Published in:
01-08-2016 | Original Research
Financial Incentives and Diabetes Disease Control in Employees: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis
Published in: Journal of General Internal Medicine | Issue 8/2016
Login to get accessABSTRACT
Background
Many employers offer worksite wellness programs, including financial incentives to achieve goals. Evidence supporting such programs is sparse.
Objective
To assess whether diabetes and cardiovascular risk factor control in employees improved with financial incentives for participation in disease management and for attaining goals.
Design
Retrospective cohort study using insurance claims linked with electronic medical record data from January 2008–December 2012.
Participants
Employee patients with diabetes covered by the organization’s self-funded insurance and propensity-matched non-employee patient comparison group with diabetes and commercial insurance.
Intervention
Financial incentives for employer-sponsored disease management program participation and achieving goals.
Main Measures
Change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and weight.
Results
A total of 1092 employees with diabetes were matched to non-employee patients. With increasing incentives, employee program participation increased (7 % in 2009 to 50 % in 2012, p < 0.001). Longitudinal mixed modeling demonstrated improved diabetes and cardiovascular risk factor control in employees vs. non-employees [HbA1c yearly change −0.05 employees vs. 0.00 non-employees, difference in change (DIC) p <0.001]. In their first participation year, employees had larger declines in HbA1c and weight vs. non-employees (0.33 vs. 0.14, DIC p = 0.04) and (2.3 kg vs. 0.1 kg, DIC p < 0.001), respectively. Analysis of employee cohorts corresponding with incentive offerings showed that fixed incentives (years 1 and 2) or incentives tied to goals (years 3 and 4) were not significantly associated with HbA1c reductions compared to non-employees. For each employee cohort offered incentives, SBP and LDL also did not significantly differ in employees compared with non-employees (DIC p > 0.05).
Conclusions
Financial incentives were associated with employee participation in disease management and improved cardiovascular risk factors over 5 years. Improvements occurred primarily in the first year of participation. The relative impact of specific incentives could not be discerned.