The association between sleep duration, napping, and stroke stratified by self-health status among Chinese people over 65 years old from the China health and retirement longitudinal study

go back to reference Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, AlMazroa MA, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Abdulhak AB, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, de Leo D, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FGR, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Memish ZA, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KMV, Nasseri K, Norman P, O’Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA III, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, de León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJL (2012) Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380(9859):2095–2128. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0CrossRefPubMed Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, AlMazroa MA, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Abdulhak AB, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, de Leo D, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FGR, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Memish ZA, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KMV, Nasseri K, Norman P, O’Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA III, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, de León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJL (2012) Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380(9859):2095–2128. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0140-6736(12)61728-0CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Zhou M, Wang H, Zeng X, Yin P, Zhu J, Chen W, Li X, Wang L, Wang L, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhang M, Qi J, Yu S, Afshin A, Gakidou E, Glenn S, Krish VS, Miller-Petrie MK, Mountjoy-Venning WC, Mullany EC, Redford SB, Liu H, Naghavi M, Hay SI, Wang L, Murray CJL, Liang X (2019) Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 394(10204):1145–1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30427-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zhou M, Wang H, Zeng X, Yin P, Zhu J, Chen W, Li X, Wang L, Wang L, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhang M, Qi J, Yu S, Afshin A, Gakidou E, Glenn S, Krish VS, Miller-Petrie MK, Mountjoy-Venning WC, Mullany EC, Redford SB, Liu H, Naghavi M, Hay SI, Wang L, Murray CJL, Liang X (2019) Mortality, morbidity, and risk factors in China and its provinces, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 394(10204):1145–1158. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​S0140-6736(19)30427-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Wang J, Wen X, Li W, Li X, Wang Y, Lu W (2017) Risk factors for stroke in the Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 26(3):509–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.12.002CrossRefPubMed Wang J, Wen X, Li W, Li X, Wang Y, Lu W (2017) Risk factors for stroke in the Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 26(3):509–517. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​jstrokecerebrova​sdis.​2016.​12.​002CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Leng Y, Cappuccio FP, Wainwright NWJ, Surtees PG, Luben R, Brayne C, Khaw KT (2015) Sleep duration and risk of fatal and nonfatal stroke: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Neurology 84(11):1072–1079. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001371CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Leng Y, Cappuccio FP, Wainwright NWJ, Surtees PG, Luben R, Brayne C, Khaw KT (2015) Sleep duration and risk of fatal and nonfatal stroke: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Neurology 84(11):1072–1079. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1212/​WNL.​0000000000001371​CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Kim Y, Wilkens LR, Schembre SM, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Goodman MT (2013) Insufficient and excessive amounts of sleep increase the risk of premature death from cardiovascular and other diseases: the multiethnic cohort study. Prev Med 57(4):377–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.06.017CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kim Y, Wilkens LR, Schembre SM, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN, Goodman MT (2013) Insufficient and excessive amounts of sleep increase the risk of premature death from cardiovascular and other diseases: the multiethnic cohort study. Prev Med 57(4):377–385. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​ypmed.​2013.​06.​017CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Li W, Wang D, Cao S, Yin X, Gong Y, Gan Y, Zhou Y, Lu Z (2016) Sleep duration and risk of stroke events and stroke mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cardiol 223:870–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.302CrossRefPubMed Li W, Wang D, Cao S, Yin X, Gong Y, Gan Y, Zhou Y, Lu Z (2016) Sleep duration and risk of stroke events and stroke mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cardiol 223:870–876. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​ijcard.​2016.​08.​302CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Jike M, Itani O, Watanabe N, Buysse DJ, Kaneita Y (2018) Long sleep duration and health outcomes: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sleep Med Rev 39:25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.06.011CrossRefPubMed Jike M, Itani O, Watanabe N, Buysse DJ, Kaneita Y (2018) Long sleep duration and health outcomes: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sleep Med Rev 39:25–36. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​smrv.​2017.​06.​011CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Pan A, De Silva DA, Yuan J-M, Koh W-P (2014) Sleep duration and risk of stroke mortality among Chinese adults: Singapore Chinese health study. Stroke 45(6):1620–1625. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005181CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pan A, De Silva DA, Yuan J-M, Koh W-P (2014) Sleep duration and risk of stroke mortality among Chinese adults: Singapore Chinese health study. Stroke 45(6):1620–1625. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1161/​STROKEAHA.​114.​005181CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Cappuccio FP, Cooper D, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA (2011) Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J 32(12):1484–1492. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr007CrossRefPubMed Cappuccio FP, Cooper D, D’Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA (2011) Sleep duration predicts cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur Heart J 32(12):1484–1492. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​eurheartj/​ehr007CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Hu L, Zhang B, Zhou W, Huang X, You C, Li J, Hong K, Li P, Wu Y, Wu Q, Wang Z, Gao R, Bao H, Cheng X (2018) Sleep duration on workdays or nonworkdays and cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases in Southern China. Sleep Med 47:36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.1147CrossRefPubMed Hu L, Zhang B, Zhou W, Huang X, You C, Li J, Hong K, Li P, Wu Y, Wu Q, Wang Z, Gao R, Bao H, Cheng X (2018) Sleep duration on workdays or nonworkdays and cardiac-cerebral vascular diseases in Southern China. Sleep Med 47:36–43. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​sleep.​2017.​11.​1147CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Li W, Taskin T, Gautam P, Gamber M, Sun W (2020) Is there an association among sleep duration, nap, and stroke? Findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Sleep Breath. Online ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-020-02118-w Li W, Taskin T, Gautam P, Gamber M, Sun W (2020) Is there an association among sleep duration, nap, and stroke? Findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Sleep Breath. Online ahead of print. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11325-020-02118-w

go back to reference Howard G, Cushman M, Kissela BM, Kleindorfer DO, McClure L, Safford MM, Rhodes JD, Soliman EZ, Moy CS, Judd SE, Howard VJ, REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Investigators (2011) Traditional risk factors as the underlying cause of racial disparities in stroke: lessons from the half-full (empty?) glass. Stroke 42(12):3369–3375. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.625277CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Howard G, Cushman M, Kissela BM, Kleindorfer DO, McClure L, Safford MM, Rhodes JD, Soliman EZ, Moy CS, Judd SE, Howard VJ, REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Investigators (2011) Traditional risk factors as the underlying cause of racial disparities in stroke: lessons from the half-full (empty?) glass. Stroke 42(12):3369–3375. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1161/​STROKEAHA.​111.​625277CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Petrov ME, Howard G, Grandner MA, Kleindorfer D, Molano JR, Howard VJ (2018) Sleep duration and risk of incident stroke by age, sex, and race: the REGARDS study. Neurology 91(18):e1702–e1709. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006424CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Petrov ME, Howard G, Grandner MA, Kleindorfer D, Molano JR, Howard VJ (2018) Sleep duration and risk of incident stroke by age, sex, and race: the REGARDS study. Neurology 91(18):e1702–e1709. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1212/​WNL.​0000000000006424​CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Wallace DM, Ramos AR, Rundek T (2012) Sleep disorders and stroke. Int J Stroke 7(3):231–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2011.00760.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wallace DM, Ramos AR, Rundek T (2012) Sleep disorders and stroke. Int J Stroke 7(3):231–242. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​j.​1747-4949.​2011.​00760.​xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Yamada T, Hara K, Shojima N, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T (2015) Daytime napping and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a prospective study and dose-response meta-analysis. Sleep 38(12):1945–1953. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5246CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Yamada T, Hara K, Shojima N, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T (2015) Daytime napping and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a prospective study and dose-response meta-analysis. Sleep 38(12):1945–1953. https://​doi.​org/​10.​5665/​sleep.​5246CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Pagotto V, Bachion MM, Silveira EA (2013) Self-assessment of health by older Brazilians: systematic review of the literature. Rev Panam Salud Publica 33(4):302–310. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1020-49892013000400010CrossRefPubMed Pagotto V, Bachion MM, Silveira EA (2013) Self-assessment of health by older Brazilians: systematic review of the literature. Rev Panam Salud Publica 33(4):302–310. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1590/​s1020-4989201300040001​0CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Tomioka K, Kurumatani N, Hosoi H (2017) Self-rated health predicts decline in instrumental activities of daily living among high-functioning community-dwelling older people. Age Ageing 46(2):265–270. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw164CrossRefPubMed Tomioka K, Kurumatani N, Hosoi H (2017) Self-rated health predicts decline in instrumental activities of daily living among high-functioning community-dwelling older people. Age Ageing 46(2):265–270. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​ageing/​afw164CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Ambresin G, Chondros P, Dowrick C, Herrman H, Gunn JM (2014) Self-rated health and long-term prognosis of depression. Ann Fam Med 12(1):57–65. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1562CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ambresin G, Chondros P, Dowrick C, Herrman H, Gunn JM (2014) Self-rated health and long-term prognosis of depression. Ann Fam Med 12(1):57–65. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1370/​afm.​1562CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G (2012) Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol 43(1):61–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys203CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G (2012) Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol 43(1):61–68. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​ije/​dys203CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Essien SK, Feng CX, Sun W, Farag M, Li L, Gao Y (2018) Sleep duration and sleep disturbances in association with falls among the middle-aged and older adults in China: a population-based nationwide study. BMC Geriatr 18(1):196. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0889-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Essien SK, Feng CX, Sun W, Farag M, Li L, Gao Y (2018) Sleep duration and sleep disturbances in association with falls among the middle-aged and older adults in China: a population-based nationwide study. BMC Geriatr 18(1):196. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​s12877-018-0889-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference National Sleep Foundation (2015) National Sleep Foundation recommends new sleep times. J Natl Sleep Found. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/press-release/national-sleep-foundation-recommends-new-sleep-times. Accessed 20 May 2020 National Sleep Foundation (2015) National Sleep Foundation recommends new sleep times. J Natl Sleep Found. https://​www.​sleepfoundation.​org/​press-release/​national-sleep-foundation-recommends-new-sleep-times. Accessed 20 May 2020

go back to reference Stranges S, Dorn JM, Shipley MJ, Kandala NB, Trevisan M, Miller MA, Donahue RP, Hovey KM, Ferrie JE, Marmot MG, Cappuccio FP (2008) Correlates of short and long sleep duration: a cross-cultural comparison between the United Kingdom and the United States: the Whitehall II study and the Western New York Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 168:1353–1364. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn337CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Stranges S, Dorn JM, Shipley MJ, Kandala NB, Trevisan M, Miller MA, Donahue RP, Hovey KM, Ferrie JE, Marmot MG, Cappuccio FP (2008) Correlates of short and long sleep duration: a cross-cultural comparison between the United Kingdom and the United States: the Whitehall II study and the Western New York Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 168:1353–1364. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​aje/​kwn337CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Calhoun DA, Harding SM (2010) Sleep and hypertension. Chest 138(2):434–443. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-2954CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Calhoun DA, Harding SM (2010) Sleep and hypertension. Chest 138(2):434–443. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1378/​chest.​09-2954CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Meerlo P, Sgoifo A, Suchecki D (2008) Restricted and disrupted sleep: effects on autonomic function, neuroendocrine stress systems and stress responsivity. Sleep Med Rev 12:197–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.007CrossRefPubMed Meerlo P, Sgoifo A, Suchecki D (2008) Restricted and disrupted sleep: effects on autonomic function, neuroendocrine stress systems and stress responsivity. Sleep Med Rev 12:197–210. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​smrv.​2007.​07.​007CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Bombak AE (2013) Self-rated health and public health: a critical perspective. Front Public Health 1:15–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2013.00015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bombak AE (2013) Self-rated health and public health: a critical perspective. Front Public Health 1:15–15. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3389/​fpubh.​2013.​00015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference LaRue A, Bank L, Jarvik L, Hetland M (1979) Health in old age: how do physicians’ ratings and self-ratings compare? J Gerontol 34(5):687–691. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/34.5.687CrossRefPubMed LaRue A, Bank L, Jarvik L, Hetland M (1979) Health in old age: how do physicians’ ratings and self-ratings compare? J Gerontol 34(5):687–691. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​geronj/​34.​5.​687CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Idler EL, Hudson SV, Leventhal H (1999) The meanings of self-ratings of health: a qualitative and quantitative approach. Res Aging 21(3):458–476. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027599213006CrossRef Idler EL, Hudson SV, Leventhal H (1999) The meanings of self-ratings of health: a qualitative and quantitative approach. Res Aging 21(3):458–476. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1177/​0164027599213006​CrossRef

go back to reference Wen Y, Pi FH, Guo P, Dong WY, Xie YQ, Wang XY, Xia FF, Pang SJ, Wu YC, Wang YY, Zhang QY (2016) Sleep duration, daytime napping, markers of obstructive sleep apnea and stroke in a population of southern China. Sci Rep-Uk 6:34689. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34689CrossRef Wen Y, Pi FH, Guo P, Dong WY, Xie YQ, Wang XY, Xia FF, Pang SJ, Wu YC, Wang YY, Zhang QY (2016) Sleep duration, daytime napping, markers of obstructive sleep apnea and stroke in a population of southern China. Sci Rep-Uk 6:34689. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1038/​srep34689CrossRef