Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Internal and Emergency Medicine
Published in: Internal and Emergency Medicine 1/2009

01-02-2009 | IM - Review

Adipose tissue-mediated inflammation: the missing link between obesity and cardiovascular disease?

Authors: Paolo Calabrò, Enrica Golia, Valeria Maddaloni, Marco Malvezzi, Beniamino Casillo, Carla Marotta, Raffaele Calabrò, Paolo Golino

Published in: Internal and Emergency Medicine | Issue 1/2009

Login to get access

Abstract

Until relatively recently, the role of adipose tissue in the development of obesity and its consequences was considered to be a passive one. Mounting evidence highlights the role of adipose tissue in the development of a systemic inflammatory state that contributes to obesity-associated vasculopathy and cardiovascular risk. It is now clear that, in addition to storing calories as triglycerides, adipocytes secrete a large variety of cytokines, chemokines and hormone-like factors, such as leptin, resistin, and acute-phase proteins. In addition, insulin resistance, both in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects, is frequently associated with obesity, particularly with an excess of intraabdominal fat. This production of pro-atherogenic substances is of particular interest since an increase in the plasma levels of these mediators may provide a novel mechanistic link between obesity and its vascular complications.
Literature
1.
Eckel RH, Krauss RM (1998) American Heart Association call to action: obesity as a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. AHA Nutrition Committee. Circulation 97:2099–2100PubMed
2.
Grundy SM (2002) Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 105:2696–2698PubMed
3.
Sowers JR (2003) Obesity as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Med 115(Suppl 8A):37S–41SPubMed
4.
Sharma AM (2002) Adipose tissue: a mediator of cardiovascular risk. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26(Suppl 4):S5–S7PubMed
5.
Engeli S, Sharma AM (2000) Role of adipose tissue for cardiovascular-renal regulation in health and disease. Horm Metab Res 32:485–499PubMed
6.
Guerre-Millo M (2004) Adipose tissue and adipokines: for better or worse. Diabetes Metab 30:13–19PubMed
7.
Poirier P, Eckel RH (2002) Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 4:448–453PubMed
8.
Peelman F, Waelput W, Iserentant H, Lavens D, Eyckerman S, Zabeau L, Tavernier J (2004) Leptin: linking adipocyte metabolism with cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Prog Lipid Res 43:283–301PubMed
9.
Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Okamoto Y, Hotta K, Nishida M, Takahashi M, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y (1999) Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation 100:2473–2476PubMed
10.
Shuldiner AR, Yang R, Gong DW (2001) Resistin, obesity and insulin resistance—the emerging role of the adipocyte as an endocrine organ. N Engl J Med 345:1345–1346PubMed
11.
Bullo-Bonet M, Garcia-Lorda P, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Argiles JM, Salas-Salvado J (1999) Tumour necrosis factor, a key role in obesity? FEBS Lett 451:215–219PubMed
12.
Yudkin JS, Kumari M, Humphries SE, Mohamed-Ali V (2000) Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link? Atherosclerosis 148:209–214PubMed
13.
Engstrom G, Stavenow L, Hedblad B, Lind P, Eriksson KF, Janzon L, Lindgarde F (2003) Inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins, diabetes, and mortality and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a population-based study. Diabetes 52:442–447PubMed
14.
Festa A, D’Agostino R Jr, Williams K, Karter AJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Tracy RP, Haffner SM (2001) The relation of body fat mass and distribution to markers of chronic inflammation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:1407–1415PubMed
15.
Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW (1999) C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:972–978PubMed
16.
Bullo M, Garcia-Lorda P, Megias I, Salas-Salvado J (2003) Systemic inflammation, adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor, and leptin expression. Obes Res 11:525–531PubMed
17.
Das UN (2001) Is obesity an inflammatory condition? Nutrition 17:953–966PubMed
18.
Hotamisligil GS (2003) Inflammatory pathways and insulin action. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27(Suppl 3):S53–S55PubMed
19.
Yudkin JS (2003) Adipose tissue, insulin action and vascular disease: inflammatory signals. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27(Suppl 3):S25–S28PubMed
20.
