Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Targeted Oncology 4/2017

01-08-2017 | Review Article

Biomarkers for the Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: We Are Not There Yet

Authors: Daniel P. Petrylak, E. David Crawford

Published in: Targeted Oncology | Issue 4/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of approved therapies that increase survival of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Current treatment guidelines provide therapeutic management recommendations, but these are primarily based on clinical factors such as performance status or site of metastasis (bone vs. visceral), and not on underlying molecular or cellular features of disease that may predict response. The ability to tailor treatment based on molecular or cellular features of disease could potentially reduce the occurrence of unnecessary side effects and ineffective treatments, and thereby reduce both direct and indirect medical costs. As such, it is important to identify and validate new prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers that can be used to direct cancer treatment. This review will focus on existing and potential biomarkers in the context of castration-resistant prostate cancer management and discuss the need for continued discovery and validation of new biomarkers and biomarker panels for prostate cancer.
Literature
4.
5.
go back to reference Zhang T, Dhawan MS, Healy P, et al. Exploring the clinical benefit of docetaxel or enzalutamide after disease progression during abiraterone acetate and prednisone treatment in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2015;13:392–9. doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2015.01.004. Zhang T, Dhawan MS, Healy P, et al. Exploring the clinical benefit of docetaxel or enzalutamide after disease progression during abiraterone acetate and prednisone treatment in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2015;13:392–9. doi:10.​1016/​j.​clgc.​2015.​01.​004.
7.
go back to reference Cheng HH, Gulati R, Azad A, et al. Activity of enzalutamide in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is affected by prior treatment with abiraterone and/or docetaxel. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2015;18:122–7. doi:10.1038/pcan.2014.53. Cheng HH, Gulati R, Azad A, et al. Activity of enzalutamide in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is affected by prior treatment with abiraterone and/or docetaxel. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2015;18:122–7. doi:10.​1038/​pcan.​2014.​53.
8.
13.
go back to reference Cornford P, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, et al. EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II: treatment of relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;71:630–42. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.002. Cornford P, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, et al. EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II: treatment of relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;71:630–42. doi:10.​1016/​j.​eururo.​2016.​08.​002.
14.
go back to reference Markowski MC, Frick KD, Eshleman JR, Luo J, Antonarakis ES. Cost-savings analysis of AR-V7 testing in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer eligible for treatment with abiraterone or enzalutamide. Prostate. 2016;76:1484–90. doi:10.1002/pros.23232. Markowski MC, Frick KD, Eshleman JR, Luo J, Antonarakis ES. Cost-savings analysis of AR-V7 testing in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer eligible for treatment with abiraterone or enzalutamide. Prostate. 2016;76:1484–90. doi:10.​1002/​pros.​23232.
16.
go back to reference Prentice RL. Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: definition and operational criteria. Stat Med. 1989;8:431–40.CrossRefPubMed Prentice RL. Surrogate endpoints in clinical trials: definition and operational criteria. Stat Med. 1989;8:431–40.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Nadji M, Tabei SZ, Castro A, et al. Prostatic-specific antigen: an immunohistologic marker for prostatic neoplasms. Cancer. 1981;48:1229–32.CrossRefPubMed Nadji M, Tabei SZ, Castro A, et al. Prostatic-specific antigen: an immunohistologic marker for prostatic neoplasms. Cancer. 1981;48:1229–32.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Ablin RJ, Pfeiffer L, Gonder MJ, Soanes WA. Precipitating antibody in the sera of patients treated cryosurgically for carcinoma of the prostate. Exp Med Surg. 1969;27:406–10.PubMed Ablin RJ, Pfeiffer L, Gonder MJ, Soanes WA. Precipitating antibody in the sera of patients treated cryosurgically for carcinoma of the prostate. Exp Med Surg. 1969;27:406–10.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Crawford ED, Bennett CL, Andriole GL, Garnick MB, Petrylak DP. The utility of prostate-specific antigen in the management of advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2013; doi:10.1111/bju.12061. Crawford ED, Bennett CL, Andriole GL, Garnick MB, Petrylak DP. The utility of prostate-specific antigen in the management of advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2013; doi:10.​1111/​bju.​12061.
28.
go back to reference Mizokami A, Izumi K, Konaka H, et al. Understanding prostate-specific antigen dynamics in monitoring metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: implications for clinical practice. Asian J Androl. 2017;19:143–8. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.179159.CrossRefPubMed Mizokami A, Izumi K, Konaka H, et al. Understanding prostate-specific antigen dynamics in monitoring metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: implications for clinical practice. Asian J Androl. 2017;19:143–8. doi:10.​4103/​1008-682X.​179159.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1513–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041318.CrossRefPubMed Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1513–20. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa041318.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, et al. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet. 2010;376:1147–54. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61389-X.CrossRefPubMed de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, et al. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet. 2010;376:1147–54. doi:10.​1016/​S0140-6736(10)61389-X.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Armstrong AJ, Saad F, Phung, et al. Clinical outcomes and survival surrogacy studies of prostate-specific antigen declines following enzalutamide in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer previously treated with docetaxel. Cancer. 2017;123:2303–11. doi:10.1002/cncr.30587. Armstrong AJ, Saad F, Phung, et al. Clinical outcomes and survival surrogacy studies of prostate-specific antigen declines following enzalutamide in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer previously treated with docetaxel. Cancer. 2017;123:2303–11. doi:10.​1002/​cncr.​30587.
38.
40.
go back to reference Xu XS, Ryan CJ, Stuyckens K, et al. Correlation between prostate-specific antigen kinetics and overall survival in abiraterone acetate-treated castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:3170–7. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1549. Xu XS, Ryan CJ, Stuyckens K, et al. Correlation between prostate-specific antigen kinetics and overall survival in abiraterone acetate-treated castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:3170–7. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-14-1549.
42.
43.
go back to reference Okegawa T, Itaya N, Hara H, Tambo M, Nutahara K. Circulating tumor cells as a biomarker predictive of sensitivity to docetaxel chemotherapy in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Anticancer Res. 2014;34:6705–10.PubMed Okegawa T, Itaya N, Hara H, Tambo M, Nutahara K. Circulating tumor cells as a biomarker predictive of sensitivity to docetaxel chemotherapy in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Anticancer Res. 2014;34:6705–10.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Scher HI, Heller G, Molina A, et al. Circulating tumor cell biomarker panel as an individual-level surrogate for survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:1348–55. doi:10.1200/JCO.2014.55.3487. Scher HI, Heller G, Molina A, et al. Circulating tumor cell biomarker panel as an individual-level surrogate for survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:1348–55. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2014.​55.​3487.
47.
go back to reference Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Luber B, et al. Clinical significance of androgen receptor splice variant-7 mRNA detection in circulating tumor cells of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with first- and second-line abiraterone and enzalutamide. J Clin Oncol. 2017:JCO2016701961. doi:10.1200/JCO.2016.70.1961. Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Luber B, et al. Clinical significance of androgen receptor splice variant-7 mRNA detection in circulating tumor cells of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with first- and second-line abiraterone and enzalutamide. J Clin Oncol. 2017:JCO2016701961. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2016.​70.​1961.
48.
go back to reference Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Luber B, et al. Androgen receptor splice variant 7 and efficacy of taxane chemotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1:582–91. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.1341. Antonarakis ES, Lu C, Luber B, et al. Androgen receptor splice variant 7 and efficacy of taxane chemotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1:582–91. doi:10.​1001/​jamaoncol.​2015.​1341.
49.
go back to reference Mateo J, Carreira S, Sandhu S, et al. DNA-repair defects and olaparib in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1697–708. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1506859. Mateo J, Carreira S, Sandhu S, et al. DNA-repair defects and olaparib in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:1697–708. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa1506859.
53.
go back to reference Attard G, de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, et al. Improvements in radiographic progression-free survival stratified by ERG Gene status in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:1621–7. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1961. Attard G, de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, et al. Improvements in radiographic progression-free survival stratified by ERG Gene status in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:1621–7. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-14-1961.
54.
go back to reference Ferraldeschi R, Nava Rodrigues D, Riisnaes R, et al. PTEN protein loss and clinical outcome from castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with abiraterone acetate. Eur Urol. 2015;67:795–802. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.027. Ferraldeschi R, Nava Rodrigues D, Riisnaes R, et al. PTEN protein loss and clinical outcome from castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with abiraterone acetate. Eur Urol. 2015;67:795–802. doi:10.​1016/​j.​eururo.​2014.​10.​027.
55.
go back to reference Domingo-Domenech J, Oliva C, Rovira A, et al. Interleukin 6, a nuclear factor-kappaβ target, predicts resistance to docetaxel in hormone-independent prostate cancer and nuclear factor-kappaβ inhibition by PS-1145 enhances docetaxel antitumor activity. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:5578–86. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2767. Domingo-Domenech J, Oliva C, Rovira A, et al. Interleukin 6, a nuclear factor-kappaβ target, predicts resistance to docetaxel in hormone-independent prostate cancer and nuclear factor-kappaβ inhibition by PS-1145 enhances docetaxel antitumor activity. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:5578–86. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-05-2767.
56.
go back to reference Conteduca V, Crabb SJ, Scarpi E, et al. Association between early PSA increase and clinical outcome in patients treated with enzalutamide for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Mol Diagn Ther. 2016;20:255–63. doi:10.1007/s40291-016-0196-1.CrossRefPubMed Conteduca V, Crabb SJ, Scarpi E, et al. Association between early PSA increase and clinical outcome in patients treated with enzalutamide for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. Mol Diagn Ther. 2016;20:255–63. doi:10.​1007/​s40291-016-0196-1.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Rescigno P, Lorente D, Bianchini D, et al. Prostate-specific antigen decline after 4 weeks of treatment with abiraterone acetate and overall survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2016;70:724–31. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.055. Rescigno P, Lorente D, Bianchini D, et al. Prostate-specific antigen decline after 4 weeks of treatment with abiraterone acetate and overall survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2016;70:724–31. doi:10.​1016/​j.​eururo.​2016.​02.​055.
59.
go back to reference Scher HI, Morris MJ, Stadler WM, et al. Trial design and objectives for castration-resistant prostate cancer: updated recommendations from the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 3. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:1402–18. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.64.2702. Scher HI, Morris MJ, Stadler WM, et al. Trial design and objectives for castration-resistant prostate cancer: updated recommendations from the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 3. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:1402–18. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2015.​64.​2702.
60.
go back to reference Bubley GJ, Carducci M, Dahut W, et al. Eligibility and response guidelines for phase II clinical trials in androgen-independent prostate cancer: recommendations from the Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:3461–7. Bubley GJ, Carducci M, Dahut W, et al. Eligibility and response guidelines for phase II clinical trials in androgen-independent prostate cancer: recommendations from the Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17:3461–7.
61.
go back to reference Scher HI, Halabi S, Tannock I, et al. Design and end points of clinical trials for patients with progressive prostate cancer and castrate levels of testosterone: recommendations of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1148–59. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.12.4487. Scher HI, Halabi S, Tannock I, et al. Design and end points of clinical trials for patients with progressive prostate cancer and castrate levels of testosterone: recommendations of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:1148–59. doi:10.​1200/​JCO.​2007.​12.​4487.
67.
go back to reference Thalgott M, Heck MM, Eiber M, et al. Circulating tumor cells versus objective response assessment predicting survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with docetaxel chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2015;141:1457–64. doi:10.1007/s00432-015-1936-z.CrossRefPubMed Thalgott M, Heck MM, Eiber M, et al. Circulating tumor cells versus objective response assessment predicting survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with docetaxel chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2015;141:1457–64. doi:10.​1007/​s00432-015-1936-z.CrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Todenhofer T, Hennenlotter J, Feyerabend S, et al. Preliminary experience on the use of the Adnatest® system for detection of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 2012;32:3507–13. Todenhofer T, Hennenlotter J, Feyerabend S, et al. Preliminary experience on the use of the Adnatest® system for detection of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 2012;32:3507–13.
70.
go back to reference Capoun O, Mikulova V, Jancikova M, et al. Prognosis of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients - use of the AdnaTest® system for detection of circulating tumor cells. Anticancer Res. 2016;36:2019–26.PubMed Capoun O, Mikulova V, Jancikova M, et al. Prognosis of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients - use of the AdnaTest® system for detection of circulating tumor cells. Anticancer Res. 2016;36:2019–26.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Danila DC, Samoila A, Patel C, et al. Clinical validity of detecting circulating tumor cells by AdnaTest assay compared with direct detection of tumor mRNA in stabilized whole blood, as a biomarker predicting overall survival for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Cancer J. 2016;22:315–20. doi:10.1097/PPO.0000000000000220.CrossRefPubMed Danila DC, Samoila A, Patel C, et al. Clinical validity of detecting circulating tumor cells by AdnaTest assay compared with direct detection of tumor mRNA in stabilized whole blood, as a biomarker predicting overall survival for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Cancer J. 2016;22:315–20. doi:10.​1097/​PPO.​0000000000000220​.CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Werner SL, Graf RP, Landers M, et al. Analytical validation and capabilities of the Epic CTC platform: enrichment-free circulating tumour cell detection and characterization. J Circ Biomarkers. 2015;4:3. doi:10.5772/60725. Werner SL, Graf RP, Landers M, et al. Analytical validation and capabilities of the Epic CTC platform: enrichment-free circulating tumour cell detection and characterization. J Circ Biomarkers. 2015;4:3. doi:10.​5772/​60725.
73.
go back to reference McDaniel AS, Ferraldeschi R, Krupa R, et al. Phenotypic diversity of circulating tumour cells in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2016; doi:10.1111/bju.13631. McDaniel AS, Ferraldeschi R, Krupa R, et al. Phenotypic diversity of circulating tumour cells in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2016; doi:10.​1111/​bju.​13631.
74.
go back to reference Lowes LE, Bratman SV, Dittamore R, et al. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) workshop 2016: scientific opportunities and logistics for cancer clinical trial incorporation. Int J Mol Sci. 2016:17. doi:10.3390/ijms17091505. Lowes LE, Bratman SV, Dittamore R, et al. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) workshop 2016: scientific opportunities and logistics for cancer clinical trial incorporation. Int J Mol Sci. 2016:17. doi:10.​3390/​ijms17091505.
76.
79.
go back to reference Cao B, Qi Y, Zhang G, et al. Androgen receptor splice variants activating the full-length receptor in mediating resistance to androgen-directed therapy. Oncotarget. 2014;5:1646–56.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cao B, Qi Y, Zhang G, et al. Androgen receptor splice variants activating the full-length receptor in mediating resistance to androgen-directed therapy. Oncotarget. 2014;5:1646–56.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
80.
go back to reference Bernemann C, Schnoeller TJ, Luedeke M, et al. Expression of AR-V7 in circulating tumour cells does not preclude response to next generation androgen deprivation therapy in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;71:1–3. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.07.021.CrossRefPubMed Bernemann C, Schnoeller TJ, Luedeke M, et al. Expression of AR-V7 in circulating tumour cells does not preclude response to next generation androgen deprivation therapy in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;71:1–3. doi:10.​1016/​j.​eururo.​2016.​07.​021.CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Scher HI, Graf RP, Schreiber NA, et al. Nuclear-specific AR-V7 protein localization is necessary to guide treatment selection in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;71:874–82. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.11.024. Scher HI, Graf RP, Schreiber NA, et al. Nuclear-specific AR-V7 protein localization is necessary to guide treatment selection in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2017;71:874–82. doi:10.​1016/​j.​eururo.​2016.​11.​024.
82.
go back to reference Grossmann ME, Huang H, Tindall DJ. Androgen receptor signaling in androgen-refractory prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:1687–97.CrossRefPubMed Grossmann ME, Huang H, Tindall DJ. Androgen receptor signaling in androgen-refractory prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:1687–97.CrossRefPubMed
84.
go back to reference Reyes EE, VanderWeele DJ, Isikbay M, et al. Quantitative characterization of androgen receptor protein expression and cellular localization in circulating tumor cells from patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Transl Med. 2014;12:313. doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0313-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Reyes EE, VanderWeele DJ, Isikbay M, et al. Quantitative characterization of androgen receptor protein expression and cellular localization in circulating tumor cells from patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Transl Med. 2014;12:313. doi:10.​1186/​s12967-014-0313-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
86.
go back to reference Azad AA, Volik SV, Wyatt AW, et al. Androgen receptor gene aberrations in circulating cell-free DNA: biomarkers of therapeutic resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:2315–24. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-2666. Azad AA, Volik SV, Wyatt AW, et al. Androgen receptor gene aberrations in circulating cell-free DNA: biomarkers of therapeutic resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21:2315–24. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-14-2666.
90.
go back to reference Pritchard CC, Mateo J, Walsh MF, et al. Inherited DNA-repair gene mutations in men with metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:443–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603144. Pritchard CC, Mateo J, Walsh MF, et al. Inherited DNA-repair gene mutations in men with metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:443–53. doi:10.​1056/​NEJMoa1603144.
98.
go back to reference Ahearn TU, Pettersson A, Ebot EM, et al. A prospective investigation of PTEN loss and ERG expression in lethal prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108 doi:10.1093/jnci/djv346. Ahearn TU, Pettersson A, Ebot EM, et al. A prospective investigation of PTEN loss and ERG expression in lethal prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108 doi:10.​1093/​jnci/​djv346.
99.
go back to reference Lin HK, Hu YC, Lee DK, Chang C. Regulation of androgen receptor signaling by PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) tumor suppressor through distinct mechanisms in prostate cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2004;18:2409–23. doi:10.1210/me.2004-0117.CrossRefPubMed Lin HK, Hu YC, Lee DK, Chang C. Regulation of androgen receptor signaling by PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) tumor suppressor through distinct mechanisms in prostate cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2004;18:2409–23. doi:10.​1210/​me.​2004-0117.CrossRefPubMed
101.
go back to reference Lotan TL, Wei W, Ludkovski O, et al. Analytic validation of a clinical-grade PTEN immunohistochemistry assay in prostate cancer by comparison with PTEN FISH. Mod Pathol. 2016;29:904–14. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2016.88. Lotan TL, Wei W, Ludkovski O, et al. Analytic validation of a clinical-grade PTEN immunohistochemistry assay in prostate cancer by comparison with PTEN FISH. Mod Pathol. 2016;29:904–14. doi:10.​1038/​modpathol.​2016.​88.
104.
go back to reference Nakashima J, Tachibana M, Horiguchi Y, et al. Serum interleukin 6 as a prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:2702–6.PubMed Nakashima J, Tachibana M, Horiguchi Y, et al. Serum interleukin 6 as a prognostic factor in patients with prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:2702–6.PubMed
105.
go back to reference Shariat SF, Andrews B, Kattan MW, Kim J, Wheeler TM, Slawin KM. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor are associated with prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Urology. 2001;58:1008–15.CrossRefPubMed Shariat SF, Andrews B, Kattan MW, Kim J, Wheeler TM, Slawin KM. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor are associated with prostate cancer progression and metastasis. Urology. 2001;58:1008–15.CrossRefPubMed
108.
109.
110.
go back to reference George DJ, Halabi S, Shepard TF, et al. The prognostic significance of plasma interleukin-6 levels in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer: results from cancer and leukemia group B 9480. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:1815–20. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1560.CrossRefPubMed George DJ, Halabi S, Shepard TF, et al. The prognostic significance of plasma interleukin-6 levels in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer: results from cancer and leukemia group B 9480. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:1815–20. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-04-1560.CrossRefPubMed
111.
go back to reference Ignatoski KM, Friedman J, Escara-Wilke J, et al. Change in markers of bone metabolism with chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer: interleukin-6 response is a potential early indicator of response to therapy. J Interf Cytokine Res. 2009;29:105–12. doi:10.1089/jir.2008.0024.CrossRef Ignatoski KM, Friedman J, Escara-Wilke J, et al. Change in markers of bone metabolism with chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer: interleukin-6 response is a potential early indicator of response to therapy. J Interf Cytokine Res. 2009;29:105–12. doi:10.​1089/​jir.​2008.​0024.CrossRef
112.
go back to reference Karkera J, Steiner H, Li W, et al. The anti-interleukin-6 antibody siltuximab down-regulates genes implicated in tumorigenesis in prostate cancer patients from a phase I study. Prostate. 2011;71:1455–65. doi:10.1002/pros.21362.CrossRefPubMed Karkera J, Steiner H, Li W, et al. The anti-interleukin-6 antibody siltuximab down-regulates genes implicated in tumorigenesis in prostate cancer patients from a phase I study. Prostate. 2011;71:1455–65. doi:10.​1002/​pros.​21362.CrossRefPubMed
113.
go back to reference Fizazi K, De Bono JS, Flechon A, et al. Randomised phase II study of siltuximab (CNTO 328), an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody, in combination with mitoxantrone/prednisone versus mitoxantrone/prednisone alone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:85–93. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.10.014.CrossRefPubMed Fizazi K, De Bono JS, Flechon A, et al. Randomised phase II study of siltuximab (CNTO 328), an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody, in combination with mitoxantrone/prednisone versus mitoxantrone/prednisone alone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48:85–93. doi:10.​1016/​j.​ejca.​2011.​10.​014.CrossRefPubMed
114.
go back to reference Dorff TB, Goldman B, Pinski JK, et al. Clinical and correlative results of SWOG S0354: a phase II trial of CNTO328 (siltuximab), a monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6, in chemotherapy-pretreated patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:3028–34. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-3122.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dorff TB, Goldman B, Pinski JK, et al. Clinical and correlative results of SWOG S0354: a phase II trial of CNTO328 (siltuximab), a monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6, in chemotherapy-pretreated patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:3028–34. doi:10.​1158/​1078-0432.​CCR-09-3122.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
115.
go back to reference Hudes G, Tagawa ST, Whang YE, et al. A phase 1 study of a chimeric monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6, siltuximab, combined with docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Investig New Drugs. 2013;31:669–76. doi:10.1007/s10637-012-9857-z.CrossRef Hudes G, Tagawa ST, Whang YE, et al. A phase 1 study of a chimeric monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6, siltuximab, combined with docetaxel in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Investig New Drugs. 2013;31:669–76. doi:10.​1007/​s10637-012-9857-z.CrossRef
121.
go back to reference Fizazi K, Massard C, Smith M, et al. Bone-related parameters are the main prognostic factors for overall survival in men with bone metastases from castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2015;68:42–50. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.001. Fizazi K, Massard C, Smith M, et al. Bone-related parameters are the main prognostic factors for overall survival in men with bone metastases from castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2015;68:42–50. doi:10.​1016/​j.​eururo.​2014.​10.​001.
124.
go back to reference Vargas HA, Wassberg C, Fox JJ, et al. Bone metastases in castration-resistant prostate cancer: associations between morphologic CT patterns, glycolytic activity, and androgen receptor expression on PET and overall survival. Radiology. 2014;271:220–9. doi:10.1148/radiol.13130625.CrossRefPubMed Vargas HA, Wassberg C, Fox JJ, et al. Bone metastases in castration-resistant prostate cancer: associations between morphologic CT patterns, glycolytic activity, and androgen receptor expression on PET and overall survival. Radiology. 2014;271:220–9. doi:10.​1148/​radiol.​13130625.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Biomarkers for the Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: We Are Not There Yet
Authors
Daniel P. Petrylak
E. David Crawford
Publication date
01-08-2017
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Targeted Oncology / Issue 4/2017
Print ISSN: 1776-2596
Electronic ISSN: 1776-260X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-017-0500-y

Other articles of this Issue 4/2017

Targeted Oncology 4/2017 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine