Published in:
01-02-2018 | Nephrology - Original Paper
From bench to the hemodialysis clinic: protein-bound uremic toxins modulate NF-κB/Nrf2 expression
Published in: International Urology and Nephrology | Issue 2/2018
Login to get accessAbstract
Purpose
Uremic toxins produced by gut microbiota (indoxyl sulfate—IS, p-cresyl sulfate—p-CS, and indole-3-acetic acid—IAA) accumulate in hemodialysis (HD) patients and exhibit potent inflammatory effects. However, the impact of these toxins on nuclear E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) expression in HD patients remains poorly defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between uremic toxins and Nrf2/NF-κB expression in vitro (RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells) and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HD patients.
Methods
Uremic toxins, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in fifteen HD patients and nine healthy individuals. RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells were incubated with IS, as a prototype of protein-bound uremic toxin. Nrf2 and NF-κB expressions were analyzed by RT-qPCR.
Results
HD patients presented high levels of inflammatory markers, MDA and uremic toxins. In addition, they presented high NF-κB and low Nrf2 expression. Uremic toxins were positively correlated with NF-κB expression (IS, ρ = 0.58, p < 0.003; p-CS, ρ = 0.71, p < 0.001; IAA, ρ = 0.62, p < 0.001) and negatively with Nrf2 (IS, ρ = − 0.48, p = 0.01; p-CS, ρ = − 0.46, p < 0.02). Uremic toxins also exhibited positive correlations with CRP and MDA levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that p-CS is a determinant factor of NF-κB expression. In RAW 264.7 culture, NF-κB mRNA expression was stimulated by IS, while Nrf2 was downregulated.
Conclusions
Thus, uremic toxins may stimulate NF-κB mRNA and decrease Nrf2 expression in HD patients and, consequently, trigger inflammation and oxidative stress.