Calabro P, Willerson JT, Yeh ET (2003) Inflammatory cytokines stimulated C-reactive protein production by human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Circulation 108:1930–1932PubMed
21.
Calabro P, Chang DW, Willerson JT, Yeh ET (2005) Release of C-reactive protein in response to inflammatory cytokines by human adipocytes: linking obesity to vascular inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:1112–1113PubMed
22.
Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW Jr (2003) Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112:1796–1808PubMed
23.
Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia LA, Chen H (2003) Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 112:1821–1830PubMed
24.
Calabro P, Chang DW, Willerson JT, Yeh ET (2005) Production of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A in response to inflammatory cytokines by human adipocytes. Eur H Journal 26:334–335
25.
Cousin B, Munoz O, Andre M, Fontanilles AM, Dani C, Cousin JL, Laharrague P, Casteilla L, Penicaud L (1999) A role for preadipocytes as macrophage-like cells. FASEB J 13:305–312PubMed
26.
Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Maeda K, Miyagawa J, Hotta K, Shimomura I, Nakamura T, Miyaoka K, Kuriyama H, Nishida M, Yamashita S, Okubo K, Matsubara K, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y (1999) Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257:79–83PubMed
27.
Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y, Takahashi M, Matsuda M, Okamoto Y, Iwahashi H, Kuriyama H, Ouchi N, Maeda K, Nishida M, Kihara S, Sakai N, Nakajima T, Hasegawa K, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Hanafusa T, Matsuzawa Y (2000) Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1595–1599PubMed
28.
Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Okamoto Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Hotta K, Nishida M, Takahashi M, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Nakamura T, Yamashita S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y (2000) Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation 102:1296–1301PubMed
29.
Trayhurn P, Wood IS (2004) Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue. Br J Nutr 92:347–355PubMed
30.
Karpe F, Fielding BA, Ilic V, Macdonald IA, Summers LK, Frayn KN (2002) Impaired postprandial adipose tissue blood flow response is related to aspects of insulin sensitivity. Diabetes 51:2467–2473PubMed
31.
Ahima RS, Flier JS (2000) Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Trends Endocrinol Metab 11:327–332PubMed
32.
Samad F, Loskutoff DJ (1996) Tissue distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in obese mice. Mol Med 2:568–582PubMed
33.
Samad F, Yamamoto K, Pandey M, Loskutoff DJ (1997) Elevated expression of transforming growth factor-beta in adipose tissue from obese mice. Mol Med 3:37–48PubMed
34.
Zhang B, Graziano MP, Doebber TW, Leibowitz MD, White-Carrington S, Szalkowski DM, Hey PJ, Wu M, Cullinan CA, Bailey P, Lollmann B, Frederich R, Flier JS, Strader CD, Smith RG (1996) Down-regulation of the expression of the obese gene by an antidiabetic thiazolidinedione in Zucker diabetic fatty rats and db/db mice. J Biol Chem 271:9455–9459PubMed
35.
Eriksson P, Van Harmelen V, Hoffstedt J, Lundquist P, Vidal H, Stemme V, Hamsten A, Arner P, Reynisdottir S (2000) Regional variation in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in adipose tissue from obese individuals. Thromb Haemost 83:545–548PubMed
36.
Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS (1998) Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:847–850PubMed
37.
Giacchetti G, Faloia E, Mariniello B, Sardu C, Gatti C, Camilloni MA, Guerrieri M, Mantero F (2002) Overexpression of the renin-angiotensin system in human visceral adipose tissue in normal and overweight subjects. Am J Hypertens 15:381–388PubMed
38.
Dandona P, Weinstock R, Thusu K, Abdel-Rahman E, Aljada A, Wadden T (1998) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in sera of obese patients: fall with weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2907–2910PubMed
39.
Itoh K, Imai K, Masuda T, Abe S, Tanaka M, Koga R, Itoh H, Matsuyama T, Nakamura M (2002) Relationship between changes in serum leptin levels and blood pressure after weight loss. Hypertens Res 25:881–886PubMed
40.
Ziccardi P, Nappo F, Giugliano G, Esposito K, Marfella R, Cioffi M, D’Andrea F, Molinari AM, Giugliano D (2002) Reduction of inflammatory cytokine concentrations and improvement of endothelial functions in obese women after weight loss over one year. Circulation 105:804–809PubMed
41.
Sartipy P, Loskutoff DJ (2003) Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in obesity and insulin resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:7265–7270PubMed
42.
De Pergola G, Pannacciulli N (2002) Coagulation and fibrinolysis abnormalities in obesity. J Endocrinol Invest 25:899–904PubMed
43.
Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM (1993) Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259:87–91PubMed
44.
Perreault M, Marette A (2001) Targeted disruption of inducible nitric oxide synthase protects against obesity-linked insulin resistance in muscle. Nat Med 7:1138–1143PubMed
45.
Samad F, Pandey M, Loskutoff DJ (1998) Tissue factor gene expression in the adipose tissues of obese mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:7591–7596PubMed
46.
Vgontzas AN, Papanicolaou DA, Bixler EO, Kales A, Tyson K, Chrousos GP (1997) Elevation of plasma cytokines in disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness: role of sleep disturbance and obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1313–1316PubMed
47.
Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris TB (1999) Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA 282:2131–2135PubMed
48.
Weyer C, Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Schalkwijk CG, Pratley RE, Tataranni PA (2002) Humoral markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in relation to adiposity and in vivo insulin action in Pima Indians. Atherosclerosis 161:233–242PubMed
49.
Cinti S, Mitchell G, Barbatelli G, Murano I, Ceresi E, Faloia E, Wang S, Fortier M, Greenberg AS, Obin MS (2005) Adipocyte death defines macrophage localization and function in adipose tissue of obese mice and humans. J Lipid Res 46:2347–2355PubMed
50.
Hotamisligil GS, Spiegelman BM (1994) Tumor necrosis factor alpha: a key component of the obesity-diabetes link. Diabetes 43:1271–1278PubMed
51.
Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G (2001) Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 280:E745–E751PubMed
52.
Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM, Yudkin JS, Klein S, Coppack SW (1997) Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:4196–4200PubMed
53.
Van Hall G, Steensberg A, Sacchetti M, Fischer C, Keller C, Schjerling P, Hiscock N, Moller K, Saltin B, Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK (2003) Interleukin-6 stimulates lipolysis and fat oxidation in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3005–3010PubMed
54.
Klover PJ, Zimmers TA, Koniaris LG, Mooney RA (2003) Chronic exposure to interleukin-6 causes hepatic insulin resistance in mice. Diabetes 52:2784–2789PubMed
55.
Pradhan AD, Manson JE, Rifai N, Buring JE, Ridker PM (2001) C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 286:327–334PubMed
56.
Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH (2000) Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation 101:1767–1772PubMed
57.
Halaas JL, Gajiwala KS, Maffei M, Cohen SL, Chait BT, Rabinowitz D, Lallone RL, Burley SK, Friedman JM (1995) Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science 269:543–546PubMed
58.
Lee GH, Proenca R, Montez JM, Carroll KM, Darvishzadeh JG, Lee JI, Friedman JM (1996) Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 379:632–635PubMed
59.
Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, Pratley RE, Lee GH, Zhang Y, Fei H, Kim S, Lallone R, Ranganathan S et al (1995) Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med 1:1155–1161PubMed
60.
Pelleymounter MA, Cullen MJ, Baker MB, Hecht R, Winters D, Boone T, Collins F (1995) Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. Science 269:540–543PubMed
61.
Chua SC Jr, Chung WK, Wu-Peng XS, Zhang Y, Liu SM, Tartaglia L, Leibel RL (1996) Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor. Science 271:994–996PubMed
62.
Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, Cabrol S, Pelloux V, Cassuto D, Gourmelen M, Dina C, Chambaz J, Lacorte JM, Basdevant A, Bougneres P, Lebouc Y, Froguel P, Guy-Grand B (1998) A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 392:398–401PubMed
63.
Farooqi IS, Keogh JM, Kamath S, Jones S, Gibson WT, Trussell R, Jebb SA, Lip GY, O’Rahilly S (2001) Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity. Nature 414:34–35PubMed
64.
Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, Soos MA, Rau H, Wareham NJ, Sewter CP, Digby JE, Mohammed SN, Hurst JA, Cheetham CH, Earley AR, Barnett AH, Prins JB, O’Rahilly S (1997) Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 387:903–908PubMed
65.
Farooqi IS, Jebb SA, Langmack G, Lawrence E, Cheetham CH, Prentice AM, Hughes IA, McCamish MA, O’Rahilly S (1999) Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency. N Engl J Med 341:879–884PubMed
66.
Farooqi IS, Matarese G, Lord GM, Keogh JM, Lawrence E, Agwu C, Sanna V, Jebb SA, Perna F, Fontana S, Lechler RI, DePaoli AM, O’Rahilly S (2002) Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J Clin Invest 110:1093–1103PubMed
67.
Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Marco CC, McKee LJ, Bauer TL et al (1996) Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 334:292–295PubMed
68.
Luo JD, Zhang GS, Chen MS (2005) Leptin and cardiovascular diseases. Timely Top Med Cardiovasc Dis 9:E34PubMed
69.
Oral EA, Simha V, Ruiz E, Andewelt A, Premkumar A, Snell P, Wagner AJ, DePaoli AM, Reitman ML, Taylor SI, Gorden P, Garg A (2002) Leptin-replacement therapy for lipodystrophy. N Engl J Med 346:570–578PubMed
70.
Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, Patel HR, Ahima RS, Lazar MA (2001) The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 409:307–312PubMed
71.
McTernan CL, McTernan PG, Harte AL, Levick PL, Barnett AH, Kumar S (2002) Resistin, central obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Lancet 359:46–47PubMed
72.
Degawa-Yamauchi M, Bovenkerk JE, Juliar BE, Watson W, Kerr K, Jones R, Zhu Q, Considine RV (2003) Serum resistin (FIZZ3) protein is increased in obese humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5452–5455PubMed
73.
Muse ED, Obici S, Bhanot S, Monia BP, McKay RA, Rajala MW, Scherer PE, Rossetti L (2004) Role of resistin in diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 114:232–239PubMed
74.
Rajala MW, Obici S, Scherer PE, Rossetti L (2003) Adipose-derived resistin and gut-derived resistin-like molecule-beta selectively impair insulin action on glucose production. J Clin Invest 111:225–230PubMed
75.
Banerjee RR, Rangwala SM, Shapiro JS, Rich AS, Rhoades B, Qi Y, Wang J, Rajala MW, Pocai A, Scherer PE, Steppan CM, Ahima RS, Obici S, Rossetti L, Lazar MA (2004) Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin. Science 303:1195–1198PubMed
76.
Kim KH, Lee K, Moon YS, Sul HS (2001) A cysteine-rich adipose tissue-specific secretory factor inhibits adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 276:11252–11256PubMed
77.
Patel L, Buckels AC, Kinghorn IJ, Murdock PR, Holbrook JD, Plumpton C, Macphee CH, Smith SA (2003) Resistin is expressed in human macrophages and directly regulated by PPAR gamma activators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 300:472–476PubMed
78.
Savage DB, Sewter CP, Klenk ES, Segal DG, Vidal-Puig A, Considine RV, O’Rahilly S (2001) Resistin/Fizz3 expression in relation to obesity and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma action in humans. Diabetes 50:2199–2202PubMed
79.
Yang RZ, Huang Q, Xu A, McLenithan JC, Eisen JA, Shuldiner AR, Alkan S, Gong DW (2003) Comparative studies of resistin expression and phylogenomics in human and mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 310:927–935PubMed
80.
Verma S, Li SH, Wang CH, Fedak PW, Li RK, Weisel RD, Mickle DA (2003) Resistin promotes endothelial cell activation: further evidence of adipokine-endothelial interaction. Circulation 108:736–740PubMed
81.
Calabro P, Samudio I, Willerson JT, Yeh ET (2004) Resistin promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways. Circulation 110:3335–3340PubMed
82.
Utzschneider KM, Carr DB, Tong J, Wallace TM, Hull RL, Zraika S, Xiao Q, Mistry JS, Retzlaff BM, Knopp RH, Kahn SE (2005) Resistin is not associated with insulin sensitivity or the metabolic syndrome in humans. Diabetologia 48:2330–2333PubMed
83.
Lee JH, Bullen JW Jr, Stoyneva VL, Mantzoros CS (2005) Circulating resistin in lean, obese, and insulin-resistant mouse models: lack of association with insulinemia and glycemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 288:E625–E632PubMed
84.
Schaffler A, Buchler C, Muller-Ladner U, Herfarth H, Ehling A, Paul G, Scholmerich J, Zietz B (2004) Identification of variables influencing resistin serum levels in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Horm Metab Res 36:702–707PubMed
85.
Vendrell J, Broch M, Vilarrasa N, Molina A, Gomez JM, Gutierrez C, Simon I, Soler J, Richart C (2004) Resistin, adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines: relationships in obesity. Obes Res 12:962–971PubMed
86.
Azuma K, Katsukawa F, Oguchi S, Murata M, Yamazaki H, Shimada A, Saruta T (2003) Correlation between serum resistin level and adiposity in obese individuals. Obes Res 11:997–1001PubMed
87.
Yannakoulia M, Yiannakouris N, Bluher S, Matalas AL, Klimis-Zacas D, Mantzoros CS (2003) Body fat mass and macronutrient intake in relation to circulating soluble leptin receptor, free leptin index, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations in healthy humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1730–1736PubMed
88.
McTernan PG, Fisher FM, Valsamakis G, Chetty R, Harte A, McTernan CL, Clark PM, Smith SA, Barnett AH, Kumar S (2003) Resistin and type 2 diabetes: regulation of resistin expression by insulin and rosiglitazone and the effects of recombinant resistin on lipid and glucose metabolism in human differentiated adipocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:6098–6106PubMed
89.
Zhang J, Qin Y, Zheng X, Qiu J, Gong L, Mao H, Jia W, Guo J (2002) The relationship between human serum resistin level and body fat content, plasma glucose as well as blood pressure. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 82:1609–1612PubMed
90.
McTernan PG, McTernan CL, Chetty R, Jenner K, Fisher FM, Lauer MN, Crocker J, Barnett AH, Kumar S (2002) Increased resistin gene and protein expression in human abdominal adipose tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2407PubMed
91.
Valsamakis G, McTernan PG, Chetty R, Al Daghri N, Field A, Hanif W, Barnett AH, Kumar S (2004) Modest weight loss and reduction in waist circumference after medical treatment are associated with favorable changes in serum adipocytokines. Metabolism 53:430–434PubMed
92.
Ridker PM, Koenig W, Fuster V (2004) C-reactive protein and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 351:295–298 author reply 295–298PubMed
93.
Esposito K, Pontillo A, Di Palo C, Giugliano G, Masella M, Marfella R, Giugliano D (2003) Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: a randomized trial. JAMA 289:1799–1804PubMed
94.
Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, Di Palo C, Giugliano F, Giugliano G, D’Armiento M, D’Andrea F, Giugliano D (2004) Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA 292:1440–1446PubMed
95.
Obisesan TO, Leeuwenburgh C, Phillips T, Ferrell RE, Phares DA, Prior SJ, Hagberg JM (2004) C-reactive protein genotypes affect baseline, but not exercise training-induced changes, in C-reactive protein levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1874–1879PubMed
96.
Okita K, Nishijima H, Murakami T, Nagai T, Morita N, Yonezawa K, Iizuka K, Kawaguchi H, Kitabatake A (2004) Can exercise training with weight loss lower serum C-reactive protein levels? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1868–1873PubMed
97.
Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Nakamura T, Nishida M, Kumada M, Okamoto Y, Ohashi K, Nagaretani H, Kishida K, Nishizawa H, Maeda N, Kobayashi H, Hiraoka H, Matsuzawa Y (2003) Reciprocal association of C-reactive protein with adiponectin in blood stream and adipose tissue. Circulation 107:671–674PubMed
98.
Erren M, Reinecke H, Junker R, Fobker M, Schulte H, Schurek JO, Kropf J, Kerber S, Breithardt G, Assmann G, Cullen P (1999) Systemic inflammatory parameters in patients with atherosclerosis of the coronary and peripheral arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:2355–2363PubMed
99.
Fyfe AI, Rothenberg LS, DeBeer FC, Cantor RM, Rotter JI, Lusis AJ (1997) Association between serum amyloid A proteins and coronary artery disease: evidence from two distinct arteriosclerotic processes. Circulation 96:2914–2919PubMed
100.
Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N (2000) C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med 342:836–843PubMed
101.
Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks FM, Moye LA, Goldman S, Flaker GC, Braunwald E (1998) Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Circulation 98:839–844PubMed
Metadata
Title
Adipose tissue-mediated inflammation: the missing link between obesity and cardiovascular disease?
Authors
Paolo Calabrò
Enrica Golia
Valeria Maddaloni
Marco Malvezzi
Beniamino Casillo
Carla Marotta
Raffaele Calabrò
Paolo Golino
Publication date
01-02-2009
Publisher
Springer Milan
Published in
Internal and Emergency Medicine / Issue 1/2009
Print ISSN: 1828-0447
Electronic ISSN: 1970-9366
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-008-0207-2

Other articles of this Issue 1/2009

Internal and Emergency Medicine 1/2009 Go to the issue

CE - Letter to the Editor

Egg white injury

CE - Letter to the Editor

Budd-Chiari syndrome in a paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patient with previous cerebral venous thrombosis

CE - Letter to the Editor

Older adults use the emergency department appropriately

CE - Letter to the Editor

Abdominal apoplexy secondary to spontaneous rupture of the right gastric artery in a coagulopathic patient

EM - Original

Evaluation of end-tidal carbon dioxide role in predicting elevated SOFA scores and lactic acidosis

CE - Letter to the Editor

Ventricular septal defect after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Watch now

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits