Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Heart Failure Reports 4/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Prevention of Heart Failure after Myocardial Infarction (Martin St John Sutton, Section editor)

Impact of Diabetes on Postinfarction Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Remodeling

Authors: Helene von Bibra, Martin St John Sutton

Published in: Current Heart Failure Reports | Issue 4/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus, the metabolic syndrome, and the underlying insulin resistance are increasingly associated with diastolic dysfunction and reduced stress tolerance. The poor prognosis associated with heart failure in patients with diabetes after myocardial infarction is likely attributable to many factors, important among which is the metabolic impact from insulin resistance and hyperglycemia on the regulation of microvascular perfusion and energy generation in the cardiac myocyte. This review summarizes epidemiologic, pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic data related to diabetes and heart failure in acute myocardial infarction and discusses novel perceptions and strategies that hold promise for the future and deserve further investigation.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature. 2001;414:782–7.PubMedCrossRef Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature. 2001;414:782–7.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Ingelsson E, Sundstrom J, Arnlov J, et al. Insulin resistance and risk of congestive heart failure. JAMA. 2005;294:334–41.PubMedCrossRef Ingelsson E, Sundstrom J, Arnlov J, et al. Insulin resistance and risk of congestive heart failure. JAMA. 2005;294:334–41.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference From AM, Leibson CL, Bursi F, et al. Diabetes in heart failure: prevalence and impact on outcome in the population. Am J Med. 2006;119:591–9.PubMedCrossRef From AM, Leibson CL, Bursi F, et al. Diabetes in heart failure: prevalence and impact on outcome in the population. Am J Med. 2006;119:591–9.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Burnett JC, et al. Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community—appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic. JAMA. 2003;289:194–202.PubMedCrossRef Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Burnett JC, et al. Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community—appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic. JAMA. 2003;289:194–202.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference •• Borlaug BA, Paulus WJ. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:670–9. This thorough review considers the complex pathophysiologic and morphologic alterations in the myocardium for diastolic action and dysfunction along with diagnostic algorithms, combined with a discussion of the need for their evaluation. PubMedCrossRef •• Borlaug BA, Paulus WJ. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:670–9. This thorough review considers the complex pathophysiologic and morphologic alterations in the myocardium for diastolic action and dysfunction along with diagnostic algorithms, combined with a discussion of the need for their evaluation. PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Malmberg K, Rydén L, Hamsten A, et al. Effects of insulin treatment on cause-specific 1-year mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. DIGAMY Study Group. Diabetes insulin-glucose in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:1337–44.PubMed Malmberg K, Rydén L, Hamsten A, et al. Effects of insulin treatment on cause-specific 1-year mortality and morbidity in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. DIGAMY Study Group. Diabetes insulin-glucose in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:1337–44.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Solomon SD, St John Sutton M, Lamas G, et al. Ventricular remodeling does not accompany the development of heart failure in diabetic patients after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2002;106:1251–5.PubMedCrossRef Solomon SD, St John Sutton M, Lamas G, et al. Ventricular remodeling does not accompany the development of heart failure in diabetic patients after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2002;106:1251–5.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Landmesser U, Wollert KC, Drexler H. Potential novel pharmacological therapies for myocardial remodelling. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;81:519–27.PubMedCrossRef Landmesser U, Wollert KC, Drexler H. Potential novel pharmacological therapies for myocardial remodelling. Cardiovasc Res. 2009;81:519–27.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Peterson LR, Herrero P, McGill J, et al. Fatty acids and insulin modulate myocardial substrate metabolism in humans with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57:32–40.PubMedCrossRef Peterson LR, Herrero P, McGill J, et al. Fatty acids and insulin modulate myocardial substrate metabolism in humans with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2008;57:32–40.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference How OJ, Aasum E, Severson EL, et al. Increased myocardial oxygen consumption reduces cardiac efficiency in diabetic mice. Diabetes. 2006;55:466–73.PubMedCrossRef How OJ, Aasum E, Severson EL, et al. Increased myocardial oxygen consumption reduces cardiac efficiency in diabetic mice. Diabetes. 2006;55:466–73.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Hansen A, Johansson BL, Wahren J, et al. Beneficial effects of C-peptide on myocardial function and perfusion in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51:3077–82.PubMedCrossRef Hansen A, Johansson BL, Wahren J, et al. Beneficial effects of C-peptide on myocardial function and perfusion in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2002;51:3077–82.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference von Bibra H, Thrainsdottir IS, Hansen A, et al. Tissue Doppler imaging for the detection and quantitation of myocardial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a methodological study. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res. 2005;2:483–7. von Bibra H, Thrainsdottir IS, Hansen A, et al. Tissue Doppler imaging for the detection and quantitation of myocardial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a methodological study. Diabetes Vasc Dis Res. 2005;2:483–7.
13.
go back to reference Dounis V, Siegmund T, Jensen J, et al. Global myocardial perfusion and diastolic function are impaired to a similar extent in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in patients with CAD—evaluation by contrast echocardiography and pulsed tissue Doppler. Diabetologia. 2006;49:2729–40.PubMedCrossRef Dounis V, Siegmund T, Jensen J, et al. Global myocardial perfusion and diastolic function are impaired to a similar extent in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in patients with CAD—evaluation by contrast echocardiography and pulsed tissue Doppler. Diabetologia. 2006;49:2729–40.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Antonini-Canterin F, Carerj S, Di Bello V, et al. Arterial stiffnes and ventricular stiffness: a couple of diseases or a coupling disease? A review from the cardiologist’s point of view. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:36–43.PubMedCrossRef Antonini-Canterin F, Carerj S, Di Bello V, et al. Arterial stiffnes and ventricular stiffness: a couple of diseases or a coupling disease? A review from the cardiologist’s point of view. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:36–43.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Muller DC, et al. Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age-associated increases in vascular thickness and stiffness. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1388–95.PubMedCrossRef Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Muller DC, et al. Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age-associated increases in vascular thickness and stiffness. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1388–95.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Prasad A, Stone GW, Stuckey TD, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on myocardial perfusion after primary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:508–14.PubMedCrossRef Prasad A, Stone GW, Stuckey TD, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on myocardial perfusion after primary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:508–14.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Kaul S. Myocardial contrast echocardiography—a 25-year retrospective. Circulation. 2008;118:291–308.PubMedCrossRef Kaul S. Myocardial contrast echocardiography—a 25-year retrospective. Circulation. 2008;118:291–308.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Porter TR, Xie F. Myocardial perfusion imaging with contrast ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:176–87. Porter TR, Xie F. Myocardial perfusion imaging with contrast ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:176–87.
19.
go back to reference Anderson RA, Evans ML, Ellis GR, et al. The relationship between post-prandial lipemia, endothelial function and oxidative stres in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2001;154:475–83.PubMedCrossRef Anderson RA, Evans ML, Ellis GR, et al. The relationship between post-prandial lipemia, endothelial function and oxidative stres in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2001;154:475–83.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Ceriello A, Taboga C, Tonutti L, et al. Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress generation: effects of short- and long term simvastatin treatment. Circulation. 2002;106:1211–8.PubMedCrossRef Ceriello A, Taboga C, Tonutti L, et al. Evidence for an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress generation: effects of short- and long term simvastatin treatment. Circulation. 2002;106:1211–8.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Scognamiglio R, Negut C, De Kreutzenberg SV, et al. Postprandial myocardial perfusion in healthy subjects and in type 2 diabetic patients. Circulation. 2005;112:179–84.PubMedCrossRef Scognamiglio R, Negut C, De Kreutzenberg SV, et al. Postprandial myocardial perfusion in healthy subjects and in type 2 diabetic patients. Circulation. 2005;112:179–84.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference von Bibra H, Hansen A, Dounis V, et al. Insulin based improved metabolic control augments myocardial diastolic function and perfusion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heart. 2004;90:1483–4.CrossRef von Bibra H, Hansen A, Dounis V, et al. Insulin based improved metabolic control augments myocardial diastolic function and perfusion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Heart. 2004;90:1483–4.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Scognamiglio R, Negut C, De Kreutzenberg S, et al. Effects of different insulin regimens on postprandial myocardial perfusion defects in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:95–100.PubMedCrossRef Scognamiglio R, Negut C, De Kreutzenberg S, et al. Effects of different insulin regimens on postprandial myocardial perfusion defects in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:95–100.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Coretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, et al. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:257–65.CrossRef Coretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, et al. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of flow-mediated vasodilatation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:257–65.CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Carabba N, Valenti R, Parodi G, et al. Left ventricular remodeling and heart failure in diabetic patients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004;110:1974–9.CrossRef Carabba N, Valenti R, Parodi G, et al. Left ventricular remodeling and heart failure in diabetic patients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004;110:1974–9.CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Fang ZY. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: evidence, mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev. 2004;25:543–67.PubMedCrossRef Fang ZY. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: evidence, mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev. 2004;25:543–67.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference •• von Bibra H, St John Sutton M. Diastolic dysfunction in diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: promising potential for diagnosis and prognosis. Diabetologia 2010;53:1033–45. This review considers the complex pathophysiologic pathways linking the metabolic diseases, diabetes mellitus, or the metabolic syndrome to diastolic function and highlights the potential and limitations of the present noninvasive imaging techniques to measure diastolic function and dysfunction. CrossRef •• von Bibra H, St John Sutton M. Diastolic dysfunction in diabetes and the metabolic syndrome: promising potential for diagnosis and prognosis. Diabetologia 2010;53:1033–45. This review considers the complex pathophysiologic pathways linking the metabolic diseases, diabetes mellitus, or the metabolic syndrome to diastolic function and highlights the potential and limitations of the present noninvasive imaging techniques to measure diastolic function and dysfunction. CrossRef
28.
go back to reference • van Heerebeek L, Hamdani N, Handoko L, et al. Diastolic stiffness of the failing heart: importance of fibrosis, advanced glycation endproducts and myocyte resting tension. Circulation 2008;117:43–51. This is an elegant study using endocardial biopsy specimen of systolic and diastolic heart failure in patients with diabetes. Matrix alterations with fibrosis and/or advanced glycation end products characterize systolic heart failure, whereas diastolic heart failure is associated with increased resting tension. PubMedCrossRef • van Heerebeek L, Hamdani N, Handoko L, et al. Diastolic stiffness of the failing heart: importance of fibrosis, advanced glycation endproducts and myocyte resting tension. Circulation 2008;117:43–51. This is an elegant study using endocardial biopsy specimen of systolic and diastolic heart failure in patients with diabetes. Matrix alterations with fibrosis and/or advanced glycation end products characterize systolic heart failure, whereas diastolic heart failure is associated with increased resting tension. PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Serizawa T, Vogel WM, Apstein CS, et al. Comparison of acute alterations in left ventricular relaxation and diastolic chamber stiffness induced by hypoxia and ischemia. J Clin Invest. 1980;68:91–102.CrossRef Serizawa T, Vogel WM, Apstein CS, et al. Comparison of acute alterations in left ventricular relaxation and diastolic chamber stiffness induced by hypoxia and ischemia. J Clin Invest. 1980;68:91–102.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Boudina S, Abel ED. Mitochondrial uncoupling: a key contributor to reduced cardiac efficiency in diabetes. Physiology. 2006;21:250–8.PubMedCrossRef Boudina S, Abel ED. Mitochondrial uncoupling: a key contributor to reduced cardiac efficiency in diabetes. Physiology. 2006;21:250–8.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kenchaiah S, Sesso HD, Levy D, et al. Body mass index and vigorous physical activity and the risk of heart failure among men. Circulation. 2009;119:44–52.PubMedCrossRef Kenchaiah S, Sesso HD, Levy D, et al. Body mass index and vigorous physical activity and the risk of heart failure among men. Circulation. 2009;119:44–52.PubMedCrossRef
32.
33.
go back to reference •• Falk Peterson K, Dufour S, Savage DB, et al. The role of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. PNAS 2007;104:12587–94. This is a creative study linking myocellular metabolism of skeletal muscle with hepatic metabolic action in healthy but sedentary individuals with insulin resistance in whom postmeal glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle is reduced and shifted to hepatic de novo triglyceride generation. CrossRef •• Falk Peterson K, Dufour S, Savage DB, et al. The role of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. PNAS 2007;104:12587–94. This is a creative study linking myocellular metabolism of skeletal muscle with hepatic metabolic action in healthy but sedentary individuals with insulin resistance in whom postmeal glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle is reduced and shifted to hepatic de novo triglyceride generation. CrossRef
34.
go back to reference McGavock JM, Lingvay I, Zib I, et al. Cardiac steatosis in diabetes mellitus—a 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Circulation. 2007;116:1170–5.PubMedCrossRef McGavock JM, Lingvay I, Zib I, et al. Cardiac steatosis in diabetes mellitus—a 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Circulation. 2007;116:1170–5.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Rijzewjik LJ, van der Meer RW, Smit JW, et al. Myocardial steatosis is an independent predictor of diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1793–9.CrossRef Rijzewjik LJ, van der Meer RW, Smit JW, et al. Myocardial steatosis is an independent predictor of diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1793–9.CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Sinnaeve PR, Steg PG, Fox KA, et al. Association of elevated fasting glucose with increased short term and 6 month mortaliy in ST-segment elevation and non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:402–9.PubMedCrossRef Sinnaeve PR, Steg PG, Fox KA, et al. Association of elevated fasting glucose with increased short term and 6 month mortaliy in ST-segment elevation and non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:402–9.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Iribarren C, Karter AJ, Go AS, et al. Glycemic control and heart failure among adult patients with diabetes. Circulation. 2001;103:2668–73.PubMed Iribarren C, Karter AJ, Go AS, et al. Glycemic control and heart failure among adult patients with diabetes. Circulation. 2001;103:2668–73.PubMed
38.
go back to reference •• Witteles RM, Fowler MB. Insulin-resistant cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:93–102. This review considers the complex pathophysiologic pathways linking insulin-resistance metabolism and disturbed myocardial function and discusses therapeutic options. PubMedCrossRef •• Witteles RM, Fowler MB. Insulin-resistant cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:93–102. This review considers the complex pathophysiologic pathways linking insulin-resistance metabolism and disturbed myocardial function and discusses therapeutic options. PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Taegtmeyer H, McNulty P, Young ME. Adaptation and maladaptation of the heart in diabetes. I. General concepts. Circulation. 2002;105:1727–33.PubMedCrossRef Taegtmeyer H, McNulty P, Young ME. Adaptation and maladaptation of the heart in diabetes. I. General concepts. Circulation. 2002;105:1727–33.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Williams SB, Goldfine AB, Timimi FK, et al. Acute hyperglycemia attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in humans. Circulation. 1998;97:1695–701.PubMed Williams SB, Goldfine AB, Timimi FK, et al. Acute hyperglycemia attenuates endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in humans. Circulation. 1998;97:1695–701.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Roden M. How free fatty acids inhibit glucose utilization in human skeletal muscle. News Physiol Sci. 2004;19:92–6.PubMed Roden M. How free fatty acids inhibit glucose utilization in human skeletal muscle. News Physiol Sci. 2004;19:92–6.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Mathews DR, Hosker JP, Rudensky AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and ß-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–9.CrossRef Mathews DR, Hosker JP, Rudensky AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and ß-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412–9.CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Haffner SM, Gonzales C, Mykkänen L, et al. Total immunoreactive proinsulin, immunoreactive insulin and specific insulin in relation to conversion to type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 1997;40:830–7.PubMedCrossRef Haffner SM, Gonzales C, Mykkänen L, et al. Total immunoreactive proinsulin, immunoreactive insulin and specific insulin in relation to conversion to type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 1997;40:830–7.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Pfützner A, Kunt T, Mondok A, et al. Fasting intact proinsulin is a highly specific predictor of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Clin Lab. 2004;50:567–73.PubMed Pfützner A, Kunt T, Mondok A, et al. Fasting intact proinsulin is a highly specific predictor of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Clin Lab. 2004;50:567–73.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Hohberg C, Pfützner A, Forst T, et al. Successful switch from insulin therapy to treatment with pioglitazone in type 2 diabetes patients with residual ß-cell function: results from the PioSwitch Study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009;11:464–71.PubMedCrossRef Hohberg C, Pfützner A, Forst T, et al. Successful switch from insulin therapy to treatment with pioglitazone in type 2 diabetes patients with residual ß-cell function: results from the PioSwitch Study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009;11:464–71.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference •• Pfützner A, Forst T. Elevated intact proinsulin levels are indicative of beta-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk: impact of the antidiabetic agent pioglitazone. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011;5:784–93. This comprehensive review introduces a scheme to stage type 2 diabetes according to the presence of intact proinsulin, a precursor of insulin, in relation to insulin. PubMed •• Pfützner A, Forst T. Elevated intact proinsulin levels are indicative of beta-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk: impact of the antidiabetic agent pioglitazone. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2011;5:784–93. This comprehensive review introduces a scheme to stage type 2 diabetes according to the presence of intact proinsulin, a precursor of insulin, in relation to insulin. PubMed
47.
go back to reference Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, et al. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2006;295:1681–7.PubMedCrossRef Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, et al. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2006;295:1681–7.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Yip G, Wang M, Zhang Y, et al. Left ventricular long axis function in diastolic heart failure is reduced in both diastole and systole: time for a redefinition? Heart. 2002;87:121–5.PubMedCrossRef Yip G, Wang M, Zhang Y, et al. Left ventricular long axis function in diastolic heart failure is reduced in both diastole and systole: time for a redefinition? Heart. 2002;87:121–5.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Kasner M, Westermann D, Steendijk P, et al. Utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of diastolic function in heart failure with normal ejection fraction – a comparative Doppler-conductance catheterization study. Circulation. 2007;116:637–47.PubMedCrossRef Kasner M, Westermann D, Steendijk P, et al. Utility of Doppler echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging in the estimation of diastolic function in heart failure with normal ejection fraction – a comparative Doppler-conductance catheterization study. Circulation. 2007;116:637–47.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Paulus WJ, Tschöpe C, Rusconi C, et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:2539–50.PubMedCrossRef Paulus WJ, Tschöpe C, Rusconi C, et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:2539–50.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:107–33.PubMedCrossRef Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:107–33.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Wijns W, Serruys PW, Slager C, et al. Effect of coronary occlusion during percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in humans on left ventricular chamber stiffness and regional diastolic pressure-radius relations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7:455–63.PubMedCrossRef Wijns W, Serruys PW, Slager C, et al. Effect of coronary occlusion during percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in humans on left ventricular chamber stiffness and regional diastolic pressure-radius relations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986;7:455–63.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Charlat ML, O’Neill PG, Hartley CJ, et al. Prolonged abnormalities of left ventricular diastolic wall thinning in the “stunned” myocardium in conscious dogs: time course and relation to systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13:185–94.PubMedCrossRef Charlat ML, O’Neill PG, Hartley CJ, et al. Prolonged abnormalities of left ventricular diastolic wall thinning in the “stunned” myocardium in conscious dogs: time course and relation to systolic function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13:185–94.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference von Bibra H, Tuchnitz A, Klein A, et al. Regional diastolic function by pulsed Doppler myocardial mapping for the detection of left ventricular ischaemia during pharmacologic stress testing—a comparison with stress echocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:444–52.CrossRef von Bibra H, Tuchnitz A, Klein A, et al. Regional diastolic function by pulsed Doppler myocardial mapping for the detection of left ventricular ischaemia during pharmacologic stress testing—a comparison with stress echocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:444–52.CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Bess RL, Rosman HS, Cohen GI, et al. Technical aspects of diastology: why mitral inflow and tissue Doppler imaging are the preferred parameters? Echocardiography. 2006;23:332–9.PubMedCrossRef Bess RL, Rosman HS, Cohen GI, et al. Technical aspects of diastology: why mitral inflow and tissue Doppler imaging are the preferred parameters? Echocardiography. 2006;23:332–9.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Mulvagh S, Rakowski H, Vannan MA, et al. American Society of Echocardiography consensus statement on the clinical applications of ultrasonic contrast agents in echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:1179–201.PubMedCrossRef Mulvagh S, Rakowski H, Vannan MA, et al. American Society of Echocardiography consensus statement on the clinical applications of ultrasonic contrast agents in echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:1179–201.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Senior R, Becher H, Monaghan M, et al. Contrast echocardiography: evidence-based recommendations by European Association of Echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:194–212.PubMedCrossRef Senior R, Becher H, Monaghan M, et al. Contrast echocardiography: evidence-based recommendations by European Association of Echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:194–212.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference •• Villanueva FS. Myocardial perfusion imaging using ultrasound contrast agents – now or never? J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovascular Imaging 2010;3:944–6. This is a knowledgeable consideration of the potential of myocardial contrast echocardiography, its clinical value, and the potential reasons for the delay in acceptance by clinicians. •• Villanueva FS. Myocardial perfusion imaging using ultrasound contrast agents – now or never? J Am Coll Cardiol Cardiovascular Imaging 2010;3:944–6. This is a knowledgeable consideration of the potential of myocardial contrast echocardiography, its clinical value, and the potential reasons for the delay in acceptance by clinicians.
59.
go back to reference Gropler RJ, Beanlands RS, Dilsizian V, et al. Imaging myocardial metabolic remodeling. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:88–101.CrossRef Gropler RJ, Beanlands RS, Dilsizian V, et al. Imaging myocardial metabolic remodeling. J Nucl Med. 2010;51:88–101.CrossRef
60.
go back to reference American Diabetes Association. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31 Suppl 1:61–78.CrossRef American Diabetes Association. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31 Suppl 1:61–78.CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Mann JI, Hermansen K, Karamanos B, on behalf of the Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), et al. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2004;14:373–94.PubMedCrossRef Mann JI, Hermansen K, Karamanos B, on behalf of the Diabetes and Nutrition Study Group (DNSG) of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), et al. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2004;14:373–94.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference •• Marantz PR, Bird ED, Alderman MH. A call for higher standards of evidence for dietary guidelines. Am J Prev Med. 2008;34:234–40. This is a 30-year observation on fat intake, carbohydrate consumption, and body weight development in American men and women, leading to the insight that dietary guidelines need higher standards of evidence to avoid damage on a population level. PubMedCrossRef •• Marantz PR, Bird ED, Alderman MH. A call for higher standards of evidence for dietary guidelines. Am J Prev Med. 2008;34:234–40. This is a 30-year observation on fat intake, carbohydrate consumption, and body weight development in American men and women, leading to the insight that dietary guidelines need higher standards of evidence to avoid damage on a population level. PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, on behalf of the INTERHEART Study investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937–52.PubMedCrossRef Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, on behalf of the INTERHEART Study investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937–52.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference •• Accurso A, Bernstein RK, Dahlqvist A, et al. Dietary carbohydrate restriction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Nutr Metab. 2008;5:9–17. This sound and basic review focuses on physiologic mechanisms working in diabetes metabolism and critically discusses the respective nutritional recommendations and pharmacological treatments.CrossRef •• Accurso A, Bernstein RK, Dahlqvist A, et al. Dietary carbohydrate restriction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Nutr Metab. 2008;5:9–17. This sound and basic review focuses on physiologic mechanisms working in diabetes metabolism and critically discusses the respective nutritional recommendations and pharmacological treatments.CrossRef
65.
go back to reference • Buyken AE, Mitchell P, Ceriello A, et al. Optimal dietary approaches for prevention of type 2 diabetes: a life-course perspective. Diabetologia 2010;53:406–18. This thorough review considers the complex pathophysiologic and metabolic alterations in type 2 diabetes potentially leading to heart failure, along with diagnostic algorithms and a thorough discussion about the large field of literature on antidiabetic treatment. PubMedCrossRef • Buyken AE, Mitchell P, Ceriello A, et al. Optimal dietary approaches for prevention of type 2 diabetes: a life-course perspective. Diabetologia 2010;53:406–18. This thorough review considers the complex pathophysiologic and metabolic alterations in type 2 diabetes potentially leading to heart failure, along with diagnostic algorithms and a thorough discussion about the large field of literature on antidiabetic treatment. PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Elhayany A, Lustman A, Abel R, et al. A low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes control among overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year prospective randomized intervention study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12:204–9.PubMedCrossRef Elhayany A, Lustman A, Abel R, et al. A low carbohydrate Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes control among overweight patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year prospective randomized intervention study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12:204–9.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al. Weight loss with a low carb, Mediterranean, or low fat diet. New Engl J Med. 2008;359:229–41.PubMedCrossRef Shai I, Schwarzfuchs D, Henkin Y, et al. Weight loss with a low carb, Mediterranean, or low fat diet. New Engl J Med. 2008;359:229–41.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Rallidis LS, Lekakis J, Kolomvotsou A, et al. Close adherence to a Mediterranean diet improves endothelial function in subjects with abdominal obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:263–8.PubMedCrossRef Rallidis LS, Lekakis J, Kolomvotsou A, et al. Close adherence to a Mediterranean diet improves endothelial function in subjects with abdominal obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:263–8.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Volek JS, Ballard KD, Silvestre R, et al. Effects of dietary carbohydrate restriction vs low-fat diet on flow mediated dilatation. Metab Clin Exp. 2009;58:1769–77.PubMedCrossRef Volek JS, Ballard KD, Silvestre R, et al. Effects of dietary carbohydrate restriction vs low-fat diet on flow mediated dilatation. Metab Clin Exp. 2009;58:1769–77.PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference von Bibra H, Wulf G, Schumm-Draeger PM, et al. Cardiac function and insulin resistance improved by a low-glycemic/high-protein diet but not by low-fat diet in overweight type 2 diabetes patients abstract. Diabetes. 2010;59 suppl 1:A124. von Bibra H, Wulf G, Schumm-Draeger PM, et al. Cardiac function and insulin resistance improved by a low-glycemic/high-protein diet but not by low-fat diet in overweight type 2 diabetes patients abstract. Diabetes. 2010;59 suppl 1:A124.
71.
go back to reference Hammer S, Snel M, Lamb HJ, et al. Prolonged caloric restriction in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus decreases myocardial triglyceride content and improves myocardial function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1006–12.PubMedCrossRef Hammer S, Snel M, Lamb HJ, et al. Prolonged caloric restriction in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus decreases myocardial triglyceride content and improves myocardial function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1006–12.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Rider OJ, Francis JM, Ali MK, et al. Beneficial cardiovascular effects of bariatric surgical and dietary weight loss in obesity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:718–26.PubMedCrossRef Rider OJ, Francis JM, Ali MK, et al. Beneficial cardiovascular effects of bariatric surgical and dietary weight loss in obesity. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:718–26.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Maruthur NM, Wang NY, Appel LJ. Lifestyle interventions reduce coronary heart disease risk—results from the PREMIER trial. Circulation. 2009;119:2026–31.PubMedCrossRef Maruthur NM, Wang NY, Appel LJ. Lifestyle interventions reduce coronary heart disease risk—results from the PREMIER trial. Circulation. 2009;119:2026–31.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA, et al. Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2345–51.PubMedCrossRef Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, McAlister FA, et al. Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2345–51.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854–65.CrossRef UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854–65.CrossRef
76.
go back to reference Anderson C, Sogaard P, Hoffmann S, et al. Metformin is associated with improved left ventricular diastolic function measured by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163:593–9.CrossRef Anderson C, Sogaard P, Hoffmann S, et al. Metformin is associated with improved left ventricular diastolic function measured by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163:593–9.CrossRef
77.
78.
go back to reference Eurich DT, McAlicster FA, Blackburn DF, et al. Benefits and harms of antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and heart failure: systematic review. BMJ. 2007;335:497–507.PubMedCrossRef Eurich DT, McAlicster FA, Blackburn DF, et al. Benefits and harms of antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and heart failure: systematic review. BMJ. 2007;335:497–507.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Nesto RW, Bell D, Bonow RO, et al. Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. October 7, 2003. Circulation. 2003;108:2941–8.PubMedCrossRef Nesto RW, Bell D, Bonow RO, et al. Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. October 7, 2003. Circulation. 2003;108:2941–8.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Guan Y, Hao C, Cha DR, et al. Thiazolidinediones expand body fluid volume through PPARgamma stimulation of EnaC-mediated renal salt absorption. Nat Med. 2005;11:861–6.PubMedCrossRef Guan Y, Hao C, Cha DR, et al. Thiazolidinediones expand body fluid volume through PPARgamma stimulation of EnaC-mediated renal salt absorption. Nat Med. 2005;11:861–6.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference van der Meer RW, Rijzewijk LJ, de Jong HW, et al. Pioglitazone improves cardiac function and alters myocardial substrate metabolism without affecting cardiac triglyceride accumulation and high-energy phosphate metabolism in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2009;119:2069–77.PubMedCrossRef van der Meer RW, Rijzewijk LJ, de Jong HW, et al. Pioglitazone improves cardiac function and alters myocardial substrate metabolism without affecting cardiac triglyceride accumulation and high-energy phosphate metabolism in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2009;119:2069–77.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Dargie HJ, Hildebrandt PR, Riegger GA, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the effects of rosiglitazone on echocardiographic function and cardiac status in type 2 diabetic patients with the New York Heart Association functional class I—II heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1696–704.PubMedCrossRef Dargie HJ, Hildebrandt PR, Riegger GA, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the effects of rosiglitazone on echocardiographic function and cardiac status in type 2 diabetic patients with the New York Heart Association functional class I—II heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1696–704.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Masoudi FA, Inzucchi SE, Wang Y, et al. Thiazolidinediones, metformin and outcomes in older patients with diabetes and heart failure: an observational study. Circulation. 2005;111:583–90.PubMedCrossRef Masoudi FA, Inzucchi SE, Wang Y, et al. Thiazolidinediones, metformin and outcomes in older patients with diabetes and heart failure: an observational study. Circulation. 2005;111:583–90.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Inzucchi SE, Masoudi FA, Wang Y, et al. Insulin-sensitizing antihyperglycemic drugs and mortality after acute myocardial infarction: insights from the National Health Care Project. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1680–9.PubMedCrossRef Inzucchi SE, Masoudi FA, Wang Y, et al. Insulin-sensitizing antihyperglycemic drugs and mortality after acute myocardial infarction: insights from the National Health Care Project. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1680–9.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Nystrom T, Gutniak MK, Zhang Q, et al. Effects of glucagon-like pepetide-1 on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with stable coronary artery disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;287:E1209–15.PubMedCrossRef Nystrom T, Gutniak MK, Zhang Q, et al. Effects of glucagon-like pepetide-1 on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes patients with stable coronary artery disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004;287:E1209–15.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Basu A, Charkoudian N, Schrage W, et al. Beneficial effects of GLP-1 on endothelial function in humans: dampening by glyburide but not by glimepiride. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;293:E1289–95.PubMedCrossRef Basu A, Charkoudian N, Schrage W, et al. Beneficial effects of GLP-1 on endothelial function in humans: dampening by glyburide but not by glimepiride. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;293:E1289–95.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, Sokos GG, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction after successful reperfusion. Circulation. 2004;109:962–5.PubMedCrossRef Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, Sokos GG, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction after successful reperfusion. Circulation. 2004;109:962–5.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Sokos GG, Bolukoglu H, German J, et al. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on glycemic control and left ventricular function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:824–9.PubMedCrossRef Sokos GG, Bolukoglu H, German J, et al. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on glycemic control and left ventricular function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100:824–9.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Sokos GG, Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion improves left ventricular ejection fraction and functional status in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2006;12:694–9.PubMedCrossRef Sokos GG, Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion improves left ventricular ejection fraction and functional status in patients with chronic heart failure. J Card Fail. 2006;12:694–9.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Bunck MC, Cornér A, Eliasson B, et al. One year treatment with exenatide vs insulin glargine: effects on postprandial glycemia, lipid profiles and oxidative stress. Atherosclerosis. 2010;212:223–9.PubMedCrossRef Bunck MC, Cornér A, Eliasson B, et al. One year treatment with exenatide vs insulin glargine: effects on postprandial glycemia, lipid profiles and oxidative stress. Atherosclerosis. 2010;212:223–9.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Schwartz EA, Koska J, Mullin MP, et al. Exenatide suppresses postprandial elevations in lipids and lipoproteins in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and recent onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2010;212:217–22.PubMedCrossRef Schwartz EA, Koska J, Mullin MP, et al. Exenatide suppresses postprandial elevations in lipids and lipoproteins in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and recent onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis. 2010;212:217–22.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Koska J, Schwartz E, Mullin MP, et al. Improvement of postprandial endothelial function after a single dose of exenatide in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and recent-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1028–30.PubMedCrossRef Koska J, Schwartz E, Mullin MP, et al. Improvement of postprandial endothelial function after a single dose of exenatide in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and recent-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1028–30.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Read PA, Khan FZ, Heck PM, et al. DPP-4 inhibition by sitagliptin improves the myocardial response to dobutamine stress and mitigates stunning in a pilot study of patients with CAD. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:195–201.PubMedCrossRef Read PA, Khan FZ, Heck PM, et al. DPP-4 inhibition by sitagliptin improves the myocardial response to dobutamine stress and mitigates stunning in a pilot study of patients with CAD. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:195–201.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference •• De Caterina R, Madonna R, Sourij H, et al. Glycemic control in acute coronary syndromes: prognostic value and therapeutic options. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1557–64. This review discusses the large amount of pharmaceutical studies that attempted to improve patient’s outcome via normalization of hyperglycemia and resulted in inconclusive findings. PubMedCrossRef •• De Caterina R, Madonna R, Sourij H, et al. Glycemic control in acute coronary syndromes: prognostic value and therapeutic options. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1557–64. This review discusses the large amount of pharmaceutical studies that attempted to improve patient’s outcome via normalization of hyperglycemia and resulted in inconclusive findings. PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Deedwania P, Kosiborod M, Barrett E, et al. Hyperglycemia and acute coronary syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Diabetes committee of the Council of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism. Circulation. 2008;117:1610–9.PubMedCrossRef Deedwania P, Kosiborod M, Barrett E, et al. Hyperglycemia and acute coronary syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Diabetes committee of the Council of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Metabolism. Circulation. 2008;117:1610–9.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Van de Werf F, Bax J, Betrui A, et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: the Task Force on the Management of ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2909–45.PubMedCrossRef Van de Werf F, Bax J, Betrui A, et al. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with persistent ST-segment elevation: the Task Force on the Management of ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:2909–45.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Hochmann JS, Lamas GA, Buller CE, et al. Coronary intervention for persistent occlusion after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2395–407.CrossRef Hochmann JS, Lamas GA, Buller CE, et al. Coronary intervention for persistent occlusion after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2395–407.CrossRef
98.
go back to reference Appleton DL, Abbate A, Biondi-Zoccai GG, et al. Late percutaneous coronary intervention for the totally occluded infarct-related artery: a meta-analysis of the effects of cardiac function and remodeling. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;71:772–81.PubMedCrossRef Appleton DL, Abbate A, Biondi-Zoccai GG, et al. Late percutaneous coronary intervention for the totally occluded infarct-related artery: a meta-analysis of the effects of cardiac function and remodeling. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;71:772–81.PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Funaro S, La Torre G, Madonna M, et al. Incidence, determinants and prognostic value of reverse left ventricular remodelling after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the Acute Myocardial Infarction Contrast Imaging (AMICI) multicenter study. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:566–75.PubMedCrossRef Funaro S, La Torre G, Madonna M, et al. Incidence, determinants and prognostic value of reverse left ventricular remodelling after primary percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the Acute Myocardial Infarction Contrast Imaging (AMICI) multicenter study. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:566–75.PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Iwakura K, Ito H, Ikushima M, et al. Association between hyperglycemia and the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1–7.PubMedCrossRef Iwakura K, Ito H, Ikushima M, et al. Association between hyperglycemia and the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41:1–7.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Impact of Diabetes on Postinfarction Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Remodeling
Authors
Helene von Bibra
Martin St John Sutton
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Heart Failure Reports / Issue 4/2011
Print ISSN: 1546-9530
Electronic ISSN: 1546-9549
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-011-0070-8