefPubMed
39.
MacDonald JR, Hogben CD, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougall JD. Post exercise hypotension is sustained during subsequent bouts of mild exercise and simulated activities of daily living. J Hum Hypertens. 2001;15:567–71.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Hagberg JM, Montain SJ, Martin WH. Blood pressure and hemodynamic responses after exercise in older hypertensives. J Appl Physiol. 1987;63:270–6.PubMed
41.
Taylor-Tolbert NS, Dengel DR, Brown MD, McCole SD, Pratley RE, Ferrell RE, et al. Ambulatory blood pressure after acute exercise in older men with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13:44–51.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Eicher JD, Maresh CM, Tsongalis GJ, Thompson PD, Pescatello LS. The additive blood pressure lowering effects of exercise intensity on post-exercise hypotension. Am Heart J. 2010;160:513–20.CrossRefPubMed
43.••
Pescatello LS. Effects of exercise on hypertension: From cells to physiological systems. In: Coleman WB, Tsongalis GJ, editors. Molecular and translational medicine. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. pp. 3–86. This book is the first primer on the effects of exercise on human hypertension that describes the state-of-the-art effects of exercise on the many factors underlying essential hypertension in humans. Distinguished experts present current research on the effects of exercise on the physiological systems involved in blood pressure regulation and the effects of aerobic, resistance, and concurrent exercise on the blood pressure response to exercise.
44.
Liu S, Goodman J, Nolan R, Lacombe S, Thomas SG. Blood pressure responses to acute and chronic exercise are related in prehypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:1644–52.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Hecksteden A, Grutters T, Meyer T. Association between postexercise hypotension and long-term training-induced blood pressure reduction: a pilot study. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23:58–63.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Haskell WL, Wolffe JB. Memorial lecture. Health consequences of physical activity: understanding and challenges regarding dose–response. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26:649–60.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Bouchard C, Blair SN, Church TS, Earnest CP, Hagberg JM, Hakkinen K, et al. Adverse metabolic response to regular exercise: Is it a rare or common occurrence? PLoS One. 2012;7, e37887.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
48.
49.
Molmen-Hansen HE, Stolen T, Tjonna AE, Aamot IL, Ekeberg IS, Tyldum GA, et al. Aerobic interval training reduces blood pressure and improves myocardial function in hypertensive patients. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012;19:151–60.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Beck DT, Martin JS, Casey DP, Braith RW. Exercise training improves endothelial function in resistance arteries of young prehypertensives. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28:303–9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
51.
Kessler HS, Sisson SB, Short KR. The potential for high-intensity interval training to reduce cardiometabolic disease risk. Sports Med. 2012;42:489–509.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Swain DP, Franklin BA. Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:141–7.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Tjonna AE, Lee SJ, Rognmo O, Stolen TO, Bye A, Haram PM, et al. Aerobic interval training versus continuous moderate exercise as a treatment for the metabolic syndrome: a pilot study. Circulation. 2008;118:346–54.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
54.
Weston KS, Wisloff U, Coombes JS. High-intensity interval training in patients with lifestyle-induced cardiometabolic disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48:1227–34.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Ciolac EG. High-intensity interval training and hypertension: Maximizing the benefits of exercise? Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;2:102–10.PubMedCentralPubMed
56.
Heydari M, Boutcher YN, Boutcher SH. High-intensity intermittent exercise and cardiovascular and autonomic function. Clin Auton Res. 2013;23:57–65.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Gibala MJ, Little JP, Macdonald MJ, Hawley JA. Physiological adaptations to low-volume, high-intensity interval training in health and disease. J Physiol. 2012;590:1077–84.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
58.
Holloway TM, Bloemberg D, da Silva ML, Quadrilatero J, Spriet LL. High-intensity interval and endurance training are associated with divergent skeletal muscle adaptations in a rodent model of hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2015;308:R927–34.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Holloway TM, Bloemberg D, da Silva ML, Simpson JA, Quadrilatero J, Spriet LL. High intensity interval and endurance training have opposing effects on markers of heart failure and cardiac remodeling in hypertensive rats. PLoS One. 2015;10, e0121138.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
60.
Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Blair SN, Corrado D, Estes 3rd NA, et al. Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: a scientific statement from the american heart association council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism and the council on clinical cardiology. Circulation. 2007;115:2358–68.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Rognmo O, Moholdt T, Bakken H, Hole T, Molstad P, Myhr NE, et al. Cardiovascular risk of high- versus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise in coronary heart disease patients. Circulation. 2012;126:1436–40.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Siscovick DS, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Lasky T. The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:874–7.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, et al. American college of sports medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1334–59.CrossRefPubMed
64.
65.
Jones H, Taylor CE, Lewis NC, George K, Atkinson G. Post-exercise blood pressure reduction is greater following intermittent than continuous exercise and is influenced less by diurnal variation. Chronobiol Int. 2009;26:293–306.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Miyashita M, Burns SF, Stensel DJ. Accumulating short bouts of running reduces resting blood pressure in young normotensive/pre-hypertensive men. J Sports Sci. 2011;29:1473–82.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Lacombe SP, Goodman JM, Spragg CM, Liu S, Thomas SG. Interval and continuous exercise elicit equivalent postexercise hypotension in prehypertensive men, despite differences in regulation. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2011;36:881–91.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Padilla J, Wallace JP, Park S. Accumulation of physical activity reduces blood pressure in pre- and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37:1264–75.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Park S, Rink LD, Wallace JP. Accumulation of physical activity: blood pressure reduction between 10-min walking sessions. J Hum Hypertens. 2008;22:475–82.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Park S, Rink LD, Wallace JP. Accumulation of physical activity leads to a greater blood pressure reduction than a single continuous session, in prehypertension. J Hypertens. 2006;24:1761–70.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Guidry MA, Blanchard BE, Thompson PD, Maresh CM, Seip RL, Taylor AL, et al. The influence of short and long duration on the blood pressure response to an acute bout of dynamic exercise. Am Heart J. 2006;151:1322–e5,1322.12.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Ciolac EG, Guimaraes GV, D Avila VM, Bortolotto LA, Doria EL, Bocchi EA. Acute effects of continuous and interval aerobic exercise on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in long-term treated hypertensive patients. Int J Cardiol. 2009;133:381–7.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Bhammar DM, Angadi SS, Gaesser GA. Effects of fractionized and continuous exercise on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44:2270–6.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Angadi SS, Weltman A, Watson-Winfield D, Weltman J, Frick K, Patrie J, et al. Effect of fractionized vs continuous, single-session exercise on blood pressure in adults. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24:300–2.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Harris KA, Holly RG. Physiological response to circuit weight training in borderline hypertensive subjects. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19:246–52.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Norris R, Carroll D, Cochrane R. The effects of aerobic and anaerobic training on fitness, blood pressure, and psychological stress and well-being. J Psychosom Res. 1990;34:367–75.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Blumenthal JA, Siegel WC, Appelbaum M. Failure of exercise to reduce blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension. Results of a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1991;266:2098–104.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Castaneda C, Layne JE, Munoz-Orians L, Gordon PL, Walsmith J, Foldvari M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of resistance exercise training to improve glycemic control in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:2335–41.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Thomas GN, Hong AW, Tomlinson B, Lau E, Lam CW, Sanderson JE, et al. Effects of tai chi and resistance training on cardiovascular risk factors in elderly Chinese subjects: a 12-month longitudinal, randomized, controlled intervention study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63:663–9.CrossRef
80.
Terra DF, Mota MR, Rabelo HT, Bezerra LM, Lima RM, Ribeiro AG, et al. Reduction of arterial pressure and double product at rest after resistance exercise training in elderly hypertensive women. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008;91:299–305.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Jorge ML, de Oliveira VN, Resende NM, Paraiso LF, Calixto A, Diniz AL, et al. The effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise on metabolic control, inflammatory markers, adipocytokines, and muscle insulin signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2011;60:1244–52.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Park YH, Song M, Cho BL, Lim JY, Song W, Kim SH. The effects of an integrated health education and exercise program in community-dwelling older adults with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns. 2011;82:133–7.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Oliveira VN, Bessa A, Jorge MLMP, Oliveira RJS, de Mello MT, De Agostini GG, et al. The effect of different training programs on antioxidant status, oxidative stress, and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37:334–44.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Mota MR, Oliveira RJ, Terra DF, Pardono E, Dutra MT, de Almeida JA, et al. Acute and chronic effects of resistance exercise on blood pressure in elderly women and the possible influence of ACE I/D polymorphism. Int J Gen Med. 2013;6:581–7.PubMedCentralPubMed
85.
Moraes MR, Bacurau RF, Casarini DE, Jara ZP, Ronchi FA, Almeida SS, et al. Chronic conventional resistance exercise reduces blood pressure in stage 1 hypertensive men. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26:1122–9.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Croymans DM, Krell SL, Oh CS, Katiraie M, Lam CY, Harris RA, et al. Effects of resistance training on central blood pressure in obese young men. J Hum Hypertens. 2014;28:157–64.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
87.
Sarsan A, Ardic F, Ozgen M, Topuz O, Sermez Y. The effects of aerobic and resistance exercises in obese women. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20:773–82.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Sillanpaa E, Hakkinen A, Punnonen K, Hakkinen K, Laaksonen DE. Effects of strength and endurance training on metabolic risk factors in healthy 40-65-year-old men. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2009;19:885–95.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Shaw BS. Resting cardiovascular function improvements in adult men following resistance training. Afr J Phys Health Educ Recreat Dance. 2010;16:402–10.
90.
Nybo L, Sundstrup E, Jakobsen MD, Mohr M, Hornstrup T, Simonsen L, et al. High-intensity training versus traditional exercise interventions for promoting health. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42:1951–8.CrossRefPubMed
91.
Dolezal BA, Potteiger JA. Concurrent resistance and endurance training influence basal metabolic rate in nondieting individuals. J Appl Physiol. 1998;85:695–700.PubMed
92.
Leveritt M, Abernethy PJ, Barry B, Logan PA. Concurrent strength and endurance training: the influence of dependent variable selection. J Strength Cond Res. 2003;17:503–8.PubMed
93.
Keese F, Farinatti PV, Pescatello LS, Monteiro W. A comparison of the immediate effects of resistance, aerobic, and concurrent exercise on postexercise hypotension. J Strength Cond Res. 2011;25:1429–36.CrossRefPubMed
94.
Hayashino Y, Jackson JL, Fukumori N, Nakamura F, Fukuhara S. Effects of supervised exercise on lipid profiles and blood pressure control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012;98:349–60.CrossRefPubMed
95.
96.
Borg G, Ljunggren G, Ceci R. The increase of perceived exertion, aches and pain in the legs, heart rate and blood lactate during exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1985;54:343–9.CrossRefPubMed
97.
98.
National Institutes of Health. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: The evidence report. Obes Res. 1998;6 Suppl 2:51S-209S.
99.
100.
Metadata
Title
Exercise for Hypertension: A Prescription Update Integrating Existing Recommendations with Emerging Research
Authors
Linda S. Pescatello
Hayley V. MacDonald
Lauren Lamberti
Blair T. Johnson
Publication date
01-11-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Hypertension Reports / Issue 11/2015
Print ISSN: 1522-6417
Electronic ISSN: 1534-3111
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-015-0600-y

Other articles of this Issue 11/2015

Current Hypertension Reports 11/2015 Go to the issue

Prevention of Hypertension: Public Health Challenges (P Muntner, Section Editor)

Mechanisms Influencing Circadian Blood Pressure Patterns Among Individuals with HIV

Hypertension and the Kidney (RM Carey, Section Editor)

Current Approaches to Quantifying Tonic and Reflex Autonomic Outflows Controlling Cardiovascular Function in Humans and Experimental Animals

Pathogenesis of Hypertension (W Elliott, Section Editor)

Clinical Significance of Endothelial Dysfunction in Essential Hypertension

Preeclampsia (V Garovic, Section Editor)

Preeclampsia: Syndrome or Disease?

Prevention of Hypertension: Public Health Challenges (P Muntner, Section Editor)

The Utility of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Diagnosing White Coat Hypertension in Older Adults
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits