Skip to main content
Top
Published in: The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 4/2008

01-10-2008 | Regular Article

Nonkin Natural Mentors in the Lives of Older Youths in Foster Care

Authors: Michelle R. Munson, PhD, J. Curtis McMillen, PhD

Published in: The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research | Issue 4/2008

Login to get access

Abstract

This study explored the nonkin natural mentoring relationships among older youths in foster care. Three hundred thirty-nine youths nearing their exit from one state’s alternative care system were interviewed. Those that reported the presence of a natural mentor, 62% (n=211), were subsequently asked about how they met their mentor, how long they have known their mentor, how frequently they have contact with their mentor, and the quality of the relationship. Seventy percent of the youth with mentors reported having known their mentors for over 1 year. Youth reported high levels of contact and relationship quality. Ethnic group membership, gender, where youth were living, and clinical characteristics were associated with individual mentoring characteristics. Child and adult service delivery systems might benefit from considering ways to support the continuation of these relationships during the transition period.
Literature
1.
go back to reference DuBois DL, Karcher MJ. Youth mentoring: theory, research, and practice. In: DuBois DL, Karcher MJ, eds. Handbook of Youth Mentoring. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2005. DuBois DL, Karcher MJ. Youth mentoring: theory, research, and practice. In: DuBois DL, Karcher MJ, eds. Handbook of Youth Mentoring. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2005.
2.
go back to reference Baker BB, Maguire CP. Mentoring in historical perspective. In: DuBois DL, Karcher MJ, eds. Handbook of Youth Mentoring. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2005:14–29. Baker BB, Maguire CP. Mentoring in historical perspective. In: DuBois DL, Karcher MJ, eds. Handbook of Youth Mentoring. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 2005:14–29.
3.
go back to reference Coulter EK. The Children in the Shadow. College Park, MA: McGrath; 1913. Coulter EK. The Children in the Shadow. College Park, MA: McGrath; 1913.
4.
go back to reference Rhodes JE. Stand by Me: The Risks and Rewards of Mentoring Today’s Youth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2002. Rhodes JE. Stand by Me: The Risks and Rewards of Mentoring Today’s Youth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 2002.
5.
go back to reference Greenberger E, Chen C, Beam MR. The role of “very important” nonparental adults in adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 1998;27(3):321–343.CrossRef Greenberger E, Chen C, Beam MR. The role of “very important” nonparental adults in adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 1998;27(3):321–343.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Beam MR, Chen C, Greenberger E. The nature of adolescents’ relationships with their “very important” nonparental adults. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2002;30(2):305–325.PubMedCrossRef Beam MR, Chen C, Greenberger E. The nature of adolescents’ relationships with their “very important” nonparental adults. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2002;30(2):305–325.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Spencer R, Jordan JV, Sazama J. Growth-promoting relationships between youth and adults: A focus group study. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services. 2004;85(3):354–362. Spencer R, Jordan JV, Sazama J. Growth-promoting relationships between youth and adults: A focus group study. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services. 2004;85(3):354–362.
8.
go back to reference Liang B, Tracy AJ, Taylor CA, et al. Mentoring college-age women: A relational approach. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2002;30(2):271–288.PubMedCrossRef Liang B, Tracy AJ, Taylor CA, et al. Mentoring college-age women: A relational approach. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2002;30(2):271–288.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Rhodes JE, Ebert L, Fischer K. Natural mentors: An overlooked resource in the social networks of young, African American mothers. American Journal of Community Psychology. 1992;20(4):445–461.CrossRef Rhodes JE, Ebert L, Fischer K. Natural mentors: An overlooked resource in the social networks of young, African American mothers. American Journal of Community Psychology. 1992;20(4):445–461.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Klaw EL, Rhodes JE, Fitzgerald LF. Natural mentors in the lives of African American adolescent mothers: Tracking relationships over time. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2003;32(3):223–232.CrossRef Klaw EL, Rhodes JE, Fitzgerald LF. Natural mentors in the lives of African American adolescent mothers: Tracking relationships over time. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2003;32(3):223–232.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Beier SR, Rosenfeld WD, Spitalny KC, et al. The potential role of an adult mentor in influencing high-risk behaviors in adolescents. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine. 2000;154:327–331. Beier SR, Rosenfeld WD, Spitalny KC, et al. The potential role of an adult mentor in influencing high-risk behaviors in adolescents. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine. 2000;154:327–331.
12.
go back to reference Zimmerman MA, Bingenheimer JB, Notaro PC. Natural mentors and adolescent resiliency: A study with urban youth. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2002;30(2):221–243.PubMedCrossRef Zimmerman MA, Bingenheimer JB, Notaro PC. Natural mentors and adolescent resiliency: A study with urban youth. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2002;30(2):221–243.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Landrieu M. S 1343: Foster Care Mentoring Act of 2005. US: 109th US Congress; 2005. Landrieu M. S 1343: Foster Care Mentoring Act of 2005. US: 109th US Congress; 2005.
15.
go back to reference Massinga R, Pecora PJ. Providing better opportunities for older children in the child welfare system. The Future of Children. 2004;14(1):151–173.CrossRef Massinga R, Pecora PJ. Providing better opportunities for older children in the child welfare system. The Future of Children. 2004;14(1):151–173.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Courtney ME, Heuring DH. The transition to adulthood for youth “aging out” of the foster care system. In: Osgood DW, Foster EM, Flanagan C, et al, eds. On Your Own Without a Net: The Transition to Adulthood for Vulnerable Populations. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 2005:27–67. Courtney ME, Heuring DH. The transition to adulthood for youth “aging out” of the foster care system. In: Osgood DW, Foster EM, Flanagan C, et al, eds. On Your Own Without a Net: The Transition to Adulthood for Vulnerable Populations. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 2005:27–67.
17.
go back to reference Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist. 2000;55(5):469–489.PubMedCrossRef Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist. 2000;55(5):469–489.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Settersten RA, Furstenberg FF, Rumbaut RG. On the Frontier to Adulthood. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2005. Settersten RA, Furstenberg FF, Rumbaut RG. On the Frontier to Adulthood. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2005.
19.
go back to reference Courtney ME, Piliavin I, Grogan-Kaylor A, et al. Foster youth transitions to adulthood: A longitudinal view of youth leaving care. Child Welfare. 2001;80(6):685–717.PubMed Courtney ME, Piliavin I, Grogan-Kaylor A, et al. Foster youth transitions to adulthood: A longitudinal view of youth leaving care. Child Welfare. 2001;80(6):685–717.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Collins ME. Transition to adulthood for vulnerable youths: A review of research and implications for policy. Social Service Review. 2001;75(2):271–291.CrossRef Collins ME. Transition to adulthood for vulnerable youths: A review of research and implications for policy. Social Service Review. 2001;75(2):271–291.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Foster EM, Gifford EJ. The transition to adulthood for youth leaving public systems: challenges to policies and research. In: Settersten RA, Furstenberg FF, Rumbaut RG, eds. On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research and Public Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 2005:501–533. Foster EM, Gifford EJ. The transition to adulthood for youth leaving public systems: challenges to policies and research. In: Settersten RA, Furstenberg FF, Rumbaut RG, eds. On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research and Public Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 2005:501–533.
22.
go back to reference McMillen JC, Zima BT, Scott, LD, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among older youths in the foster care system. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2005;44:88–95.PubMedCrossRef McMillen JC, Zima BT, Scott, LD, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among older youths in the foster care system. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2005;44:88–95.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference English D, Brandford C, Aguon M, et al. Foster youth transition to independence study: Second annual report. Seattle, WA: Office of Children’s Administration Research, Casey Family Programs; 2003. English D, Brandford C, Aguon M, et al. Foster youth transition to independence study: Second annual report. Seattle, WA: Office of Children’s Administration Research, Casey Family Programs; 2003.
24.
25.
go back to reference Propp J, Ortega DM, NewHeart F. Independence or interdependence: Rethinking the transition from ‘ward of the court’ to adulthood. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services. 2003; 259–266. Propp J, Ortega DM, NewHeart F. Independence or interdependence: Rethinking the transition from ‘ward of the court’ to adulthood. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services. 2003; 259–266.
26.
go back to reference Mech EV, Pryde JA, Rycraft JR. Mentors for adolescent in foster care. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 1995;12(4):317–328.CrossRef Mech EV, Pryde JA, Rycraft JR. Mentors for adolescent in foster care. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal. 1995;12(4):317–328.CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Utsey SO, Howard A, Williams O. Therapeutic group mentoring with African American male adolescents. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 2003;25(2):126–139. Utsey SO, Howard A, Williams O. Therapeutic group mentoring with African American male adolescents. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 2003;25(2):126–139.
28.
go back to reference Payne VH, Cathcart EJ, Pecora PJ. The Seattle Mentorship Project: Evaluating the effectiveness of social tutors. Community Alternatives: International Journal of Family Care. 1995;7(2):2–21. Payne VH, Cathcart EJ, Pecora PJ. The Seattle Mentorship Project: Evaluating the effectiveness of social tutors. Community Alternatives: International Journal of Family Care. 1995;7(2):2–21.
29.
go back to reference Rhodes JE, Haight WL, Briggs EC. The influence of mentoring on the peer relationships of foster youth in relative and nonrelative care. Journal of Research on Adolescence. 1995;9(2):185–201.CrossRef Rhodes JE, Haight WL, Briggs EC. The influence of mentoring on the peer relationships of foster youth in relative and nonrelative care. Journal of Research on Adolescence. 1995;9(2):185–201.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Taussig HN, Culhane SE, Hettleman D, et al. Fostering Healthy Futures: A preventive intervention for children in foster care. In: The annual meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Atlanta, GA; 2005. Taussig HN, Culhane SE, Hettleman D, et al. Fostering Healthy Futures: A preventive intervention for children in foster care. In: The annual meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Atlanta, GA; 2005.
31.
go back to reference Williams TM, Kornblum W. Growing up Poor. Lexington MA: Lexington Books; 1985. Williams TM, Kornblum W. Growing up Poor. Lexington MA: Lexington Books; 1985.
32.
go back to reference Werner EE, Smith RS. Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1992. Werner EE, Smith RS. Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 1992.
33.
go back to reference Hirsch BJ, Mickus M, Boerger R. Ties to influential adults among black and white adolescents: Culture, social class, and family networks. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2002;30(2):289–303.PubMedCrossRef Hirsch BJ, Mickus M, Boerger R. Ties to influential adults among black and white adolescents: Culture, social class, and family networks. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2002;30(2):289–303.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference DuBois DL, Silverthorn N. Characteristics of natural mentoring relationships and adolescent adjustment: Evidence from a national study. The Journal of Primary Prevention. 2005;26(2):69–92.PubMedCrossRef DuBois DL, Silverthorn N. Characteristics of natural mentoring relationships and adolescent adjustment: Evidence from a national study. The Journal of Primary Prevention. 2005;26(2):69–92.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Grossman JB, Rhodes JE. The test of time: Predictors and effects of duration in youth mentoring relationships. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2002;30(2):199–219.PubMedCrossRef Grossman JB, Rhodes JE. The test of time: Predictors and effects of duration in youth mentoring relationships. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2002;30(2):199–219.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Miller JB, Stiver I. The Healing Connection. Boston: Beacon Press; 1997. Miller JB, Stiver I. The Healing Connection. Boston: Beacon Press; 1997.
37.
go back to reference Spencer R. Hanging Out and Growing Strong: A Qualitative Study of Relationships with Adults that Foster Resilience in Adolescence. Doctoral dissertation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; 2002. Spencer R. Hanging Out and Growing Strong: A Qualitative Study of Relationships with Adults that Foster Resilience in Adolescence. Doctoral dissertation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University; 2002.
38.
go back to reference Liang B, Tracy AJ, Taylor CA, et al. The relational health indices: A study of women’s relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2002;26:25–35.CrossRef Liang B, Tracy AJ, Taylor CA, et al. The relational health indices: A study of women’s relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2002;26:25–35.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Sparks E. Relational experiences of delinquent girls: A case study. In: Walker M, Rosen WB, eds. How Connections Heal: Stories from Relational–Cultural Therapy. New York, NY: The Guildford Press; 2004:233–252. Sparks E. Relational experiences of delinquent girls: A case study. In: Walker M, Rosen WB, eds. How Connections Heal: Stories from Relational–Cultural Therapy. New York, NY: The Guildford Press; 2004:233–252.
40.
go back to reference Jordan J, Hartling L, Walker M. The Complexity of Connection: Writings from the Stone Center’s Jean Baker Miller Training Institute. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2004. Jordan J, Hartling L, Walker M. The Complexity of Connection: Writings from the Stone Center’s Jean Baker Miller Training Institute. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2004.
41.
go back to reference Robins L, Cottler L, Bucholz K, et al. Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV. St. Louis: Washington University in St. Louis; 1995. Robins L, Cottler L, Bucholz K, et al. Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV. St. Louis: Washington University in St. Louis; 1995.
42.
go back to reference Bernstein DP, Fink L. The Child Trauma Questionnaire Manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 1998. Bernstein DP, Fink L. The Child Trauma Questionnaire Manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 1998.
43.
go back to reference Scher CD, Stein MB, Asmundson GJG, et al. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in a community sample: Psychometric properties and normative data. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2001;14(4):843–857.PubMedCrossRef Scher CD, Stein MB, Asmundson GJG, et al. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in a community sample: Psychometric properties and normative data. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2001;14(4):843–857.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Auslander WF, McMillen JC, Elze D, et al. Mental health problems and sexual abuse among adolescents in foster care: Relationship to HIV risk behaviors and intentions. AIDS and Behavior. 2002;6(4):351–359.CrossRef Auslander WF, McMillen JC, Elze D, et al. Mental health problems and sexual abuse among adolescents in foster care: Relationship to HIV risk behaviors and intentions. AIDS and Behavior. 2002;6(4):351–359.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Russell, DEH. The secret trauma: Incest in the lives of girls and women. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1986. Russell, DEH. The secret trauma: Incest in the lives of girls and women. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1986.
46.
go back to reference Cohen S, Underwood LG, Gottlieb BH, eds. Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2005. Cohen S, Underwood LG, Gottlieb BH, eds. Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2005.
47.
go back to reference Thoits P. Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1995;(Extra Issue):53–79.CrossRef Thoits P. Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next? Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1995;(Extra Issue):53–79.CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Mech, EV. What works in aftercare. In: Kluger MP, Alexander G, Curtis PA, eds. What Works in Child Welfare. Washington, DC: CWLA Press; 2000:205–212. Mech, EV. What works in aftercare. In: Kluger MP, Alexander G, Curtis PA, eds. What Works in Child Welfare. Washington, DC: CWLA Press; 2000:205–212.
49.
go back to reference Pollack W. Real Boys. New York, NY: Henry Holt; 1998. Pollack W. Real Boys. New York, NY: Henry Holt; 1998.
50.
go back to reference Martin EP. The Black Extended Family. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1978. Martin EP. The Black Extended Family. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 1978.
51.
go back to reference Rhodes JE, Davis AB. Supportive ties between nonparent adults and urban adolescent girls. In: Leadbeater BJ, Way N, eds. Urban Girls: Resisting Stereotypes, Creating Identities. New York, NY: New York University Press; 1996:213–249. Rhodes JE, Davis AB. Supportive ties between nonparent adults and urban adolescent girls. In: Leadbeater BJ, Way N, eds. Urban Girls: Resisting Stereotypes, Creating Identities. New York, NY: New York University Press; 1996:213–249.
52.
go back to reference McMillen JC, Scott LD, Zima, BT, et al. Use of mental health services among older youths in foster care. Psychiatric Services. 2004;55:811–817.PubMedCrossRef McMillen JC, Scott LD, Zima, BT, et al. Use of mental health services among older youths in foster care. Psychiatric Services. 2004;55:811–817.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Nonkin Natural Mentors in the Lives of Older Youths in Foster Care
Authors
Michelle R. Munson, PhD
J. Curtis McMillen, PhD
Publication date
01-10-2008
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research / Issue 4/2008
Print ISSN: 1094-3412
Electronic ISSN: 2168-6793
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-006-9040-4

Other articles of this Issue 4/2008

The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research 4/2008 Go to the issue