Top

Published in:

01-02-2012

Marijuana Exposure Opportunity and Initiation during College: Parent and Peer Influences

Authors: Gillian M. Pinchevsky, Amelia M. Arria, Kimberly M. Caldeira, Laura M. Garnier-Dykstra, Kathryn B. Vincent, Kevin E. O’Grady

Published in: Prevention Science | Issue 1/2012

Abstract

Marijuana is the most prevalent illicit drug used by adolescents and young adults, yet marijuana initiation is rarely studied past adolescence. The present study sought to advance our understanding of parent and peer influences on marijuana exposure opportunity and incident use during college. A sample of 1,253 students was assessed annually for 4 years starting with the summer prior to college entry. More than one-third (38%_wt) of students had already used marijuana at least once prior to college entry; another 25%_wt initiated use after starting college. Of the 360 students who did not use marijuana prior to college, 74% were offered marijuana during college; of these individuals, 54% initiated marijuana use. Both low levels of parental monitoring during the last year of high school and a high percentage of marijuana-using peers independently predicted marijuana exposure opportunity during college, holding constant demographics and other factors (AOR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.88–0.96, p < .001 and AOR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.08–1.14, p < .001, respectively). Among individuals with exposure opportunity, peer marijuana use (AOR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.03–1.05, p < .001), but not parental monitoring, was associated with marijuana initiation. Results underscore that peer influences operate well into late adolescence and young adulthood and thus suggest the need for innovative peer-focused prevention strategies. Parental monitoring during high school appears to influence exposure opportunity in college; thus, parents should be encouraged to sustain rule-setting and communication about adolescent activities and friend selection throughout high school.

Abar, C., & Turrisi, R. (2008). How important are parents during the college years? A longitudinal perspective of indirect influences parents yield on their college teens’ alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1360–1368. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.010.PubMedCrossRef

Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., O’Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., Fitzelle, D. B., Johnson, E. P., et al. (2008a). Drug exposure opportunities and use patterns among college students: Results of a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Substance Abuse, 29, 19–38. doi:10.1080/08897070802418451.PubMedCrossRef

Arria, A. M., Kuhn, V., Caldeira, K. M., O’Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., & Wish, E. D. (2008b). High school drinking mediates the relationship between parental monitoring and college drinking: A longitudinal analysis. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 3, 1–11. doi:10.1186/1747-597X-3-6.CrossRef

Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E., & Wish, E. D. (2008c). Perceived harmfulness predicts nonmedical use of prescription drugs among college students: Interactions with sensation-seeking. Prevention Science, 9, 191–201. doi:10.1007/s11121-008-0095-8.PubMedCrossRef

Ashton, C. H. (2001). Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 101–106. doi:10.1192/bjp.178.2.101.PubMedCrossRef

Bahr, S. J., Maughan, S. L., Marcos, A. C., & Li, B. (1998). Family, religiosity, and the risk of adolescent drug use. Journal of Marriage and Family, 60, 979–992.CrossRef

Barnes, G. M., Hoffman, J. H., Welte, J. W., Farrell, M. P., & Dintcheff, B. A. (2006). Effects of parental monitoring and peer deviance on substance use and delinquency. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 1084–1104.CrossRef

Beck, K. H., Shattuck, T., Haynie, D., Crump, A. D., & Simons-Morton, B. (1999). Associations between parent awareness, monitoring, enforcement and adolescent involvement with alcohol. Health Education Research, 14, 765–775.PubMedCrossRef

Bell, R., Wechsler, H., & Johnson, L. D. (1997). Correlates of college student marijuana use: Results of a US National Survey. Addiction, 92, 571–581.PubMedCrossRef

Broman, C. L., Reckase, M. D., & Freedman-Doan, C. R. (2006). The role of parenting in drug use among Black, Latino, and White adolescents. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 5, 39–50. doi:10.1300/J233v05n01_03.PubMedCrossRef

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., Arencibia-Mireles, O., Richter, L., & Whiteman, M. (2001). Risk factors for adolescent marijuana use across cultures and across time. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 162, 357–374.PubMedCrossRef

Caldeira, K. M., Arria, A. M., O’Grady, K. E., Vincent, K. B., & Wish, E. D. (2008). The occurrence of cannabis use disorders and other cannabis-related problems among first-year college students. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 397–411. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.10.001.PubMedCrossRef

Capaldi, D. M., & Patterson, G. R. (1989). Psychometric properties of fourteen latent constructs from the Oregon Youth Study. New York: Springer-Verlag Publishing.CrossRef

Chassin, L., Pillow, D. R., Curran, P. J., Molina, B. S. G., & Barrera, M., Jr. (1993). Relation of parental alcoholism to early adolescent substance use: A test of three mediating mechanisms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 3–19.PubMedCrossRef

Chen, C., Storr, C. L., & Anthony, J. C. (2005). Influences of parenting practices on the risk of having a chance to try cannabis. Pediatrics, 115, 1631–1639. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1926.PubMedCrossRef

Chilcoat, H. S., & Anthony, J. C. (1996). Impact of parent monitoring on initiation of drug use through late childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 91–100.PubMedCrossRef

Dinges, M. M., & Oetting, E. R. (1993). Similarity in drug use patterns between adolescents and their friends. Adolescence, 28, 253–266.PubMed

Flannery, D. J., Williams, L. L., & Vazsonyi, A. T. (1999). Who are they with and what are they doing? Delinquent behavior, substance use, and early adolescents’ after-school time. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69, 247–253.PubMedCrossRef

Gfroerer, J. C., Wu, L.-T., & Penne, M. A. (2002). Initiation of marijuana use: Trends, patterns, and implications. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Gledhill-Hoyt, J., Lee, H., Strote, J., & Wechsler, H. (2000). Increased use of marijuana and other illicit drugs at US colleges in the 1990s: Results of three national surveys. Addiction, 95, 1655–1667. doi:10.1080/09652140020000894.PubMedCrossRef

Hawkins, J. D., & Weis, J. G. (1985). The Social Development Model: An integrated approach to delinquency prevention. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 6, 73–97.CrossRef

Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64–105.PubMedCrossRef

Iacono, W. G., Malone, S. M., & McGue, M. (2008). Behavioral disinhibition and the development of early-onset addiction: Common and specific influences. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 325–348. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141157.PubMedCrossRef

Ichiyama, M. A., Fairlie, A. M., Wood, M. D., Turrisi, R., Francis, D. P., Ray, A. E., et al. (2009). A randomized trial of a parent-based intervention on drinking behavior among incoming college freshmen. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 16, 67–76.

Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2009). Monitoring the Future: National survey results on drug use, 1975–2008. Volume II: College students and adults ages 19–50. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Guo, J., Catalano, R. F., & Abbott, R. D. (2000). The dynamics of alcohol and marijuana initiation: Patterns and predictors of first use in adolescence. American Journal of Public Health, 90, 360–366.PubMedCrossRef

Lynskey, M., & Hall, W. (2000). The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: A review. Addiction, 95, 1621–1630. doi:10.1080/09652140020000867.PubMedCrossRef

Martino, S. C., Ellickson, P. L., & McCaffrey, D. F. (2009). Multiple trajectories of peer and parental influence and their association with the development of adolescent heavy drinking. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 693–700. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.04.006.PubMedCrossRef

Martins, S. S., Storr, C. L., Alexandre, P. K., & Chilcoat, H. D. (2008). Adolescent ecstasy and other drug use in the National Survey of Parents and Youth: The role of sensation-seeking, parental monitoring and peer’s drug use. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 919–933. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.02.010.PubMedCrossRef

MelissaDATA. (2003). Income tax statistics lookup. Retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.melissadata.com/lookups/taxzip.asp.

Mohler-Kuo, M., Lee, J. E., & Wechsler, H. (2003). Trends in marijuana use and other illicit drug use among college students: Results from four Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study Surveys: 1993–2001. Journal of American College Health, 52, 17–24.PubMedCrossRef

Mustaine, E. E., & Tewksbury, R. (2004). Profiling the druggie lifestyle: Characteristics related to southern college students’ use of illicit drugs. Sociological Spectrum, 24, 157–189. doi:10.1080/02732170490271762.CrossRef

Newcomb, M. D., & McGee, L. (1991). Influence of sensation seeking on general deviance and specific problem behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 614–628.PubMedCrossRef

Oxford, M., Harachi, T. W., Catalano, R. F., & Abbott, R. D. (2000). Preadolescent predictors of substance initiation: A test of both the direct and mediated effect of family social control factors on deviant peer associations and substance initiation. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 27, 599–616.CrossRef

Reifman, A., Barnes, G. M., Dintcheff, B. A., Farrell, M. P., & Uhteg, L. (1998). Parental and peer influences on the onset of heavier drinking among adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59, 311–317.PubMed

Steinberg, L., Fletcher, A., & Darling, N. (1994). Parental monitoring and peer influences on adolescent substance use. Pediatrics, 93, 1060–1064.PubMed

Tarter, R. E., Kirisci, L., Habeych, M., Reynolds, M., & Vanyukov, M. (2004). Neurobehavior disinhibition in childhood predisposes boys to substance use disorder by young adulthood: Direct and mediated etiologic pathways. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73, 121–132. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.07.004.PubMedCrossRef

Van Etten, M. L., & Anthony, J. C. (2001). Male-female differences in transitions from first drug opportunity to first use: Searching for subgroup variation by age, race, region, and urban status. Journal of Women’s Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 10, 797–804.CrossRef

Van Etten, M. L., Neumark, Y. D., & Anthony, J. C. (1997). Initial opportunity to use marijuana and the transition to first use: United States, 1979–1994. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 49, 1–7.PubMedCrossRef

Vincent, K. B., Kasperski, S. J., Caldeira, K. M., Garnier-Dykstra, L. M., Pinchevsky, G. M., O’Grady, K. E., & Arria, A. M. (under review). Maintaining superior response rates in a longitudinal study: Experiences from the College Life Study. International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches.

Wallace, J. M., Jr., Yamaguchi, R., Bachman, J. G., O’Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., & Johnston, L. D. (2007). Religiosity and adolescent substance use: The role of individual and contextual influences. Social Problems, 54, 308–327. doi:10.1525/sp.2007.54.2.308.CrossRef

White, H. R., McMorris, B. J., Catalano, R. F., Fleming, C. B., Haggerty, K. P., & Abbott, R. D. (2006). Increases in alcohol and marijuana use during the transition out of high school into emerging adulthood: The effects of leaving home, going to college, and high school protective factors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 67, 810–822.PubMed

Windle, M. (2000). Parental, sibling, and peer influences on adolescent substance use and alcohol problems. Applied Developmental Science, 4, 98–110.CrossRef

Winters, K. C., & Lee, C.-Y. S. (2008). Likelihood of developing an alcohol and cannabis use disorder during youth: Association with recent use and age. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92, 239–247. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.005.PubMedCrossRef

Wood, M. D., Read, J. P., Mitchell, R. E., & Brand, N. H. (2004). Do parents still matter? Parent and peer influences on alcohol involvement among recent high school graduates. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18, 19–30. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.18.1.19.PubMedCrossRef

Wood, M. D., Capone, C., Laforge, R., Erickson, D. J., & Brand, N. H. (2007). Brief motivational intervention and alcohol expectancy challenge with heavy drinking college students: A randomized factorial study. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 2509–2528. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.06.018.PubMedCrossRef

Zuckerman, M. (2002). Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ): An alternative five-factorial model. In B. de Raad & M. Perugini (Eds.), Big five assessment (pp. 377–396). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber.

Title: Marijuana Exposure Opportunity and Initiation during College: Parent and Peer Influences
Authors: Gillian M. Pinchevsky
Amelia M. Arria
Kimberly M. Caldeira
Laura M. Garnier-Dykstra
Kathryn B. Vincent
Kevin E. O’Grady
Publication date: 01-02-2012
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Prevention Science / Issue 1/2012
Print ISSN: 1389-4986
Electronic ISSN: 1573-6695
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0243-4

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Marijuana Exposure Opportunity and Initiation during College: Parent and Peer Influences

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Improving Participation Rates for Women of Color in Health Research: The Role of Group Cohesion

Moderation of the Association between Media Exposure and Youth Smoking Onset: Race/Ethnicity, and Parent Smoking

Risk for Maternal Harsh Parenting in High-Risk Families From Birth to Age Three: Does Ethnicity Matter?

Psychoactive Substance Use and the Risk of Motor Vehicle Crash Injuries in Southern Taiwan

The Effect of the PROSPER Partnership Model on Cultivating Local Stakeholder Knowledge of Evidence-Based Programs: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study of 28 Communities

Recruitment and Retention of Latino Immigrant Families in Prevention Research