Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Neuro-Oncology 2/2013

01-06-2013 | Topic Review

Primary intracranial germ-cell tumors in adults: a practical review

Authors: Jacoline E. C. Bromberg, Brigitta G. Baumert, Filip de Vos, Johanna M. M. Gijtenbeek, Erkan Kurt, Anneke M. Westermann, Pieter Wesseling

Published in: Journal of Neuro-Oncology | Issue 2/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Primary intracranial germ-cell tumors are rare tumors primarily of adolescence, and literature on this disease in adults is scarce. The available evidence on intracranial germ-cell tumors is reviewed with a focus on adult patients whenever possible, and used to make suggestions for diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic and treatment algorithms were developed to provide an evidence-based backbone to base treatment on in adult patients with a (suspected) primary intracranial germ-cell tumor.
Literature
1.
go back to reference McCarthy BJ, Shibui S, Kayama T, Miyaoka E, Narita Y, Murakami M, Matsuda A, Matsuda T, Sobue T, Palis BE, Dolecek TA, Kruchko C, Engelhard HH, Villano JL (2012) Primary CNS germ cell tumors in Japan and the United States: an analysis of 4 tumor registries. Neuro-Oncology 14:1194–1200PubMedCrossRef McCarthy BJ, Shibui S, Kayama T, Miyaoka E, Narita Y, Murakami M, Matsuda A, Matsuda T, Sobue T, Palis BE, Dolecek TA, Kruchko C, Engelhard HH, Villano JL (2012) Primary CNS germ cell tumors in Japan and the United States: an analysis of 4 tumor registries. Neuro-Oncology 14:1194–1200PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Rosenblum MK (2007) Germ cell tumors. In: Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK (eds) WHO classification of tumours of the centrel nervous system. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, pp 198–204 Rosenblum MK (2007) Germ cell tumors. In: Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK (eds) WHO classification of tumours of the centrel nervous system. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, pp 198–204
3.
go back to reference Matsutani M (2005) Germ cell tumors. In: Berger MS, Prados MD (eds) Textbook of neuro-oncology. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 310–320CrossRef Matsutani M (2005) Germ cell tumors. In: Berger MS, Prados MD (eds) Textbook of neuro-oncology. Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 310–320CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Kamoshima Y, Sawamura Y (2010) Update on current standard treatments in central nervous system germ cell tumors. Curr Opin Neurol 23:571–575PubMedCrossRef Kamoshima Y, Sawamura Y (2010) Update on current standard treatments in central nervous system germ cell tumors. Curr Opin Neurol 23:571–575PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Matsutani M, Sano K, Takakura K, Fujimaki T, Nakamura O, Funata N, Seto T (1997) Primary intracranial germ cell tumors: a clinical analysis of 153 histologically verified cases. J Neurosurg 86:446–455PubMedCrossRef Matsutani M, Sano K, Takakura K, Fujimaki T, Nakamura O, Funata N, Seto T (1997) Primary intracranial germ cell tumors: a clinical analysis of 153 histologically verified cases. J Neurosurg 86:446–455PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Weksberg DC, Shibamoto Y, Paulino AC (2012) Bifocal intracranial germinoma: a retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes in 20 patients and review of the literature. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 82:1341–1351PubMedCrossRef Weksberg DC, Shibamoto Y, Paulino AC (2012) Bifocal intracranial germinoma: a retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes in 20 patients and review of the literature. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 82:1341–1351PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Crawford JR, Santi MR, Vezina G, Myseros JS, Keating RF, LaFond DA, Rood BR, MacDonald TJ, Packer RJ (2007) CNS germ cell tumor (CNSGCT) of childhood: presentation and delayed diagnosis. Neurology 68:1668–1673PubMedCrossRef Crawford JR, Santi MR, Vezina G, Myseros JS, Keating RF, LaFond DA, Rood BR, MacDonald TJ, Packer RJ (2007) CNS germ cell tumor (CNSGCT) of childhood: presentation and delayed diagnosis. Neurology 68:1668–1673PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Jorsal T, Rorth M (2012) Intracranial germ cell tumours. A review with special reference to endocrine manifestations. Acta Oncol 51:3–9PubMedCrossRef Jorsal T, Rorth M (2012) Intracranial germ cell tumours. A review with special reference to endocrine manifestations. Acta Oncol 51:3–9PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Blakeley JO, Grossman SA (2006) Management of pineal region tumors. Curr Treat Options Oncol 7:505–516PubMedCrossRef Blakeley JO, Grossman SA (2006) Management of pineal region tumors. Curr Treat Options Oncol 7:505–516PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Sonoda Y, Kumabe T, Sugiyama S, Kanamori M, Yamashita Y, Saito R, Ariga H, Takai Y, Tominaga T (2008) Germ cell tumors in the basal ganglia: problems of early diagnosis and treatment. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2:118–124PubMedCrossRef Sonoda Y, Kumabe T, Sugiyama S, Kanamori M, Yamashita Y, Saito R, Ariga H, Takai Y, Tominaga T (2008) Germ cell tumors in the basal ganglia: problems of early diagnosis and treatment. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2:118–124PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Ogino H, Shibamoto Y, Takanaka T, Suzuki K, Ishihara S, Yamada T, Sugie C, Nomoto Y, Mimura M (2005) CNS germinoma with elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin level: clinical characteristics and treatment outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62:803–808PubMedCrossRef Ogino H, Shibamoto Y, Takanaka T, Suzuki K, Ishihara S, Yamada T, Sugie C, Nomoto Y, Mimura M (2005) CNS germinoma with elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin level: clinical characteristics and treatment outcome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 62:803–808PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Kim A, Ji L, Balmaceda C, Diez B, Kellie SJ, Dunkel IJ, Gardner SL, Sposto R, Finlay JL (2008) The prognostic value of tumor markers in newly diagnosed patients with primary central nervous system germ cell tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 51:768–773PubMedCrossRef Kim A, Ji L, Balmaceda C, Diez B, Kellie SJ, Dunkel IJ, Gardner SL, Sposto R, Finlay JL (2008) The prognostic value of tumor markers in newly diagnosed patients with primary central nervous system germ cell tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 51:768–773PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Calaminus G, Bamberg M, Harms D, Jurgens H, Kortmann RD, Sorensen N, Wiestler OD, Gobel U (2005) AFP/beta-HCG secreting CNS germ cell tumors: long-term outcome with respect to initial symptoms and primary tumor resection. Results of the cooperative trial MAKEI 89. Neuropediatrics 36:71–77PubMedCrossRef Calaminus G, Bamberg M, Harms D, Jurgens H, Kortmann RD, Sorensen N, Wiestler OD, Gobel U (2005) AFP/beta-HCG secreting CNS germ cell tumors: long-term outcome with respect to initial symptoms and primary tumor resection. Results of the cooperative trial MAKEI 89. Neuropediatrics 36:71–77PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Allen J, Chacko J, Donahue B, Dhall G, Kretschmar C, Jakacki R, Holmes E, Pollack I (2012) Diagnostic sensitivity of serum and lumbar CSF bHCG in newly diagnosed CNS germinoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 59:1180–1182PubMedCrossRef Allen J, Chacko J, Donahue B, Dhall G, Kretschmar C, Jakacki R, Holmes E, Pollack I (2012) Diagnostic sensitivity of serum and lumbar CSF bHCG in newly diagnosed CNS germinoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 59:1180–1182PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Tian C, Shi Q, Xiao G, Pu C, Huang X, Yu S, Zhang J (2011) CSF and serum hCG in patients without gestational and neoplastic hCG-secretion. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 71:264–268PubMedCrossRef Tian C, Shi Q, Xiao G, Pu C, Huang X, Yu S, Zhang J (2011) CSF and serum hCG in patients without gestational and neoplastic hCG-secretion. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 71:264–268PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Weiner HL, Finlay JL (1999) Surgery in the management of primary intracranial germ cell tumors. Childs Nerv Syst 15:770–773PubMedCrossRef Weiner HL, Finlay JL (1999) Surgery in the management of primary intracranial germ cell tumors. Childs Nerv Syst 15:770–773PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Lafay-Cousin L, Millar BA, Mabbott D, Spiegler B, Drake J, Bartels U, Huang A, Bouffet E (2006) Limited-field radiation for bifocal germinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65:486–492PubMedCrossRef Lafay-Cousin L, Millar BA, Mabbott D, Spiegler B, Drake J, Bartels U, Huang A, Bouffet E (2006) Limited-field radiation for bifocal germinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65:486–492PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Sawamura Y, de Tribolet N, Ishii N, Abe H (1997) Management of primary intracranial germinomas: diagnostic surgery or radical resection? J Neurosurg 87:262–266PubMedCrossRef Sawamura Y, de Tribolet N, Ishii N, Abe H (1997) Management of primary intracranial germinomas: diagnostic surgery or radical resection? J Neurosurg 87:262–266PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Czech T, Nicholson J, Frappaz D, Kortmann RD, Alapetite C, Garre ML, Ricardi U, Saran FH, Calaminus G (2012) Patients with intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumours (NGGCT) benefit from delayed surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Final results of SIOP CNS GCT 96. p i52 Czech T, Nicholson J, Frappaz D, Kortmann RD, Alapetite C, Garre ML, Ricardi U, Saran FH, Calaminus G (2012) Patients with intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumours (NGGCT) benefit from delayed surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Final results of SIOP CNS GCT 96. p i52
20.
go back to reference Kellie SJ, Boyce H, Dunkel IJ, Diez B, Rosenblum M, Brualdi L, Finlay JL (2004) Primary chemotherapy for intracranial nongerminomatous germ cell tumors: results of the second international CNS germ cell study group protocol. J Clin Oncol 22:846–853PubMedCrossRef Kellie SJ, Boyce H, Dunkel IJ, Diez B, Rosenblum M, Brualdi L, Finlay JL (2004) Primary chemotherapy for intracranial nongerminomatous germ cell tumors: results of the second international CNS germ cell study group protocol. J Clin Oncol 22:846–853PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Souweidane MM, Krieger MD, Weiner HL, Finlay JL (2010) Surgical management of primary central nervous system germ cell tumors: proceedings from the Second International Symposium on Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors. J Neurosurg Pediatr 6:125–130PubMedCrossRef Souweidane MM, Krieger MD, Weiner HL, Finlay JL (2010) Surgical management of primary central nervous system germ cell tumors: proceedings from the Second International Symposium on Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors. J Neurosurg Pediatr 6:125–130PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Luther N, Edgar MA, Dunkel IJ, Souweidane MM (2006) Correlation of endoscopic biopsy with tumor marker status in primary intracranial germ cell tumors. J Neurooncol 79:45–50PubMedCrossRef Luther N, Edgar MA, Dunkel IJ, Souweidane MM (2006) Correlation of endoscopic biopsy with tumor marker status in primary intracranial germ cell tumors. J Neurooncol 79:45–50PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Shono T, Natori Y, Morioka T, Torisu R, Mizoguchi M, Nagata S, Suzuki SO, Iwaki T, Inamura T, Fukui M, Oka K, Sasaki T (2007) Results of a long-term follow-up after neuroendoscopic biopsy procedure and third ventriculostomy in patients with intracranial germinomas. J Neurosurg 107:193–198PubMed Shono T, Natori Y, Morioka T, Torisu R, Mizoguchi M, Nagata S, Suzuki SO, Iwaki T, Inamura T, Fukui M, Oka K, Sasaki T (2007) Results of a long-term follow-up after neuroendoscopic biopsy procedure and third ventriculostomy in patients with intracranial germinomas. J Neurosurg 107:193–198PubMed
24.
go back to reference Friedman JA, Lynch JJ, Buckner JC, Scheithauer BW, Raffel C (2001) Management of malignant pineal germ cell tumors with residual mature teratoma. Neurosurgery 48:518–522PubMedCrossRef Friedman JA, Lynch JJ, Buckner JC, Scheithauer BW, Raffel C (2001) Management of malignant pineal germ cell tumors with residual mature teratoma. Neurosurgery 48:518–522PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference O’Callaghan AM, Katapodis O, Ellison DW, Theaker JM, Mead GM (1997) The growing teratoma syndrome in a nongerminomatous germ cell tumor of the pineal gland: a case report and review. Cancer 80:942–947PubMedCrossRef O’Callaghan AM, Katapodis O, Ellison DW, Theaker JM, Mead GM (1997) The growing teratoma syndrome in a nongerminomatous germ cell tumor of the pineal gland: a case report and review. Cancer 80:942–947PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Foote M, Millar BA, Sahgal A, Menard C, Payne D, Mason W, Laperriere N (2010) Clinical outcomes of adult patients with primary intracranial germinomas treated with low-dose craniospinal radiotherapy and local boost. J Neurooncol 100:459–463PubMedCrossRef Foote M, Millar BA, Sahgal A, Menard C, Payne D, Mason W, Laperriere N (2010) Clinical outcomes of adult patients with primary intracranial germinomas treated with low-dose craniospinal radiotherapy and local boost. J Neurooncol 100:459–463PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Bamberg M, Kortmann RD, Calaminus G, Becker G, Meisner C, Harms D, Gobel U (1999) Radiation therapy for intracranial germinoma: results of the German cooperative prospective trials MAKEI 83/86/89. J Clin Oncol 17:2585–2592PubMed Bamberg M, Kortmann RD, Calaminus G, Becker G, Meisner C, Harms D, Gobel U (1999) Radiation therapy for intracranial germinoma: results of the German cooperative prospective trials MAKEI 83/86/89. J Clin Oncol 17:2585–2592PubMed
28.
go back to reference Maity A, Shu HK, Janss A, Belasco JB, Rorke L, Phillips PC, Sutton LN, Goldwein JW (2004) Craniospinal radiation in the treatment of biopsy-proven intracranial germinomas: twenty-five years’ experience in a single center. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58:1165–1170PubMedCrossRef Maity A, Shu HK, Janss A, Belasco JB, Rorke L, Phillips PC, Sutton LN, Goldwein JW (2004) Craniospinal radiation in the treatment of biopsy-proven intracranial germinomas: twenty-five years’ experience in a single center. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58:1165–1170PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Schoenfeld GO, Amdur RJ, Schmalfuss IM, Morris CG, Keole SR, Mendenhall WM, Marcus RB Jr (2006) Low-dose prophylactic craniospinal radiotherapy for intracranial germinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65:481–485PubMedCrossRef Schoenfeld GO, Amdur RJ, Schmalfuss IM, Morris CG, Keole SR, Mendenhall WM, Marcus RB Jr (2006) Low-dose prophylactic craniospinal radiotherapy for intracranial germinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 65:481–485PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Shikama N, Ogawa K, Tanaka S, Toita T, Nakamura K, Uno T, Ohnishi H, Itami J, Tada T, Saeki N (2005) Lack of benefit of spinal irradiation in the primary treatment of intracranial germinoma: a multiinstitutional, retrospective review of 180 patients. Cancer 104:126–134PubMedCrossRef Shikama N, Ogawa K, Tanaka S, Toita T, Nakamura K, Uno T, Ohnishi H, Itami J, Tada T, Saeki N (2005) Lack of benefit of spinal irradiation in the primary treatment of intracranial germinoma: a multiinstitutional, retrospective review of 180 patients. Cancer 104:126–134PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Nguyen QN, Chang EL, Allen PK, Maor MH, Ater JL, Mahajan A, Wolff JE, Weinberg JS, Woo SY (2006) Focal and craniospinal irradiation for patients with intracranial germinoma and patterns of failure. Cancer 107:2228–2236PubMedCrossRef Nguyen QN, Chang EL, Allen PK, Maor MH, Ater JL, Mahajan A, Wolff JE, Weinberg JS, Woo SY (2006) Focal and craniospinal irradiation for patients with intracranial germinoma and patterns of failure. Cancer 107:2228–2236PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Haas-Kogan DA, Missett BT, Wara WM, Donaldson SS, Lamborn KR, Prados MD, Fisher PG, Huhn SL, Fisch BM, Berger MS, Le QT (2003) Radiation therapy for intracranial germ cell tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56:511–518PubMedCrossRef Haas-Kogan DA, Missett BT, Wara WM, Donaldson SS, Lamborn KR, Prados MD, Fisher PG, Huhn SL, Fisch BM, Berger MS, Le QT (2003) Radiation therapy for intracranial germ cell tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56:511–518PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Ogawa K, Shikama N, Toita T, Nakamura K, Uno T, Onishi H, Itami J, Kakinohana Y, Kinjo T, Yoshii Y, Ito H, Murayama S (2004) Long-term results of radiotherapy for intracranial germinoma: a multi-institutional retrospective review of 126 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58:705–713PubMedCrossRef Ogawa K, Shikama N, Toita T, Nakamura K, Uno T, Onishi H, Itami J, Kakinohana Y, Kinjo T, Yoshii Y, Ito H, Murayama S (2004) Long-term results of radiotherapy for intracranial germinoma: a multi-institutional retrospective review of 126 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58:705–713PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Wolden SL, Wara WM, Larson DA, Prados MD, Edwards MS, Sneed PK (1995) Radiation therapy for primary intracranial germ-cell tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32:943–949PubMedCrossRef Wolden SL, Wara WM, Larson DA, Prados MD, Edwards MS, Sneed PK (1995) Radiation therapy for primary intracranial germ-cell tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32:943–949PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Alapetite C, Brisse H, Patte C, Raquin MA, Gaboriaud G, Carrie C, Habrand JL, Thiesse P, Cuilliere JC, Bernier V, Ben-Hassel M, Frappaz D, Baranzelli MC, Bouffet E (2010) Pattern of relapse and outcome of non-metastatic germinoma patients treated with chemotherapy and limited field radiation: the SFOP experience. Neuro-Oncology 12:1318–1325PubMed Alapetite C, Brisse H, Patte C, Raquin MA, Gaboriaud G, Carrie C, Habrand JL, Thiesse P, Cuilliere JC, Bernier V, Ben-Hassel M, Frappaz D, Baranzelli MC, Bouffet E (2010) Pattern of relapse and outcome of non-metastatic germinoma patients treated with chemotherapy and limited field radiation: the SFOP experience. Neuro-Oncology 12:1318–1325PubMed
36.
go back to reference Shibamoto Y, Takahashi M, Abe M (1994) Reduction of the radiation dose for intracranial germinoma: a prospective study. Br J Cancer 70:984–989PubMedCrossRef Shibamoto Y, Takahashi M, Abe M (1994) Reduction of the radiation dose for intracranial germinoma: a prospective study. Br J Cancer 70:984–989PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Aoyama H, Shirato H, Ikeda J, Fujieda K, Miyasaka K, Sawamura Y (2002) Induction chemotherapy followed by low-dose involved-field radiotherapy for intracranial germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 20:857–865PubMedCrossRef Aoyama H, Shirato H, Ikeda J, Fujieda K, Miyasaka K, Sawamura Y (2002) Induction chemotherapy followed by low-dose involved-field radiotherapy for intracranial germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 20:857–865PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Calaminus G, Frappaz D, Kortmann RD, Alapetite C, Garre ML, Ricardio U, Saran FH, Nicholson J (2012) Risk adapted irradiation is feasible in intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumours (NGGCT): final results of SIOP CNS GCT 96. p i51 Calaminus G, Frappaz D, Kortmann RD, Alapetite C, Garre ML, Ricardio U, Saran FH, Nicholson J (2012) Risk adapted irradiation is feasible in intracranial non-germinomatous germ cell tumours (NGGCT): final results of SIOP CNS GCT 96. p i51
39.
go back to reference Buckner JC, Peethambaram PP, Smithson WA, Groover RV, Schomberg PJ, Kimmel DW, Raffel C, O’Fallon JR, Neglia J, Shaw EG (1999) Phase II trial of primary chemotherapy followed by reduced-dose radiation for CNS germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 17:933–940PubMed Buckner JC, Peethambaram PP, Smithson WA, Groover RV, Schomberg PJ, Kimmel DW, Raffel C, O’Fallon JR, Neglia J, Shaw EG (1999) Phase II trial of primary chemotherapy followed by reduced-dose radiation for CNS germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 17:933–940PubMed
40.
go back to reference Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F (1985) Intracranial germ-cell tumors: natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg 63:155–167PubMedCrossRef Jennings MT, Gelman R, Hochberg F (1985) Intracranial germ-cell tumors: natural history and pathogenesis. J Neurosurg 63:155–167PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Matsutani M (2001) Combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy for CNS germ cell tumors–the Japanese experience. J Neurooncol 54:311–316PubMedCrossRef Matsutani M (2001) Combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy for CNS germ cell tumors–the Japanese experience. J Neurooncol 54:311–316PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Robertson PL, DaRosso RC, Allen JC (1997) Improved prognosis of intracranial non-germinoma germ cell tumors with multimodality therapy. J Neurooncol 32:71–80PubMedCrossRef Robertson PL, DaRosso RC, Allen JC (1997) Improved prognosis of intracranial non-germinoma germ cell tumors with multimodality therapy. J Neurooncol 32:71–80PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Calaminus G, Bamberg M, Jurgens H, Kortmann RD, Sorensen N, Wiestler OD, Gobel U (2004) Impact of surgery, chemotherapy and irradiation on long term outcome of intracranial malignant non-germinomatous germ cell tumors: results of the German Cooperative Trial MAKEI 89. Klin Padiatr 216:141–149PubMedCrossRef Calaminus G, Bamberg M, Jurgens H, Kortmann RD, Sorensen N, Wiestler OD, Gobel U (2004) Impact of surgery, chemotherapy and irradiation on long term outcome of intracranial malignant non-germinomatous germ cell tumors: results of the German Cooperative Trial MAKEI 89. Klin Padiatr 216:141–149PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Kim JW, Kim WC, Cho JH, Kim DS, Shim KW, Lyu CJ, Won SC, Suh CO (2012) A multimodal approach including craniospinal irradiation improves the treatment outcome of high-risk intracranial nongerminomatous germ cell tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84(3):625–631PubMedCrossRef Kim JW, Kim WC, Cho JH, Kim DS, Shim KW, Lyu CJ, Won SC, Suh CO (2012) A multimodal approach including craniospinal irradiation improves the treatment outcome of high-risk intracranial nongerminomatous germ cell tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84(3):625–631PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Sands SA, Kellie SJ, Davidow AL, Diez B, Villablanca J, Weiner HL, Pietanza MC, Balmaceda C, Finlay JL (2001) Long-term quality of life and neuropsychologic functioning for patients with CNS germ-cell tumors: from the First International CNS Germ-Cell Tumor Study. Neuro-Oncology 3:174–183PubMed Sands SA, Kellie SJ, Davidow AL, Diez B, Villablanca J, Weiner HL, Pietanza MC, Balmaceda C, Finlay JL (2001) Long-term quality of life and neuropsychologic functioning for patients with CNS germ-cell tumors: from the First International CNS Germ-Cell Tumor Study. Neuro-Oncology 3:174–183PubMed
46.
go back to reference Bouffet E, Baranzelli MC, Patte C, Portas M, Edan C, Chastagner P, Mechinaud-Lacroix F, Kalifa C (1999) Combined treatment modality for intracranial germinomas: results of a multicentre SFOP experience. Societe Francaise d’Oncologie Pediatrique. Br J Cancer 79:1199–1204PubMedCrossRef Bouffet E, Baranzelli MC, Patte C, Portas M, Edan C, Chastagner P, Mechinaud-Lacroix F, Kalifa C (1999) Combined treatment modality for intracranial germinomas: results of a multicentre SFOP experience. Societe Francaise d’Oncologie Pediatrique. Br J Cancer 79:1199–1204PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Eom KY, Kim IH, Park CI, Kim HJ, Kim JH, Kim K, Kim SK, Wang KC, Cho BG, Jung HW, Heo DS, Kang HJ, Shin HY, Ahn HS (2008) Upfront chemotherapy and involved-field radiotherapy results in more relapses than extended radiotherapy for intracranial germinomas: modification in radiotherapy volume might be needed. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 71:667–671PubMedCrossRef Eom KY, Kim IH, Park CI, Kim HJ, Kim JH, Kim K, Kim SK, Wang KC, Cho BG, Jung HW, Heo DS, Kang HJ, Shin HY, Ahn HS (2008) Upfront chemotherapy and involved-field radiotherapy results in more relapses than extended radiotherapy for intracranial germinomas: modification in radiotherapy volume might be needed. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 71:667–671PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Kellie SJ, Boyce H, Dunkel IJ, Diez B, Rosenblum M, Brualdi L, Finlay JL (2004) Intensive cisplatin and cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy without radiotherapy for intracranial germinomas: failure of a primary chemotherapy approach. Pediatr Blood Cancer 43:126–133PubMedCrossRef Kellie SJ, Boyce H, Dunkel IJ, Diez B, Rosenblum M, Brualdi L, Finlay JL (2004) Intensive cisplatin and cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy without radiotherapy for intracranial germinomas: failure of a primary chemotherapy approach. Pediatr Blood Cancer 43:126–133PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Mabbott DJ, Monsalves E, Spiegler BJ, Bartels U, Janzen L, Guger S, Laperriere N, Andrews N, Bouffet E (2011) Longitudinal evaluation of neurocognitive function after treatment for central nervous system germ cell tumors in childhood. Cancer 117:5402–5411PubMedCrossRef Mabbott DJ, Monsalves E, Spiegler BJ, Bartels U, Janzen L, Guger S, Laperriere N, Andrews N, Bouffet E (2011) Longitudinal evaluation of neurocognitive function after treatment for central nervous system germ cell tumors in childhood. Cancer 117:5402–5411PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Balmaceda C, Heller G, Rosenblum M, Diez B, Villablanca JG, Kellie S, Maher P, Vlamis V, Walker RW, Leibel S, Finlay JL (1996) Chemotherapy without irradiation—a novel approach for newly diagnosed CNS germ cell tumors: results of an international cooperative trial. The first International Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol 14:2908–2915PubMed Balmaceda C, Heller G, Rosenblum M, Diez B, Villablanca JG, Kellie S, Maher P, Vlamis V, Walker RW, Leibel S, Finlay JL (1996) Chemotherapy without irradiation—a novel approach for newly diagnosed CNS germ cell tumors: results of an international cooperative trial. The first International Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol 14:2908–2915PubMed
51.
go back to reference da Silva NS, Cappellano AM, Diez B, Cavalheiro S, Gardner S, Wisoff J, Kellie S, Parker R, Garvin J, Finlay J (2010) Primary chemotherapy for intracranial germ cell tumors: results of the third international CNS germ cell tumor study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 54:377–383PubMedCrossRef da Silva NS, Cappellano AM, Diez B, Cavalheiro S, Gardner S, Wisoff J, Kellie S, Parker R, Garvin J, Finlay J (2010) Primary chemotherapy for intracranial germ cell tumors: results of the third international CNS germ cell tumor study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 54:377–383PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Matsutani M (2012) Multi-institutional, prospective phase 2 study for primary intracranial germ cell tumors. German Medical Science GMS Publishing House, Düsseldorf, p i51 Matsutani M (2012) Multi-institutional, prospective phase 2 study for primary intracranial germ cell tumors. German Medical Science GMS Publishing House, Düsseldorf, p i51
54.
go back to reference Motzer RJ, Nichols CJ, Margolin KA, Bacik J, Richardson PG, Vogelzang NJ, Bajorin DF, Lara PN Jr, Einhorn L, Mazumdar M, Bosl GJ (2007) Phase III randomized trial of conventional-dose chemotherapy with or without high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell rescue as first-line treatment for patients with poor-prognosis metastatic germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 25:247–256PubMedCrossRef Motzer RJ, Nichols CJ, Margolin KA, Bacik J, Richardson PG, Vogelzang NJ, Bajorin DF, Lara PN Jr, Einhorn L, Mazumdar M, Bosl GJ (2007) Phase III randomized trial of conventional-dose chemotherapy with or without high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell rescue as first-line treatment for patients with poor-prognosis metastatic germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 25:247–256PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Daugaard G, Skoneczna I, Aass N, De WR, De SM, Dumez H, Marreaud S, Collette L, Lluch JR, Bokemeyer C, Schmoll HJ (2011) A randomized phase III study comparing standard dose BEP with sequential high-dose cisplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide (VIP) plus stem-cell support in males with poor-prognosis germ-cell cancer. An intergroup study of EORTC, GTCSG, and Grupo Germinal (EORTC 30974). Ann Oncol 22:1054–1061PubMedCrossRef Daugaard G, Skoneczna I, Aass N, De WR, De SM, Dumez H, Marreaud S, Collette L, Lluch JR, Bokemeyer C, Schmoll HJ (2011) A randomized phase III study comparing standard dose BEP with sequential high-dose cisplatin, etoposide, and ifosfamide (VIP) plus stem-cell support in males with poor-prognosis germ-cell cancer. An intergroup study of EORTC, GTCSG, and Grupo Germinal (EORTC 30974). Ann Oncol 22:1054–1061PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Modak S, Gardner S, Dunkel IJ, Balmaceda C, Rosenblum MK, Miller DC, Halpern S, Finlay JL (2004) Thiotepa-based high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue in patients with recurrent or progressive CNS germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 22:1934–1943PubMedCrossRef Modak S, Gardner S, Dunkel IJ, Balmaceda C, Rosenblum MK, Miller DC, Halpern S, Finlay JL (2004) Thiotepa-based high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue in patients with recurrent or progressive CNS germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 22:1934–1943PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Simonelli M, Rosti G, Banna GL, Pedrazzoli P (2012) Intensified chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue in germ-cell tumors. Ann Oncol 23:815–822PubMedCrossRef Simonelli M, Rosti G, Banna GL, Pedrazzoli P (2012) Intensified chemotherapy with stem-cell rescue in germ-cell tumors. Ann Oncol 23:815–822PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Ogawa K, Toita T, Nakamura K, Uno T, Onishi H, Itami J, Shikama N, Saeki N, Yoshii Y, Murayama S (2003) Treatment and prognosis of patients with intracranial nongerminomatous malignant germ cell tumors: a multiinstitutional retrospective analysis of 41 patients. Cancer 98:369–376PubMedCrossRef Ogawa K, Toita T, Nakamura K, Uno T, Onishi H, Itami J, Shikama N, Saeki N, Yoshii Y, Murayama S (2003) Treatment and prognosis of patients with intracranial nongerminomatous malignant germ cell tumors: a multiinstitutional retrospective analysis of 41 patients. Cancer 98:369–376PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Kamoshima Y, Sawamura Y, Ikeda J, Shirato H, Aoyama H (2008) Late recurrence and salvage therapy of CNS germinomas. J Neurooncol 90:205–211PubMedCrossRef Kamoshima Y, Sawamura Y, Ikeda J, Shirato H, Aoyama H (2008) Late recurrence and salvage therapy of CNS germinomas. J Neurooncol 90:205–211PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Inamura T, Nishio S, Ikezaki K, Fukui M (1999) Human chorionic gonadotrophin in CSF, not serum, predicts outcome in germinoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:654–657PubMedCrossRef Inamura T, Nishio S, Ikezaki K, Fukui M (1999) Human chorionic gonadotrophin in CSF, not serum, predicts outcome in germinoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:654–657PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Primary intracranial germ-cell tumors in adults: a practical review
Authors
Jacoline E. C. Bromberg
Brigitta G. Baumert
Filip de Vos
Johanna M. M. Gijtenbeek
Erkan Kurt
Anneke M. Westermann
Pieter Wesseling
Publication date
01-06-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Neuro-Oncology / Issue 2/2013
Print ISSN: 0167-594X
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7373
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-013-1114-6

Other articles of this Issue 2/2013

Journal of Neuro-Oncology 2/2013 Go to the issue