Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current HIV/AIDS Reports
Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports 5/2016

01-10-2016 | Complications of Antiretroviral Therapy (G McComsey, Section Editor)

Metabolic Complications and Glucose Metabolism in HIV Infection: A Review of the Evidence

Authors: Amanda L. Willig, Edgar Turner Overton

Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports | Issue 5/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) use are associated with perturbations in glucose and lipid metabolism. Increasing incidence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity highlights the need for early identification and treatment of metabolic dysfunction. Newer ART regimens are less toxic for cellular function and metabolism but have failed to completely eliminate metabolic dysfunction with HIV infection. Additional factors, including viral-host interactions, diet, physical activity, non-ART medications, and aging may further contribute to metabolic disease risk in the HIV setting. We summarize the recent literature regarding the impact on metabolic function of HIV infection, ART, and pharmaceutical or lifestyle prescriptions.
Literature
1.
Muyanja D, Muzoora C, Muyingo A, Muyindike W, Siedner MJ. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk among people With HIV on stable ART in Southwestern Uganda. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2016;30(1):4–10.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Nguyen KA, Peer N, Mills EJ, Kengne AP. A meta-analysis of the metabolic syndrome prevalence in the global HIV-infected population. PloS one. 2016;11(3):e0150970.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Schulte-Hermann K, Schalk H, Haider B, Hutterer J, Gmeinhart B, Pichler K, et al. Impaired lipid profile and insulin resistance in a cohort of Austrian HIV patients. J Infect Chemother. 2016;22(4):248–53.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Mondy K, Overton ET, Grubb J, Tong S, Seyfried W, Powderly W, et al. Metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients from an urban, midwestern US outpatient population. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(5):726–34.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Araujo S, Banon S, Machuca I, Moreno A, Perez-Elias MJ, Casado JL. Prevalence of insulin resistance and risk of diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected patients receiving current antiretroviral drugs. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;171(5):545–54.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2004;2(4):241–50.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Samaras K. Prevalence and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus in HIV-1 infection treated with combined antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;50(5):499–505.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Monroe AK, Glesby MJ, Brown TT. Diagnosing and managing diabetes in HIV-infected patients: current concepts. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(3):453–62.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Willig AL, Westfall AO, Overton ET, Mugavero MJ, Burkholder GA, Kim D, et al. Obesity is associated with race/sex disparities in diabetes and hypertension prevalence, but not cardiovascular disease, among HIV-infected adults. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir. 2015;31(9):898–904.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Tripathi A, Liese AD, Jerrell JM, Zhang J, Rizvi AA, Albrecht H, et al. Incidence of diabetes mellitus in a population-based cohort of HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected persons: the impact of clinical and therapeutic factors over time. Diab Med. 2014;31(10):1185–93.CrossRef
11.
Prevention CfDCa. National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States; 2014. Atlanta. GA2014
12.••
Brener MI, Post WS, Haberlen SA, Zhang L, Palella Jr FJ, Jacobson LP, et al. Comparison of insulin resistance to coronary atherosclerosis in human immunodeficiency virus infected and uninfected Men (from the multicenter AIDS cohort study). Am J Cardiol. 2016;117(6):993–1000. Large, observational cohort study that evaluated markers of insulin resistance and inflammation in men for 10+ years and observed greater insulin resistance with HIV infection.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Veloso S, Escote X, Ceperuelo-Mallafre V, Lopez-Dupla M, Peraire J, Vilades C, et al. Leptin and adiponectin, but not IL18, are related with insulin resistance in treated HIV-1-infected patients with lipodystrophy. Cytokine. 2012;58(2):253–60.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Vigouroux C, Maachi M, Nguyen TH, Coussieu C, Gharakhanian S, Funahashi T, et al. Serum adipocytokines are related to lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders in HIV-infected men under antiretroviral therapy. Aids. 2003;17(10):1503–11.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Palmer CS, Hussain T, Duette G, Weller TJ, Ostrowski M, Sada-Ovalle I, et al. Regulators of glucose metabolism in CD4 and CD8 T cells. Int Rev Immunol. 2015;1–12.
16.
Kosmiski LA, Scherzer R, Heymsfield SB, Rimland D, Simberkoff MS, Sidney S, et al. Association of increased upper trunk and decreased leg fat with 2-h glucose in control and HIV-infected persons. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(11):2448–53.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Chondronikola M, Volpi E, Borsheim E, Porter C, Annamalai P, Enerback S, et al. Brown adipose tissue improves whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes. 2014;63(12):4089–99.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.••
Torriani M, Srinivasa S, Fitch KV, Thomou T, Wong K, Petrow E, et al. Dysfunctional subcutaneous Fat with reduced dicer and brown adipose tissue gene expression in HIV-infected patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(3):1225–34. Investigators utilized subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy of 9 HIV-negative and 18 HIV-positive (9 with lipodystrophy) participants to demonstrate reduced expression of brown/beige fat genes and dysfunctional adipose tissue in HIV infection.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Dube MP, Johnson DL, Currier JS, Leedom JM. Protease inhibitor-associated hyperglycaemia. Lancet. 1997;350(9079):713–4.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Martinez E, Gatell J. Metabolic abnormalities and use of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Lancet. 1998;352(9130):821–2.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Mhiri C, Belec L, Di Costanzo B, Georges A, Gherardi R. The slim disease in African patients with AIDS. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86(3):303–6.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Serwadda D, Mugerwa RD, Sewankambo NK, Lwegaba A, Carswell JW, Kirya GB, et al. Slim disease: a new disease in Uganda and its association with HTLV-III infection. Lancet. 1985;2(8460):849–52.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Sullivan AK, Nelson MR. Marked hyperlipidaemia on ritonavir therapy. Aids. 1997;11(7):938–9.PubMed
24.
Safrin S, Grunfeld C. Fat distribution and metabolic changes in patients with HIV infection. Aids. 1999;13(18):2493–505.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Miller KD, Jones E, Yanovski JA, Shankar R, Feuerstein I, Falloon J. Visceral abdominal-fat accumulation associated with use of indinavir. Lancet. 1998;351(9106):871–5.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Caron M, Auclairt M, Vissian A, Vigouroux C, Capeau J. Contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress to cellular premature senescence induced by antiretroviral thymidine analogues. Antivir Ther. 2008;13(1):27–38.PubMed
27.
Mccomsey GA, Lo Re 3rd V, O’Riordan M, Walker UA, Lebrecht D, Baron E, et al. Effect of reducing the dose of stavudine on body composition, bone density, and markers of mitochondrial toxicity in HIV-infected subjects: a randomized, controlled study. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(8):1290–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Mccomsey GA, Paulsen DM, Lonergan JT, Hessenthaler SM, Hoppel CL, Williams VC, et al. Improvements in lipoatrophy, mitochondrial DNA levels and fat apoptosis after replacing stavudine with abacavir or zidovudine. Aids. 2005;19(1):15–23.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Venhoff N, Setzer B, Melkaoui K, Walker UA. Mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir, emtricitabine and abacavir alone and in combination with additional nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antivir Ther. 2007;12(7):1075–85.PubMed
30.
Haubrich RH, Riddler SA, Dirienzo AG, Komarow L, Powderly WG, Klingman K, et al. Metabolic outcomes in a randomized trial of nucleoside, nonnucleoside and protease inhibitor-sparing regimens for initial HIV treatment. Aids. 2009;23(9):1109–18.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Aberg JA, Tebas P, Overton ET, Gupta SK, Sax PE, Landay A, et al. Metabolic effects of darunavir/ritonavir versus atazanavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive, HIV type 1-infected subjects over 48 weeks. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir. 2012;28(10):1184–95.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Overton ET, Tebas P, Coate B, Ryan R, Perniciaro A, Dayaram YK, et al. Effects of once-daily darunavir/ritonavir versus atazanavir/ritonavir on insulin sensitivity in HIV-infected persons over 48 weeks: results of an exploratory substudy of METABOLIK, a phase 4, randomized trial. HIV Clin Trials. 2016;17(2):72–7.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Quercia R, Roberts J, Martin-Carpenter L, Zala C. Comparative changes of lipid levels in treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected adults treated with dolutegravir vs. efavirenz, raltegravir, and ritonavir-boosted darunavir-based regimens over 48 weeks. Clin Drug Invest. 2015;35(3):211–9.CrossRef
34.
Mccomsey GA, Moser C, Currier J, Ribaudo HJ, Paczuski P, Dube MP, et al. Body composition changes after initiation of raltegravir or protease inhibitors: ACTG A5260s. Clin Infect Dis. 2016.
35.
Conley LJ, Bush TJ, Rupert AW, Sereti I, Patel P, Brooks JT, et al. Obesity is associated with greater inflammation and monocyte activation among HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy. Aids. 2015;29(16):2201–7.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Tate T, Willig AL, Willig JH, Raper JL, Moneyham L, Kempf MC, et al. HIV infection and obesity: where did all the wasting go? Antivir Ther. 2012;17(7):1281–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Reeds DC, Patterson WT, Overton BW, Yarasheski T, Ke Klein S. Metabolic benefits of weight loss are blunted in obese, HIV-infected women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(S1):S112.
38.
Engelson ES, Agin D, Kenya S, Werber-Zion G, Luty B, Albu JB, et al. Body composition and metabolic effects of a diet and exercise weight loss regimen on obese, HIV-infected women. Metab Clin Exp. 2006;55(10):1327–36.CrossRefPubMed
39.
40.
Macallan DC. Sir David Cuthbertson prize medal lecture. Metabolic abnormalities and wasting in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Proc Nutr Soc. 1998;57(3):373–80.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Mittelsteadt AL, Hileman CO, Harris SR, Payne KM, Gripshover BM, Mccomsey GA. Effects of HIV and antiretroviral therapy on resting energy expenditure in adult HIV-infected women-a matched, prospective, cross-sectional study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013;113(8):1037–43.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Hessol NA, Ameli N, Cohen MH, Urwin S, Weber KM, Tien PC. The association between diet and physical activity on insulin resistance in the women’s interagency HIV study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;62(1):74–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Tsiodras S, Poulia KA, Yannakoulia M, Chimienti SN, Wadhwa S, Karchmer AW, et al. Adherence to Mediterranean diet is favorably associated with metabolic parameters in HIV-positive patients with the highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced metabolic syndrome and lipodystrophy. Metab Clin Exp. 2009;58(6):854–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Turcinov D, Stanley C, Canchola JA, Rutherford GW, Novotny TE, Begovac J. Dyslipidemia and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in Croatian HIV-infected patients during the first year of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Coll Antropol. 2009;33(2):423–30.PubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Ng GW, Chan UM, Li PC, Wong WC. Can a Mediterranean diet reduce the effects of lipodystrophy syndrome in people living with HIV? a pilot randomised controlled trial. Sex Health. 2011;8(1):43–51.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Stradling C, Thomas GN, Hemming K, Frost G, Garcia-Perez I, Redwood S, et al. Randomised controlled pilot study to assess the feasibility of a Mediterranean portfolio dietary intervention for cardiovascular risk reduction in HIV dyslipidaemia: a study protocol. BMJ open. 2016;6(2):e010821.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Srinivasa S, Fitch KV, Wong K, Torriani M, Mayhew C, Stanley T, et al. RAAS activation is associated with visceral adiposity and insulin resistance among HIV-infected patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(8):2873–82.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
48.
Hartstra AV, Bouter KE, Backhed F, Nieuwdorp M. Insights into the role of the microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):159–65.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Webel AR, Barkley J, Longenecker CT, Mittelsteadt A, Gripshover B, Salata RA. A cross-sectional description of age and gender differences in exercise patterns in adults living with HIV. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care: JANAC. 2015;26(2):176–86.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Monroe AK, Brown TT, Cox C, Reynolds SM, Wiley DJ, Palella FJ, et al. Physical activity and its association with insulin resistance in multicenter AIDS cohort study Men. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir. 2015;31(12):1250–6.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Cade WT, Reeds DN, Overton ET, Herrero P, Waggoner AD, Laciny E, et al. Pilot study of pioglitazone and exercise training effects on basal myocardial substrate metabolism and left ventricular function in HIV-positive individuals with metabolic complications. HIV clinical trials. 2013;14(6):303–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Yarasheski KE, Cade WT, Overton ET, Mondy KE, Hubert S, Laciny E, et al. Exercise training augments the peripheral insulin-sensitizing effects of pioglitazone in HIV-infected adults with insulin resistance and central adiposity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2011;300(1):E243–51.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Garcia A, Fraga GA, Vieira Jr RC, Silva CM, Trombeta JC, Navalta JW, et al. Effects of combined exercise training on immunological, physical and biochemical parameters in individuals with HIV/AIDS. J Sports Sci. 2014;32(8):785–92.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Troseid M, Ditlevsen S, Hvid T, Gerstoft J, Grondahl T, Pedersen BK, et al. Reduced trunk fat and triglycerides after strength training are associated with reduced LPS levels in HIV-infected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;66(2):e52–4.PubMed
55.
Group ISS, Lundgren JD, Babiker AG, Gordin F, Emery S, Grund B, et al. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(9):795–807.CrossRef
56.
Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (SMART) Study Group, El-Sadr WM, Lundgren J, Neaton JD, Gordin F, Abrams D, et al. CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl JMed. 2006;355(22):2283–96.
57.
Hajjar J, Habra MA, Naing A. Metformin: an old drug with new potential. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2013;22(12):1511–7.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Hadigan C, Corcoran C, Basgoz N, Davis B, Sax P, Grinspoon S. Metformin in the treatment of HIV lipodystrophy syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2000;284(4):472–7.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Kohli R, Shevitz A, Gorbach S, Wanke C. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of metformin for the treatment of HIV lipodystrophy. HIV medicine. 2007;8(7):420–6.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Stanley TL, Feldpausch MN, Oh J, Branch KL, Lee H, Torriani M, et al. Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2014;312(4):380–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
61.
Elahi D, Muller DC, Mcaloon-Dyke M, Tobin JD, Andres R. The effect of age on insulin response and glucose utilization during four hyperglycemic plateaus. Exp Gerontol. 1993;28(4–5):393–409.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Mohamad M, Mitchell SJ, Wu LE, White MY, Cordwell SJ, Mach J, et al. Ultrastructure of the liver microcirculation influences hepatic and systemic insulin activity and provides a mechanism for age-related insulin resistance. Aging Cell. 2016;15(4):706–15.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
63.
Oya J, Nakagami T, Yamamoto Y, Fukushima S, Takeda M, Endo Y, et al. Effects of age on insulin resistance and secretion in subjects without diabetes. Intern Med. 2014;53(9):941–7.CrossRefPubMed
64.••
Horvath S, Levine AJ. HIV-1 infection accelerates Age according to the epigenetic clock. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(10):1563–73. First study to show that extent of age acceleration in tissue and cells can be assessed via epigenetic changes.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
65.
Rickabaugh TM, Baxter RM, Sehl M, Sinsheimer JS, Hultin PM, Hultin LE, et al. Acceleration of age-associated methylation patterns in HIV-1-infected adults. PloS one. 2015;10(3):e0119201.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
66.
High KP, Brennan-Ing M, Clifford DB, Cohen MH, Currier J, Deeks SG, et al. HIV and aging: state of knowledge and areas of critical need for research. A report to the NIH office of AIDS research by the HIV and aging working group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60 Suppl 1:S1–18.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Althoff KN, Mcginnis KA, Wyatt CM, Freiberg MS, Gilbert C, Oursler KK, et al. Comparison of risk and age at diagnosis of myocardial infarction, end-stage renal disease, and non-AIDS-defining cancer in HIV-infected versus uninfected adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(4):627–38.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Rasmussen LD, May MT, Kronborg G, Larsen CS, Pedersen C, Gerstoft J, et al. Time trends for risk of severe age-related diseases in individuals with and without HIV infection in Denmark: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2015;2(7):e288–98.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Wallet MA, Buford TW, Joseph AM, Sankuratri M, Leeuwenburgh C, Pahor M, et al. Increased inflammation but similar physical composition and function in older-aged, HIV-1 infected subjects. BMC Immunol. 2015;16:43.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
70.
Brunt SJ, Cysique LA, Lee S, Burrows S, Brew BJ, Price P. Do cytomegalovirus antibody levels associate with Age-related syndromes in HIV patients stable on antiretroviral therapy? AIDS research and human retroviruses. 2016.
71.
Cioe PA, Baker J, Kojic EM, Onen N, Hammer J, Patel P, et al. Elevated soluble CD14 and lower D-dimer Are associated with cigarette smoking and heavy episodic alcohol use in persons living with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;70(4):400–5.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Bastard JP, Fellahi S, Couffignal C, Raffi F, Gras G, Hardel L, et al. Increased systemic immune activation and inflammatory profile of long-term HIV-infected ART-controlled patients is related to personal factors, but not to markers of HIV infection severity. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(6):1816–24.PubMed
73.
Mugavero MJ, Amico KR, Horn T, Thompson MA. The state of engagement in HIV care in the United States: from cascade to continuum to control. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(8):1164–71.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Ali MK, Bullard KM, Gregg EW, Del Rio C. A cascade of care for diabetes in the United States: visualizing the gaps. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(10):681–9.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412–9.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112(17):2735–52.CrossRefPubMed
77.
78.
Fitch KV, Anderson EJ, Hubbard JL, Carpenter SJ, Waddell WR, Caliendo AM, et al. Effects of a lifestyle modification program in HIV-infected patients with the metabolic syndrome. Aids. 2006;20(14):1843–50.CrossRefPubMed
79.••
Han JH, Crane HM, Bellamy SL, Frank I, Cardillo S, Bisson GP, et al. HIV infection and glycemic response to newly initiated diabetic medical therapy. Aids. 2012;26(16):2087–95. Large, observational cohort study of the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) showing that participants with both type 2 diabetes and HIV infection achieved smaller reductions in HbA1c level that patients with only type 2 diabetes, and that this effect was more pronounced with a PI-based regimen.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Funderburg NT, Jiang Y, Debanne SM, Labbato D, Juchnowski S, Ferrari B, et al. Rosuvastatin reduces vascular inflammation and T-cell and monocyte activation in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68(4):396–404.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
81.
Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, Genest J, Gotto Jr AM, Kastelein JJ, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2195–207.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Silverberg MJ, Leyden W, Hurley L, Go AS, Quesenberry Jr CP, Klein D, et al. Response to newly prescribed lipid-lowering therapy in patients with and without HIV infection. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(5):301–13.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Erlandson KM, Jiang Y, Debanne SM, Mccomsey GA. Rosuvastatin worsens insulin resistance in HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(10):1566–72.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Gilbert JM, Fitch KV, Grinspoon SK. HIV-related cardiovascular disease, statins, and the REPRIEVE trial. Top Antivir Med. 2015;23(4):146–9.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Metabolic Complications and Glucose Metabolism in HIV Infection: A Review of the Evidence
Authors
Amanda L. Willig
Edgar Turner Overton
Publication date
01-10-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current HIV/AIDS Reports / Issue 5/2016
Print ISSN: 1548-3568
Electronic ISSN: 1548-3576
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-016-0330-z

Other articles of this Issue 5/2016

Current HIV/AIDS Reports 5/2016 Go to the issue

The Global Epidemic (SH Vermund, Section Editor)

Past and Future Performance: PEPFAR in the Landscape of Foreign Aid for Health

The Global Epidemic (SH Vermund, Section Editor)

Community-Based Interventions to Improve and Sustain Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence, Retention in HIV Care and Clinical Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries for Achieving the UNAIDS 90-90-90 Targets

The Global Epidemic (SH Vermund, Section Editor)

HIV Testing Services in Africa: Are They Sustainable?

Co-infections and Comorbidity (S Naggie, Section Editor)

Use of Non-invasive Testing to Stage Liver Fibrosis in Patients with HIV

Complications of Antiretroviral Therapy (G McComsey, Section Editor)

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Anti-Retroviral Therapy

Central Nervous System and Cognition (SS Spudich, Section Editor)

Guidelines for Evaluation and Management of Cognitive Disorders in HIV-Positive Individuals
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits