Top

Published in:

01-09-2014 | Co-infections and Comorbidity (CM Wyatt and K Sigel, Section Editors)

HPV and Anal Cancer in HIV-Infected Individuals: A Review

Authors: Maarten F. Schim van der Loeff, Sofie H. Mooij, Oliver Richel, Henry J. C. de Vries, Jan M. Prins

Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports | Issue 3/2014

Abstract

HIV infection is one of the strongest risk factors for anal squamous cell cancer (ASCC). Most ASCC are caused by HPV, and most HPV-associated ASCC are caused by HPV-16. Anal HPV infections are very common in men who have sex with men (MSM), and nearly universal among HIV-infected MSM. High-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN), the precursor for ASCC, is present in about 30 % of HIV+ MSM, but neither the progression rate to ASCC nor the regression rate are known. The incidence rate of ASCC among HIV-infected people has risen in the first decade after cART became available, but appears to be plateauing recently. Anal cytology has poor sensitivity and specificity. High resolution anoscopy (HRA) is advocated by some as a screening tool in high-risk groups, but is cumbersome and time-consuming and it is unknown whether HRA followed by treatment of HGAIN prevents ASCC. More research is needed on progression and regression rates of HGAIN, on effective therapy of HGAIN, and on biomarkers that predict HGAIN or anal cancer. HPV vaccination and earlier start of cART may prevent most anal cancers in the long run.

van der Zee RP, Richel O, de Vries HJ, et al. The increasing incidence of anal cancer: can it be explained by trends in risk groups? Neth J Med. 2013;71:401–11.PubMed

Darragh TM, Winkler B. Anal cancer and cervical cancer screening: key differences. Cancer Cytopathol. 2011;119:5–19.PubMed

Darragh TM, Colgan TJ, Cox JT, et al. The lower anogenital squamous terminology standardization project for HPV-associated lesions: background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2012;136:1266–97.PubMed

De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC, et al. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2009;124:1626–36.PubMed

International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 90. In: Geneva: WHO; 2007.

Hoots BE, Palefsky JM, Pimenta JM, et al. Human papillomavirus type distribution in anal cancer and anal intraepithelial lesions. Int J Cancer. 2009;124:2375–83.PubMed

Cachay ER, Agmas W, Mathews WC. Relative accuracy of cervical and anal cytology for detection of high grade lesions by colposcope guided biopsy: a cut-point meta-analytic comparison. PLoS One. 2012;7:e38956.PubMedCentralPubMed

Mathews WC, Cachay ER, Caperna J, et al. Estimating the accuracy of anal cytology in the presence of an imperfect reference standard. PLoS One. 2010;5:e12284.PubMedCentralPubMed

9.••

Machalek DA, Poynten M, Jin F, et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection and associated neoplastic lesions in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:487–500. This seminal meta-analysis provides pooled prevalence estimates of anal HPV infection, high-risk HPV infections, HPV-16, and -18 infections, as well as prevalence of abnormal anal cytology and abnormal anal histology, by HIV status. It also estimates anal cancer incidence rates among HIV-infected and HIV-negative MSM.PubMed

10.

Nyitray AG. The epidemiology of anal human papillomavirus infection among women and men having sex with women. Sex Health. 2012;9:538–46.PubMed

11.

Nyitray A, Nielson CM, Harris RB, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for anal human papillomavirus infection in heterosexual men. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:1676–84.PubMed

12.

Nyitray AG, da Silva RJ, Baggio ML, et al. The prevalence of genital HPV and factors associated with oncogenic HPV among men having sex with men and men having sex with women and men: the HIM study. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:932–40.PubMedCentralPubMed

13.

Goldstone SE. Some straight talk about anal human papillomavirus infection. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1450–2.PubMed

14.

Goodman MT, Shvetsov YB, McDuffie K, et al. Sequential acquisition of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the anus and cervix: the Hawaii HPV Cohort Study. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1331–9.PubMedCentralPubMed

15.

Nyitray AG, Carvalho da Silva RJ, Baggio ML, et al. Age-specific prevalence of and risk factors for anal human papillomavirus (HPV) among men who have sex with women and men who have sex with men: the HPV in men (HIM) study. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:49–57.PubMedCentralPubMed

16.

Chin-Hong PV, Vittinghoff E, Cranston RD, et al. Age-Specific prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection in HIV-negative sexually active men who have sex with men: the EXPLORE study. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:2070–6.PubMed

17.

Hessol NA, Holly EA, Efird JT, et al. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia in a multisite study of HIV-infected and high-risk HIV-uninfected women. AIDS. 2009;23:59–70.PubMedCentralPubMed

18.

Palefsky JM, Rubin M. The epidemiology of anal human papillomavirus and related neoplasia. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am. 2009;36:187–200.

19.

Moscicki AB, Durako SJ, Houser J, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and abnormal cytology of the anus in HIV-infected and uninfected adolescents. AIDS. 2003;17:311–20.PubMed

20.

Van Aar F, Mooij SH, van der Sande MA, et al. Anal and penile high-risk human papillomavirus prevalence in HIV-negative and HIV-infected MSM. AIDS. 2013;27:2921–31.

21.

Hu Y, Qian HZ, Sun J, et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection among HIV-infected and uninfected men who have sex with men in Beijing, China. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;64:103–14.PubMedCentralPubMed

22.•

Beachler DC, D'Souza G, Sugar EA, et al. Natural history of anal vs oral HPV infection in HIV-infected men and women. J Infect Dis. 2013;208:330–9. This study compared the prevalence, incidence, and persistence of HPV infections between the oral cavity and the anus, in a cohort of 404 HIV-infected people (including both heterosexual men, women, and MSM). One of the very few studies reporting incidence rates of anal HPV infections, and a very nice study as it compared the impact of different definitions of persistence on the observed persistence.PubMedCentralPubMed

23.

Hernandez AL, Efird JT, Holly EA, et al. Risk factors for anal human papillomavirus infection type 16 among HIV-positive men who have sex with men in San Francisco. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;63:532–9.PubMed

24.

Wiley DJ, Li X, Hsu H, et al. Factors affecting the prevalence of strongly and weakly carcinogenic and lower-risk human papillomaviruses in anal specimens in a cohort of men who have sex with men (MSM). PLoS One. 2013;8:e79492.PubMedCentralPubMed

25.

Yu CT, Chao SC, Lee HC, et al. High prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and associated risky behaviors in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Taiwan. AIDS Behav. 2013;17:1211–8.PubMed

26.

Nowak RG, Gravitt PE, Morrison CS, et al. Increases in human papillomavirus detection during early HIV infection among women in Zimbabwe. J Infect Dis. 2011;203:1182–91.PubMedCentralPubMed

27.••

Gravitt PE. The known unknowns of HPV natural history. J Clin Invest. 2011;121:4593–9. This paper reviews the natural history of HPV infections, focusing on the role of natural antibodies. Gravitt questions the perhaps all-to-easy interpretation of HPV DNA reappearance after apparent clearance as “incident infection” and makes the case for the existence and importance of latent infections and reactivations, notably in the immunocompromised.PubMedCentralPubMed

28.

Nyitray AG, Carvalho da Silva RJ, Baggio ML, et al. Six-month incidence, persistence, and factors associated with persistence of anal human papillomavirus in men: the HPV in men study. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:1711–22.PubMedCentralPubMed

29.

Palefsky JM, Giuliano AR, Goldstone S, et al. HPV vaccine against anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1576–85.PubMed

30.

Glick SN, Feng Q, Popov V, et al. High rates of incident and prevalent anal human papillomavirus infection among young men who have sex with men. J Infect Dis. 2014;209:369–76.PubMed

31.

de Pokomandy A, Rouleau D, Ghattas G, et al. Prevalence, clearance, and incidence of anal human papillomavirus infection in HIV-infected men: the HIPVIRG cohort study. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:965–73.PubMed

32.

Darwich L, Canadas MP, Videla S, et al. Prevalence, clearance, and incidence of human papillomavirus type-specific infection at the anal and penile site of HIV-infected men. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40:611–8.PubMed

33.

Van Santen D, Mooij SH, Van der Sande M, Heideman D, Verhagen D, King A, et al. Anal high risk HPV incidence among HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM. In: Eurogin. 2013;2013.

34.

Mbulawa ZZ, Marais DJ, Johnson LF, et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on the natural history of human papillomavirus genital infection in South African men and women. J Infect Dis. 2012;206:15–27.PubMed

35.

Gonzalez C, Torres M, Benito A, et al. Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions are frequent among young HIV-infected men who have sex with men followed up at the Spanish AIDS Research Network Cohort (CoRIS-HPV). Int J Cancer. 2013;133:1164–72.PubMed

36.

del Amo J, Gonzalez C, Geskus RB, et al. What drives the number of high-risk human papillomavirus types in the anal canal in HIV-positive men who have sex with men? J Infect Dis. 2013;207:1235–41.PubMed

37.

Sahasrabuddhe VV, Castle PE, Follansbee S, et al. Human papillomavirus genotype attribution and estimation of preventable fraction of anal intraepithelial neoplasia cases among HIV-infected men who have sex with men. J Infect Dis. 2013;207:392–401.PubMedCentralPubMed

38.

Rositch AF, Poole C, Hudgens MG, et al. Multiple human papillomavirus infections and type competition in men. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:72–81.PubMedCentralPubMed

39.•

Richel O, de Vries HJ, Dijkgraaf MG, et al. Risk factors for the presence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV + men who have sex with men. PLoS One. 2013;8:e84030. This is the second (ever) randomized trial of treatment of AIN. The authors find that electrocautery has a better success rate than imiquimod application or topical fluorouracil, but recurrences were very common after initial complete remission for all 3 treatment modalities.PubMedCentralPubMed

40.•

Dalla Pria A, Alfa-Wali M, Fox P, et al. High-resolution anoscopy screening of HIV-positive MSM: longitudinal results from a pilot study. AIDS. 2014;28:861–7. This study from a London center reports important data concerning the incidence rate of anal cancer in a cohort of HIV-infected MSM who are regularly examined and (those with HSIL) treated.PubMed

41.

Conley L, Bush T, Darragh TM, et al. Factors associated with prevalent abnormal anal cytology in a large cohort of HIV-infected adults in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2010;202:1567–76.PubMed

42.

Piketty C, Darragh TM, Da CM, et al. High prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and anal cancer precursors among HIV-infected persons in the absence of anal intercourse. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:453–9.PubMed

43.

de Pokomandy A, Rouleau D, Ghattas G, et al. HAART and progression to high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in men who have sex with men and are infected with HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:1174–81.PubMed

44.

Ciobotaru B, Leiman G, St John T, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for anal cytologic abnormalities and human papillomavirus infection in a rural population of HIV-infected males. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:1011–6.PubMed

45.

Piketty C, Darragh TM, Heard I, et al. High prevalence of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive men despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Sex Transm Dis. 2004;31:96–9.PubMed

46.

Alvarez J, de Pokomandy A, Rouleau D, et al. Episomal and integrated human papillomavirus type 16 loads and anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-seropositive men. AIDS. 2010;24:2355–63.PubMed

47.

Richel O, Quint KD, Lindeman J, et al. One Lesion, one virus: individual components of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive men contain a single HPV type. J Infect Dis. 2014;210:111–20.

48.

Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Hogeboom CJ, et al. Virologic, immunologic, and clinical parameters in the incidence and progression of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998;17:314–9.PubMed

49.•

Tong WW, Jin F, McHugh LC, et al. Progression to and spontaneous regression of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-infected and uninfected men. AIDS. 2013;27:2233–43. This is one of the very few studies reporting both progression and spontaneous regression of HGAIN lesions.PubMed

50.

Jin F, Poynten IM, Machalek DA, Roberts J, Farnsworth A, Hillman R, et al. High incidence and clearance of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in homosexual men. Eurogin. 2013;2013.

51.

McCredie MR, Sharples KJ, Paul C, et al. Natural history of cervical neoplasia and risk of invasive cancer in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:425–34.PubMed

52.

Watson AJ, Smith BB, Whitehead MR, et al. Malignant progression of anal intra-epithelial neoplasia. ANZ J Surg. 2006;76:715–7.PubMed

53.

Scholefield JH, Castle MT, Watson NF. Malignant transformation of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Br J Surg. 2005;92:1133–6.PubMed

54.

Coutlee F, de Pokomandy A, Franco EL. Epidemiology, natural history and risk factors for anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Sex Health. 2012;9:547–55.PubMed

55.

Phanuphak N, Teeratakulpisarn N, Keelawat S, et al. Use of human papillomavirus DNA, E6/E7 mRNA, and p16 immunocytochemistry to detect and predict anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men. PLoS One. 2013;8:e78291.PubMedCentralPubMed

56.

Piketty C, Cochand-Priollet B, Lanoy E, et al. Lack of regression of anal squamous intraepithelial lesions despite immune restoration under cART. AIDS. 2013;27:401–6.PubMed

57.

Machalek DA, Grulich AE, Hillman RJ, et al. The Study of the Prevention of Anal Cancer (SPANC): design and methods of a three-year prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:946.PubMedCentralPubMed

58.

Hartwig S, Syrjanen S, Dominiak-Felden G, et al. Estimation of the epidemiological burden of human papillomavirus-related cancers and non-malignant diseases in men in Europe: a review. BMC Cancer. 2012;12:30.PubMedCentralPubMed

59.

Wu X, Watson M, Wilson R, et al. Human papillomavirus - associated cancers - United States, 2004-2008. MMWR. 2012;61:258–60.

60.

Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No. 11. In. Lyon: IARC; 2013.

61.•

Silverberg MJ, Lau B, Justice AC, et al. Risk of anal cancer in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals in North America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1026–34. This study uses data from 13 North American cohorts and reports incidence rates of ASCC in HIV-negative men, and HIV-infected women, heterosexual men and MSM. It confirms the increasing, then plateauing incidence of ASCC after 1996, and the key role of CD4 count in ASCC incidence.PubMedCentralPubMed

62.

Daling JR, Weiss NS, Hislop TG, et al. Sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases, and the incidence of anal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:973–7.PubMed

63.••

Bertisch B, Franceschi S, Lise M, et al. Risk factors for anal cancer in persons infected with HIV: a nested case-control study in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178:877–84. In this elegant matched case-control study nested in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study the investigators show that antibodies against L1 of HPV-16 and against E6 from HPV-16 are very strongly and very significantly associated with incident anal cancer. Their data also suggest that neither current CD4, nor nadir CD4, but a low CD4 6–7 years prior to diagnosis is the key determinant.PubMed

64.

Grulich AE, Van Leeuwen MT, Falster MO, et al. Incidence of cancers in people with HIV/AIDS compared with immunosuppressed transplant recipients: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;370:59–67.PubMed

65.

Richel O, van der Zee RP, Smit C, et al. Anal Cancer in the HIV positive population in the cART era: slowly decreasing incidence and risk factors. Submitted 2014.

66.

Dubrow R, Silverberg MJ, Park LS, et al. HIV infection, aging, and immune function: implications for cancer risk and prevention. Curr Opin Oncol. 2012;24:506–16.PubMedCentralPubMed

67.

Silverberg MJ, Chao C, Leyden WA, et al. HIV infection, immunodeficiency, viral replication, and the risk of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20:2551–9.PubMedCentralPubMed

68.

Shiels MS, Cole SR, Kirk GD, et al. A meta-analysis of the incidence of non-AIDS cancers in HIV-infected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52:611–22.PubMedCentralPubMed

69.••

Piketty C, Selinger-Leneman H, Bouvier AM, et al. Incidence of HIV-related anal cancer remains increased despite long-term combined antiretroviral treatment: results from the French hospital database on HIV. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:4360–6. This study reports the incidence rate of ASCC from the French Hospital Database on HIV. They show time trends in subpopulations of HIV-infected women, MSM and other men.PubMed

70.

Kesselring A, Gras L, Smit C, et al. Immunodeficiency as a risk factor for non-AIDS-defining malignancies in HIV-1-infected patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:1458–65.PubMed

71.

Guiguet M, Boue F, Cadranel J, et al. Effect of immunodeficiency, HIV viral load, and antiretroviral therapy on the risk of individual malignancies (FHDH-ANRS CO4): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10:1152–9.PubMed

72.

Simard EP, Engels EA. Cancer as a cause of death among people with AIDS in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51:957–62.PubMedCentralPubMed

73.

Piketty C, Selinger-Leneman H, Grabar S, et al. Marked increase in the incidence of invasive anal cancer among HIV-infected patients despite treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2008;22:1203–11.PubMed

74.

Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Gail MH, et al. Cancer burden in the HIV-infected population in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103:753–62.PubMedCentralPubMed

75.

Crum-Cianflone NF, Hullsiek KH, Marconi VC, et al. Anal cancers among HIV-infected persons: HAART is not slowing rising incidence. AIDS. 2010;24:535–43.PubMedCentralPubMed

76.

Robbins HA, Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, et al. Epidemiologic contributions to recent cancer trends among HIV-infected people in the United States. AIDS. 2014;28:881–90.PubMed

77.

Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Chaturvedi AK, et al. Impact of the HIV epidemic on the incidence rates of anal cancer in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104:1591–8.PubMedCentralPubMed

78.

Wieland U, Brockmeyer NH, Weissenborn SJ, et al. Imiquimod treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive men. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:1438–44.PubMed

79.

Kreuter A, Potthoff A, Brockmeyer NH, et al. Imiquimod leads to a decrease of human papillomavirus DNA and to a sustained clearance of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected men. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:2078–83.

80.

Richel O, Wieland U, de Vries HJ, et al. Topical 5-fluorouracil treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in human immunodeficiency virus-positive men. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163:1301–7.PubMed

81.

Chang GJ, Berry JM, Jay N, et al. Surgical treatment of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions: a prospective study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:453–8.PubMed

82.

van der Snoek EM, den Hollander JC, Aans JB, et al. Photodynamic therapy with systemic meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin in the treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia, grade 3. Lasers Surg Med. 2012;44:637–44.PubMed

83.

Stier EA, Goldstone SE, Einstein MH, et al. Safety and efficacy of topical cidofovir to treat high-grade perianal and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive men and women. AIDS. 2013;27:545–51.PubMedCentralPubMed

84.

Macaya A, Munoz-Santos C, Balaguer A, et al. Interventions for anal canal intraepithelial neoplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;12, CD009244.PubMed

85.

Fox PA, Nathan M, Francis N, et al. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial of the use of imiquimod cream for the treatment of anal canal high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive MSM on HAART, with long-term follow-up data including the use of open-label imiquimod. AIDS. 2010;24:2331–5.PubMed

86.

Richel O, de Vries HJ, van Noesel CJ, et al. Comparison of imiquimod, topical fluorouracil, and electrocautery for the treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive men who have sex with men: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:346–53.PubMed

87.

Marks DK, Goldstone SE. Electrocautery ablation of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-negative and HIV-positive men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;59:259–65.PubMed

88.

Goldstone SE, Hundert JS, Huyett JW. Infrared coagulator ablation of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-negative males who have sex with males. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:565–75.PubMed

89.

Goldstone RN, Goldstone AB, Russ J, et al. Long-term follow-up of infrared coagulator ablation of anal high-grade dysplasia in men who have sex with men. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011;54:1284–92.PubMed

90.

Stier EA, Goldstone SE, Berry JM, et al. Infrared coagulator treatment of high-grade anal dysplasia in HIV-infected individuals: an AIDS malignancy consortium pilot study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47:56–61.PubMed

91.

Singh JC, Kuohung V, Palefsky JM. Efficacy of trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52:474–9.PubMedCentralPubMed

92.

Aynaud O, Buffet M, Roman P, et al. Study of persistence and recurrence rates in 106 patients with condyloma and intraepithelial neoplasia after CO2 laser treatment. Eur J Dermatol. 2008;18:153–8.PubMed

93.

Darwich L, Videla S, Canadas MP, et al. Distribution of human papillomavirus genotypes in anal cytological and histological specimens from HIV-infected men who have sex with men and men who have sex with women. Dis Colon Rectum. 2013;56:1043–52.PubMed

94.

Barroso LF. Anal cancer screening. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:e278–9.PubMed

95.

Goldstone S. Effectiveness of infrared coagulation ablation of high-grade anal dysplasia: are the results too good to be true? AIDS. 2013;27:1194–5.PubMed

96.

Palefsky JM. Anal cancer prevention in HIV-positive men and women. Curr Opin Oncol. 2009;21:433–8.PubMedCentralPubMed

97.

Lawton MD, Nathan M, Asboe D. HPV vaccination to prevent anal cancer in men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Infect. 2013;89:342–3.PubMed

98.

Dalla Pria A, Bower M. Will local ablation of high grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia prevent invasive anal cancer? AIDS. 2013;27:1185–6.PubMed

99.

Katz KA, Clarke CA, Bernstein KT, et al. Is there a proven link between anal cancer screening and reduced morbidity or mortality? Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:283–4.PubMed

100.

Katz MH, Katz KA, Bernstein KT, et al. We need data on anal screening effectiveness before focusing on increasing it. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:2016.PubMedCentralPubMed

101.

Sigel K, Dubrow R, Silverberg M, et al. Cancer screening in patients infected with HIV. Curr HIV AIDS Rep. 2011;8:142–52.

102.

Wilson J, Jungner G. Principles and practice of screening for disease. In. Geneva: WHO; 1968.

103.

Andermann A, Blancquaert I, Beauchamp S, et al. Revisiting Wilson and Jungner in the genomic age: a review of screening criteria over the past 40 years. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:317–9.PubMedCentralPubMed

104.

Wieland U, Kreuter A. One step towards standardised management of anal dysplasia. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:273–4.PubMed

105.

Patel J, Salit IE, Berry MJ, et al. Environmental scan of anal cancer screening practices: worldwide survey results. Cancer Med. 2014.

106.

Darragh TM, Winkler B. Screening for anal neoplasia: anal cytology- sampling, processing and reporting. Sex Health. 2012;9:556–61.PubMed

107.

108.

Palefsky JM, Holly EA, Ralston ML, et al. High incidence of anal high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions among HIV-positive and HIV-negative homosexual and bisexual men. AIDS. 1998;12:495–503.PubMed

109.

Landstra JM, Ciarrochi J, Deane FP. Psychosocial aspects of anal cancer screening: a review and recommendations. Sex Health. 2012;9:620–7.PubMed

110.

Wentzensen N. Screening for anal cancer: endpoints needed. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13:438–40.PubMed

111.

Howard K. The cost-effectiveness of screening for anal cancer in men who have sex with men: a systematic review. Sex Health. 2012;9:610–9.PubMed

112.

Czoski-Murray C, Karnon J, Jones R, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening high-risk HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) and HIV-positive women for anal cancer. Health Technol Assess. 2010;14:iii–x, 1.

113.

Read TR, Huson KL, Millar JL, et al. Size of anal squamous cell carcinomas at diagnosis: a retrospective case series. Int J STD AIDS. 2013;24:879–82.PubMed

114.

Bucher, G. Getting to the bottom of it. Be proactive about anal health. http://positivelyaware.com. Accessed 5 May 2014.

115.

Wilkin T, Lee JY, Lensing SY, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in HIV-1-infected men. J Infect Dis. 2010;202:1246–53.PubMedCentralPubMed

116.

Ronco G, Dillner J, Elfstrom KM, et al. Efficacy of HPV-based screening for prevention of invasive cervical cancer: follow-up of four European randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2014;383:524–32.PubMed

117.

Castle PE, Follansbee S, Borgonovo S, et al. A comparison of human papillomavirus genotype-specific DNA and E6/E7 mRNA detection to identify anal precancer among HIV-infected men who have sex with men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22:42–9.PubMedCentralPubMed

118.

Wentzensen N, Follansbee S, Borgonovo S, et al. Human papillomavirus genotyping, human papillomavirus mRNA expression, and p16/Ki-67 cytology to detect anal cancer precursors in HIV-infected MSM. AIDS. 2012;26:2185–92.PubMed

119.

Verhoef VM, Bosgraaf RP, van Kemenade FJ, et al. Triage by methylation-marker testing vs cytology in women who test HPV-positive on self-collected cervicovaginal specimens (PROHTECT-3): a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:315–22.PubMed

120.

Hesselink AT, Heideman DA, Steenbergen RD, et al. Methylation marker analysis of self-sampled cervicovaginal lavage specimens to triage high-risk HPV-positive women for colposcopy. Int J Cancer. 2014;135:880–6.PubMed

121.

Poizot-Martin I, Henry M, Benhaim S, et al. High level of HPV 16 and 18 DNA load in anal swabs from male and female HIV-1 infected patients. J Clin Virol. 2009;44:314–7.PubMed

122.

Kenter GG, Welters MJ, Valentijn AR, et al. Vaccination against HPV-16 oncoproteins for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1838–47.PubMed

Title: HPV and Anal Cancer in HIV-Infected Individuals: A Review
Authors: Maarten F. Schim van der Loeff
Sofie H. Mooij
Oliver Richel
Henry J. C. de Vries
Jan M. Prins
Publication date: 01-09-2014
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports / Issue 3/2014
Print ISSN: 1548-3568
Electronic ISSN: 1548-3576
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-014-0224-x

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

HPV and Anal Cancer in HIV-Infected Individuals: A Review

Abstract

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2014

Bone Alterations Associated with HIV

Host Genetic Factors Predisposing to HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder

Drug Interactions and Antiretroviral Drug Monitoring

HIV-Hepatitis C Virus Co-infection in the era of Direct-Acting Antivirals

HIV Associated Neurocognitive Disorders in the Modern Antiviral Treatment Era: Prevalence, Characteristics, Biomarkers, and Effects of Treatment

Understanding the Etiology and Management of HIV-Associated Peripheral Neuropathy

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page