Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Current HIV/AIDS Reports
Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports 2/2014

01-06-2014 | The Global Epidemic (S Vermund, Section Editor)

Understanding HIV Compartments and Reservoirs

Authors: Valentina Svicher, Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein, Andrea Antinori, Stefano Aquaro, Carlo Federico Perno

Published in: Current HIV/AIDS Reports | Issue 2/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

The spectrum of HIV-1 cellular reservoirs is highly diversified, and their role varies according to the milieu of the anatomical sites in which the virus replicates. In this light, mechanisms underlying HIV-1 persistence in anatomical compartments may be profoundly different from what is observed in peripheral blood. This scenario is further complicated by sub-optimal drug penetration in tissues allowing persistent and cryptic HIV-1 replication in body districts despite undetectable viremia. On this basis, this review aims at providing recent insights regarding the critical role of HIV-1 cellular reservoirs in different anatomical compartments, and their relationship with the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. A comprehensive definition of the complex interplay between the virus and its reservoir is critical in order to set up prophylactic and therapeutic strategies aimed at achieving the maximal virological suppression and hopefully in the near future the cure of HIV-1 infection (either functional or biological).
Literature
1.••
Eisele E, Siliciano RF. Redefining the viral reservoirs that prevent HIV-1 eradication. Immunity. 2012;37:377–88. This perspective proposes definitions for key terms in the field of HIV-1 latency, reservoirs and eradication. This paper represents a starting point for refining the terminology in cure research. PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
2.
Hocqueloux L, Avettand-Fènoël V, Jacquot S, et al. Long-term antiretroviral therapy initiated during primary HIV-1 infection is key to achieving both low HIV reservoirs and normal T cell counts. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68:1169–78.PubMedCrossRef
3.••
Sáez-Cirión A, Bacchus C, Hocqueloux L, et al. Post-Treatment HIV-1 Controllers with a Long-Term Virological Remission after the Interruption of Early Initiated Antiretroviral Therapy ANRS VISCONTI Study. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9:e1003211. This paper showed that early and prolonged antiretroviral treatment can reduce the burden of HIV-1 cellular reservoirs in some patients including those with an unfavorable genetic profile in controlling HIV infection. This paper highlights that an early treatment may represent a strategy aimed at achieving functional HIV cure. PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
4.
Finzi D, Blankson J, Siliciano JD, et al. Latent infection of CD4+ T cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV-1, even in patients on effective combination therapy. Nat Med. 1999;5:512–7.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Chomont N, El-Far M, Ancuta P, et al. HIV reservoir size and persistence are driven by T cell survival and homeostatic proliferation. Nat Med. 2009;15:893–900.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
6.
Buzon M, Sun H, Li C, Martin-Gayo E, et al. T Memory Stem Cells Are a Long-term Reservoir for HIV1. Presented at the 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Atlanta, GA (USA); March 3–6, 2013.
7.
8.
Zhong P, Agosto LM, Ilinskaya A, et al. Cell-to-cell transmission can overcome multiple donor and target cell barriers imposed on cell-free HIV. PLoS One. 2013;8:e53138.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
9.
Abela IA, Berlinger L, Schanz M, et al. Cell-cell transmission enables HIV-1 to evade inhibition by potent CD4bs directed antibodies. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8:e1002634.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
10.
Sigal A, Kim JT, Balazs AB, et al. Cell-to-cell spread of HIV permits ongoing replication despite antiretroviral therapy. Nature. 2011;17:95–8.CrossRef
11.••
Duncan CJ, Russell RA, Sattentau QJ. High multiplicity HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission from macrophages to CD4+ T cells limits antiretroviral efficacy. AIDS. 2013;27:2201–6. This interesting study shows that cell-to-cell HIV-1 transmission from macrophages to CD4 + T cells can reduce the efficacy of several antiretroviral agents belonging to different drug classes compared to cell-free transmission. The authors pointed out that this difference is not qualitative but quantitative, and thus can be explained by the high quantity of viral particles transmitted through virological synapses. PubMedCrossRef
12.
Cohen J. HIV/AIDS research. Tissue says blood is misleading, confusing HIV cure efforts. Science 2011, 334:1614.
13.
Li S, Juarez J, Alali M, et al. Persistent CCR5 utilization and enhanced macrophage tropism by primary blood human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from advanced stages of disease and comparison to tissue-derived isolates. J Virol. 1999;73:9741–55.PubMedCentralPubMed
14.
Veazey RS, DeMaria M, Chalifoux LV, et al. Gastrointestinal tract as a major site of CD4+ T cell depletion and viral replication in SIV infection. Science. 1998;280:427–31.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Mehandru S, Poles MA, Tenner-Racz K, et al. Primary HIV-1 infection is associated with preferential depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes from effector sites in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med. 2004;200:761–70.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
16.
Brenchley JM, Schacker TW, Ruff LE, et al. CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med. 2004;200:749–59.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
17.••
Swanstrom R, Coffin J. HIV-1 pathogenesis: the virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2. This review provides a detailed description of mechanisms underlying HIV pathogenesis in different anatomical compartments.
18.
Chun TW, Engel D, Berrey MM, et al. Early establishment of a pool of latently infected, resting CD4(R) T cells during primary HIV-1 infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:8869–73.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
19.
Joos B, Fischer M, Kuster H, et al. HIV rebounds from latently infected cells, rather than from continuing low-level replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:16725–30.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
20.
Centlivre M, Sommer P, Michel M, et al. The HIV-1 clade C promoter is particularly well adapted to replication in the gut in primary infection. AIDS. 2006;20:657–66.PubMedCrossRef
21.•
Yukl SA, Shergill AK, Ho T, et al.: The Distribution of HIV DNA and RNA in Cell Subsets Differs in Gut and Blood of HIV-Positive Patients on ART: Implications for Viral Persistence. J Infect Dis. 2013. doi: 10.​1093/​infdis/​jit308. This interesting paper pointed out that the pool of cellular HIV-1 reservoirs in the gut may be different from that observed in peripheral blood, and highlighted the existence of non-CD4(+) T leukocytes as a new potential target of HIV infection. These results are important in order to set up effective therapeutic strategies aimed at achieving HIV cure.
22.•
McElrath MJ, Smythe K, Randolph-Habecker J, et al. on behalf of NIAID HIV Vaccine Trials Network: Comprehensive assessment of HIV target cells in the distal human gut suggests increasing HIV susceptibility toward the anus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;63:263–71. This study highlights a different distribution of macrophages between the colum and the rectum suggesting that these 2 gut tracts could act as distinct anatomical compartments. PubMedCrossRef
23.
Avettand-Fenoel V, Hocqueloux L, Müller-Trutwin M, et al. Greater diversity of HIV DNA variants in the rectum compared to variants in the blood in patients without HAART. J Med Virol. 2011;83:1499–507.PubMedCrossRef
24.•
Imamichi H, Degray G, Dewar RL, et al. Lack of compartmentalization of HIV-1 quasispecies between the gut and peripheral blood compartments. J Infect Dis. 2011;204:309–14. This study provides evidence for the lack of compartimentalization between the gastrointestinal tract and peripheral blood. It suggests a free exchange of virions or infected cells between the 2 anatomical sites. PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
25.••
Evering TH, Mehandru S, Racz P, et al. Absence of HIV-1 evolution in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue from patients on combination antiviral therapy initiated during primary infection. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8:e1002506. This study suggests that initiation of antiretroviral therapy during acute/early HIV-1 infection can result in the interruption of measurable viral evolution in the gut-associated lymphoids tissues, suggesting the absence of de-novo rounds of HIV-1 replication in this compartment during suppressive therapy. PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
26.
Katzenstein TL, Petersen AB, Storgaard M, et al. Phylogeny and resistance profiles of HIV-1 POL sequences from rectal biopsies and blood. J Med Virol. 2010;82:1103–9.PubMedCrossRef
27.
28.
Chun TW, Nickle DC, Justement JS, et al. Persistence of HIV in gut-associated lymphoid tissue despite long-term antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2008;197:714–20.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Lafeuillade A, Cheret A, Hittinger G, et al. Rectal cell-associated HIV-1 RNA: a new marker ready for the clinic. HIV Clin Trials. 2009;10:324–7.PubMedCrossRef
30.
31.
Blackard JT, Ma G, Martin CM, et al. HIV variability in the liver and evidence of possible compartmentalization. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011;27:1117–26.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
32.
Bruno R, Galastri S, Sacchi P, et al.: gp120 modulates the biology of human hepatic stellate cells: a link between HIV infection and liver fibrogenesis. Gut 2010, 59:513–520.
33.
Kaul M, Garden G, Lipton S. Pathways to neuronal injury and apoptosis in HIV-associated dementia. Nature. 2001;410:988–94.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Garaci E, Caroleo MC, Aloe L, et al. Nerve growth factor is an autocrine factor essential for the survival of macrophages infected with HIV. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:14013–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
35.
Coiras M, López-Huertas MR, Pérez-Olmeda M, Alcamí J. Understanding HIV-1 latency provides clues for the eradication of long-term reservoirs. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7:798–812.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Cassol E, Alfano M, Biswas P, et al. Monocyte-derived macrophages and myeloid cell lines as targets of HIV-1 replication and persistence. J Leukoc Biol. 2006;80:1018–130.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Aquaro S, Bagnarelli P, Guenci T, et al. Long-term survival and virus production in human primary macrophages infected by human immunodeficiency virus. J Med Virol. 2002;68:479–88.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Koppensteiner H, Brack-Werner R, Schindler M. Macrophages and their relevance in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I infection. Retrovirology. 2012;9:82.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
39.
Orenstein J, Fox C, Wahl S. Macrophages as a source of HIV during opportunistic infections. Science. 1997;276:1857–61.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Swingler S, Mann A, Jacqué J, et al. HIV-1 Nef mediates lymphocyte chemotaxis and activation by infected macrophages. Nat Med. 1999;5:997–1103.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Williams KC, Hickey WF. Central nervous system damage, monocytes and macrophages, and neurological disorders in AIDS. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2002;25:537–362.PubMedCrossRef
42.
43.
44.
45.
Muscoli C, Salvemini D, Paolino D, et al. Peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst prevents apoptotic cell death in a human astrocytoma cell line incubated with supernatants of HIV-infected macrophages. BMC Neurosci. 2002;3:13.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
46.
Brown GC, Bal-Price A. Inflammatory neurodegeneration mediated by nitric oxide, glutamate, and mitochondria. Mol Neurobiol. 2003;27:325–55.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Peng H, Sun L, Jia B, et al. HIV-1-infected and immune-activated macrophages induce astrocytic differentiation of human cortical neural progenitor cells via the STAT3 pathway. PloS One. 2011;6:e19439.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
48.
Aquaro S, Panti S, Caroleo MC, et al. Primary macrophages infected by human immunodeficiency virus trigger CD95-mediated apoptosis of uninfected astrocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 2000;68:429–35.PubMed
49.
Narasipura SD, Henderson LJ, Fu SW, et al. Role of β-catenin and TCF/LEF family members in transcriptional activity of HIV in astrocytes. J Virol. 2012;86:1911–21.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
50.
Eugenin EA, Berman JW: Cytochrome C dysregulation induced by HIV infection of astrocytes results in bystander apoptosis of uninfected astrocytes by an IP(3) and Calcium dependent mechanism. J Neurochem. 2013. doi: 10.​1111/​jnc.​12443.
51.
Strain MC, Letendre S, Pillai SK, et al. Genetic composition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cerebrospinal fluid and blood without treatment and during failing antiretroviral therapy. J Virol. 2005;79:1772–88.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
52.
Harrington PR, Schnell G, Letendre SL, et al. Cross-sectional characterization of HIV-1 env compartmentalization in cerebrospinal fluid over the full disease course. AIDS. 2009;23:907–15.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
53.
Schnell G, Spudich S, Harrington P, et al. Compartmentalized human immunodeficiency virus type 1 originates from long-lived cells in some subjects with HIV-1-associated dementia. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000395.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
54.
Soulie C, Fourati S, Lambert-Niclot S, et al. HIV genetic distance between plasma and CSF in patients with neurological disorders. International HIV and Hepatitis Drug Resistance Workshop. June 8–12, 2010. Dubrovnik, Croatia. Abstract 127.
55.
56.
Letendre SL, Ellis RJ, Ances BM, McCutchan JA. Neurologic complications of HIV disease and their treatment. Top HIV Med. 2010;18:45–55.PubMed
57.
Letendre S, Marquie-Beck J. Validation of the CNS penetration-effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:65–70.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
58.
Marra C, Zhao Y, Clifford D, et al. Impact of combination antiretroviral therapy on cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA and neurocognitive performance. AIDS. 2009;23:1359–66.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
59.
Smurzynski M, Wu K, Letendre S, et al. Effect of central nervous system antiretroviral penetration on cognitive functioning in the ALLRT cohort. AIDS. 2011;25:357–65.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
60.
Letendre SL, McCutchan JA, Childers ME, et al. Enhancing antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus cognitive disorders. Ann Neurol. 2004;56:416–23.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Gavegnano C, Schinazi RF. Antiretroviral therapy in macrophages: implication for HIV eradication. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2010;20:63–78.CrossRef
62.
Langford D, Marquie-Beck J, de Almeida S, et al. Relationship of antiretroviral treatment to postmortem brain tissue viral load in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Neurovirol. 2006;12:100–7.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Smit TK, Brew BJ, Tourtellotte W, et al. Independent evolution of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance mutations in diverse areas of the brain in HIV-infected patients, with and without dementia, on antiretroviral treatment. J Virol. 2004;78:10133–48.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
64.
Spudich S, Lollo N, Liegler T, Deeks SG, Price RW. Treatment benefit on cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 levels in the setting of systemic virological suppression and failure. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1686–96.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Canestri A, Lescure FX, Jaureguiberry S, et al. Discordance between cerebral spinal fluid and plasma HIV replication in patients with neurological symptoms who are receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:773–8.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Kelly KM, Beck SE, Pate KA, et al. Neuroprotective maraviroc monotherapy in SIV-infected macaques: reduced replicating and latent SIV in the brain. AIDS 2013. Epub ahead of print.
67.
Borgmann K, Rao K, Labhasetwar V, Ghorpade A. Efficacy of Tat-conjugated ritonavir-loaded nanoparticles in reducing HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages and cytocompatibility with macrophages and human neurons. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2011;27:853–62.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
68.
Gratton S, Cheynier R, Dumaurier MJ, et al. Highly restricted spread of HIV-1 and multiply infected cells within splenic germinal centers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:14566–71.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
69.
Spiegel H, Herbst H, Niedobitek G, et al. Follicular dendritic cells are a major reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in lymphoid tissues facilitating infection of CD4+ T-helper cells. Am J Pathol. 1992;140:15–22.PubMedCentralPubMed
70.
Burton GF, Keele BF, Estes JD, et al. Follicular dendritic cell contributions to HIV pathogenesis. Semin Immunol. 2002;14:275–84.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Horiike M, Iwami S, Kodama M, et al. Lymph nodes harbor viral reservoirs that cause rebound of plasma viremia in SIV-infected macaques upon cessation of combined antiretroviral therapy. Virology. 2012;423:107–18.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Quinn TC, Wawer MJ, Sewankambo N, et al. Viral load and heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:921.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Butler DM, Smith DM, Cachay ER, et al. Herpes simplex virus 2 serostatus and viral loads of HIV-1 in blood and semen as risk factors for HIV transmission among men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2008;22:1667–71.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
74.
75.
Attia S, Egger M, Muller M, et al. Sexual transmission of HIV according to viral load and antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2009;23:1397–404.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Reynolds SJ, Makumbi F, Nakigozi G, et al. HIV-1 transmission among HIV-1 discordant couples before and after the introduction of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2011;25:473–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
77.
Marcelin AG, Tubiana R, Lambert-Niclot S, et al. Detection of HIV-1 RNA in seminal plasma samples from treated patients with undetectable HIV-1 RNA in blood plasma. AIDS. 2008;22:1677–9.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Sheth PM, Kovacs C, et al. Persistent HIV RNA shedding in semen despite effective antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2009;23:2047–59.CrossRef
79.
Politch JA, Mayer KH, Welles SL, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy does not completely suppress HIV in semen of sexually active HIV-infected men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2012;26:1535–43.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
80.
81.••
Gianella S, Smith DM, Vargas MV, et al. Shedding of HIV and human herpesviruses in the semen of effectively treated HIV-1-infected men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:441–7. This study highlights a correlation between the presence of some herpesviruses and HIV-1 shedding in semen despite undetectable viremia, thus conferring a potential risk of HIV-1 transmission. PubMedCrossRef
82.
Craigo JK, Gupta P. HIV-1 in genital compartments: vexing viral reservoirs. Curr Opin HIVAIDS. 2006;1:97–102.
83.
Taylor S, Davies S. Antiretroviral drug concentrations in the male and female genital tract: implications for the sexual transmission of HIV. Curr Opin HIVAIDS. 2010;5:335–43.CrossRef
84.
Else LJ, Taylor S, Back DJ, Khoo SH. Pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in anatomical sanctuary sites: the male and female genital tract. Antivir Ther. 2011;16:1149–67.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Sheth PM, Yi TJ, Kovacs C, et al. Mucosal correlates of isolated HIV semen shedding during effective antiretroviral therapy. Mucosal Immunol. 2012;5:248–57.PubMedCrossRef
86.
87.
88.
Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Frohlich JA, et al. Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science. 2010;329:1168–74.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
89.
90.
Andrei G, Lisco A, Vanpouille C, et al. Topical tenofovir, a microbicide effective against HIV, inhibits herpes simplex virus-2 replication. Cell Host Microbe. 2011;10:379–89.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
91.••
Introini A, Vanpouille C, Lisco A, Grivel JC, Margolis L. Interleukin-7 facilitates HIV-1 transmission to cervico-vaginal tissue ex vivo. PLoS Pathog. 2013, e1003148. This interesting study highlights the IL-7 capability in promoting HIV-1 replication in cervico-vaginal tissue. This has strong implication in sexual transmission of HIV-1 infection.
92.
Antoniou T, Hasan S, Loutfy MR, et al. Pharmacokinetics of maraviroc, raltegravir, darunavir, and etravirine in the semen of HIV-infected men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;62:e58–60.PubMedCrossRef
93.
Petitjean G, Becquart P, Tuaillon E, et al. Isolation and characterization of HIV-1-infected resting CD4+ T lymphocytes in breast milk. J Clin Virol. 2007;39:1–8.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Becquet R, Ekouevi DK, Arrivé E, et al. Universal antiretroviral therapy for pregnant and breastfeeding HIV-1-infected women: Towards the elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in resource-limited settings. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1936–45.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Understanding HIV Compartments and Reservoirs
Authors
Valentina Svicher
Francesca Ceccherini-Silberstein
Andrea Antinori
Stefano Aquaro
Carlo Federico Perno
Publication date
01-06-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current HIV/AIDS Reports / Issue 2/2014
Print ISSN: 1548-3568
Electronic ISSN: 1548-3576
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-014-0207-y

Other articles of this Issue 2/2014

Current HIV/AIDS Reports 2/2014 Go to the issue

Invited Commentary

Global HIV Epidemiology: A Guide for Strategies in Prevention and Care

The Global Epidemic (S Vermund, Section Editor)

Review of HIV in the Caribbean: Significant Progress and Outstanding Challenges

The Global Epidemic (S Vermund, Section Editor)

The HIV Epidemic in Eastern Europe and Central Asia

The Global Epidemic (S Vermund, Section Editor)

Update on HIV in Western Europe

The Global Epidemic (S Vermund, Section Editor)

The HIV Epidemic in Southern Africa – Is an AIDS-Free Generation Possible?

The Global Epidemic (S Vermund, Section Editor)

Male Involvement for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission: A Brief Review of Initiatives in East, West, and Central Africa
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits