Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2016

Workplace Outcomes in Work-Disability Prevention Research: A Review with Recommendations for Future Research

Authors: Amanda E. Young, Eira Viikari-Juntura, Cécile R. L. Boot, Chetwyn Chan, David Gimeno Ruiz de Porras, Steven J. Linton, The Hopkinton Conference Working Group on Workplace Disability Prevention

Published in: Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation | Issue 4/2016

Abstract

Introduction Outcome assessment is a central issue in work disability prevention research. The goal of this paper was to (1) ascertain the most salient workplace outcomes; (2) evaluate the congruence between business and science perspectives; (3) illustrate new perspectives on assessing longitudinal outcomes; and (4) provide recommendations for advancing outcome evaluation in this area of research. Methods The authors participated in a year-long collaboration that culminated in a sponsored 3-day conference, “Improving Research of Employer Practices to Prevent Disability”, held October 14–16, 2015, in Hopkinton, MA, USA. The collaboration included a topical review of the literature, group conference calls to identify key areas and challenges, drafting of initial documents, review of industry publications, and a conference presentation that included feedback from peer researchers and a question/answer session with a special panel of knowledge experts with direct employer experience. Results Numerous workplace work-disability prevention outcome measures were identified. Analysis indicated that their applicability varied depending on the type of work disability the worker was experiencing. For those who were working, but with health-related work limitations (Type 1), predominant outcomes were measures of productivity, presenteeism, and work-related limitations. For those who were off work due to a health condition (Type 2), predominant outcomes were measures of time off work, supervisor/employee interactions, and return-to-work (RTW) preparation. For those who had returned to work (Type 3), predominant outcomes were measures of presenteeism, time until RTW, percentage of work resumption, employment characteristics, stigma, work engagement, co-worker interactions, and sustained or durable RTW. For those who had withdrawn from the labor force (Type 4), predominant outcomes were cost and vocational status. Discussion Currently available measures provide a good basis to use more consistent outcomes in disability prevention in the future. The research area would also benefit from more involvement of employers as stakeholders, and multilevel conceptualizations of disability outcomes.

Leigh JP. Economic burden of occupational injury and illness in the United States. Milbank Q. 2011;89:728–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dembe AE. The social consequences of occupational injuries and illnesses. Am J Ind Med. 2001;40:403–17.CrossRefPubMed

Wasiak R, Young AE, Roessler RT, Mcpherson KM, Van Poppel MN, Anema JR. Measuring return to work. J Occup Rehabil. 2007;17:766–81.CrossRefPubMed

Shaw WS, Main CJ, Pransky G, Nicholas MK, Anema JR, Linton SJ, et al. Employer policies and practices to manage and prevent disability: forward to the special issue. J Occup Rehabil. 2016. doi:10.1007/s10926-016-9658-x.

Young AE. Return to work stakeholders’ perspectives on work disability. In: Loisel P, Anema J, editors. Handbook of work disability. New York, NY: Springer; 2013. p. 409–23.CrossRef

Young AE, Roessler RT, Wasiak R, Mcpherson KM, Van Poppel MN, Anema JR. A developmental conceptualization of return to work. J Occup Rehabil. 2005;15:557–68.CrossRefPubMed

World Health Organization. International classification of functioning disability and health. Geneva: WHO; 2001.

Pransky GS, Berndt E, Finkelstein SN, Verma S, Agrawal A. Performance decrements resulting from illness in the workplace: the effect of headaches. J Occup Environ Med. 2005;47:34–40.CrossRefPubMed

Lotters F, Meerding WJ, Burdorf A. Reduced productivity after sickness absence due to musculoskeletal disorders and its relation to health outcomes. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2005;31:367–74.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Kopec JA, Esdaile JM. Occupational role performance in persons with back pain. Disabil Rehabil. 1998;20:373–9.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Schultz AB, Edington DW. Employee health and presenteeism: a systematic review. J Occup Rehabil. 2007;17:547–79.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Schultz AB, Chen CY, Edington DW. The cost and impact of health conditions on presenteeism to employers: a review of the literature. Pharmacoeconomics. 2009;27:365–78.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Beaton DE, Kennedy CA. Beyond return to work: testing a measure of at-work disability in workers with musculoskeletal pain. Qual Life Res. 2005;14:1869–79.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Prasad M, Wahlqvist P, Shikiar R. Shih Y-CT. A review of self-report instruments measuring health-related work productivity. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004;22:225–44.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Amick B III, Gimeno D. Measuring work outcomes with a focus on health-related work productivity loss. Pain management: evidence, outcomes, and quality of life: a sourcebook. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2008. p. 329–43.

16.

Post M, Krol B, Groothoff JW. Self-rated health as a predictor of return to work among employees on long-term sickness absence. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28:289–97.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Vles WJ, Steyerberg EW, Essink-Bot ML, Van Beeck EF, Meeuwis JD, Leenen LP. Prevalence and determinants of disabilities and return to work after major trauma. J Trauma. 2005;58:126–35.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Hansson E, Hansson T, Jonsson R. Predictors for work ability and disability in men and women with low-back or neck problems. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(6):780–93.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Mcclelland D, Paxinos A, Dodenhoff RM. Rate of return to work and driving following arthroscopic subacromial decompression. ANZ J Surg. 2005;75:747–9.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Wood K, Buttermann G, Mehbod A, Garvey T, Jhanjee R, Sechriest V, et al. Operative compared with nonoperative treatment of a thoracolumbar burst fracture without neurological deficit. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85-A:773–81.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Ash P, Goldstein SI. Predictors of returning to work. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1995;23:205–10.PubMed

22.

Vilkki JS, Juvela S, Siironen J, Ilvonen T, Varis J, Porras M. Relationship of local infarctions to cognitive and psychosocial impairments after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2004;55:790–802 (discussion 802–793).CrossRefPubMed

23.

Shaw WS, Pransky G, Patterson W, Winters T. Early disability risk factors for low back pain assessed at outpatient occupational health clinics. Spine. 2005;30:572–80.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Storheim K, Ivar Brox J, Holm I, Bo K. Predictors of return to work in patients sick listed for sub-acute low back pain: a 12-month follow-up study. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37:365–71.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Williams RM, Myers AM. A new approach to measuring recovery in injured workers with acute low back pain: Resumption of Activities of Daily Living Scale. Phys Ther. 1998;78:613–23.PubMed

26.

Ekbladh E, Haglund L, Thorell LH. The worker role interview–preliminary data on the predictive validity of return to work of clients after an insurance medicine investigation. J Occup Rehabil. 2004;14:131–41.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Frings-Dresen MH, Sluiter JK. Development of a job-specific FCE protocol: the work demands of hospital nurses as an example. J Occup Rehabil. 2003;13:233–48.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Christian B. Return to work outcomes following accident compensation corporation work capacity assessment. N Z Med J. 2002;115:209–11.PubMed

29.

Burke SA, Constas CKH, Aden PS. Return to work/work retention outcomes of a functional restoration program: a multi-center, prospective study with a comparison group. Spine. 1994;19:1880–6.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Scheman J, Covington EC, Blosser T, Green K. Effects of instructions on physical capacities outcome in a workers’ compensation setting. Pain Med. 2000;1:116–22.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Schonstein E, Kenny DT. The value of functional and work place assessments in achieving a timely return to work for workers with back pain. Work. 2001;16:31–8.PubMed

32.

May VR 3rd. Integrating vocational rehabilitation in medical settings. Am Arch Rehabil Ther. 1986;34:1–8.PubMed

33.

Wasiak R, Kim J, Pransky G. Work disability and costs caused by recurrence of low back pain: longer and more costly than in first episodes. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006;31:219–25.CrossRef

34.

Dasinger LK, Krause N, Deegan LJ, Brand RJ, Rudolph L. Duration of work disability after low back injury: a comparison of administrative and self-reported outcomes. Am J Ind Med. 1999;35:619–31.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Pole JD, Franche RL, Hogg-Johnson S, Vidmar M, Krause N. Duration of work disability: a comparison of self-report and administrative data. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49:394–401.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Krause N, Dasinger LK, Deegan LJ, Rudolph L, Brand RJ. Phychosocial job factors and return-to-work after compensated low back injury: a disability phase-specific analysis. Am J Ind Med. 2001;40:374–92.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Franche R, Baril R, Shaw W, Nicholas M, Loisel P. Workplace-based return-to-work interventions: optimizing the role of stakeholders in implementation and research. J Occup Rehabil. 2005;15:525–42.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Linton SJ. The manager’s role in employees’ successful return to work following back injury. Work Stress. 1991;5:189–95.CrossRef

39.

Shaw WS, Robertson MM, Mclellan RK, Verma S, Pransky G. A controlled case study of supervisor training to optimize response to injury in the food processing industry. Work. 2006;26:107–14.PubMed

40.

Maceachen E, Clarke J, Franche RL, Irvin E. Systematic review of the qualitative literature on return to work after injury. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006;32:257–69.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Cunningham C, Doody C, Blake C. Managing low back pain: knowledge and attitudes of hospital managers. Occup Med (Lond). 2008;58:282–8.CrossRef

42.

Shaw W, Hong QN, Pransky G, Loisel P. A literature review describing the role of return-to-work coordinators in trial programs and interventions designed to prevent workplace disability. J Occup Rehabil. 2008;18:2–15.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Linton SJ, Boersma K, Traczyk M, Shaw W, Nicholas M. Early workplace communication and problem solving to prevent back disability: results of a randomized controlled trial among high-risk workers and their supervisors. J Occup Rehabil. 2016;26:150–9.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Schulz A, Northridge ME. Social determinants of health: implications for environmental health promotion. Health Educ Behav. 2004;31:455–71.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Marfeo EE, Haley SM, Jette AM, Eisen SV, Ni P, Bogusz K, et al. Conceptual foundation for measures of physical function and behavioral health function for social security work disability evaluation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(1645–1652):e1642.

46.

Xu YW, Chan CC, Lam CS, Li-Tsang CW, Lo-Hui KY, Gatchel RJ. Rehabilitation of injured workers with chronic pain: a stage of change phenomenon. J Occup Rehabil. 2007;17:727–42.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Iles RA, Davidson M, Taylor NF. Psychosocial predictors of failure to return to work in non-chronic non-specific low back pain: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med. 2008;65:507.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Shrey DE, Mital A. Accelerating the return to work (RTW) chances of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients: part 2—development and validation of a vocational rehabilitation programme. Disabil Rehabil. 2000;22:621–6.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Chan H, Li-Tsang CW, Chan C, Lam CS, Hui KL, Bard C. Validation of Lam assessment of employment readiness (C-LASER) for Chinese injured workers. J Occup Rehabil. 2006;16:697–705.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Franche RL, Corbiere M, Lee H, Breslin FC, Hepburn CG. The Readiness for Return-To-Work (RRTW) scale: development and validation of a self-report staging scale in lost-time claimants with musculoskeletal disorders. J Occup Rehabil. 2007;17:450–72.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Bonde JP, Rasmussen MS, Hjollund H, Svendsen SW, Kolstad HA, Jensen LD, et al. Occupational disorders and return to work: a randomized controlled study. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37:230–5.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Anema JR, Steenstra IA, Bongers PM, De Vet HC, Knol DL, Loisel P, et al. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for subacute low back pain: graded activity or workplace intervention or both? A randomized controlled trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32:291–8 (discussion 299–300).CrossRef

53.

Fritz JM, Delitto A, Erhard RE. Comparison of classification-based physical therapy with therapy based on clinical practice guidelines for patients with acute low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003;28:1363–71 (discussion 1372).

54.

Fehringer EV, Tiedeman JJ, Dobler K, Mccarthy JA. Bilateral endoscopic carpal tunnel releases: simultaneous versus staged operative intervention. Arthroscopy J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2002;18:316–21.CrossRef

55.

Paris W, Diercks M, Bright J, Zamora M, Kesten S, Scavuzzo M, et al. Return to work after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1998;17:430–6.PubMed

56.

Adams ML, Franklin GM, Barnhart S. Outcome of carpal tunnel surgery in Washington State workers’ compensation. Am J Ind Med. 1994;25:527–36.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Russo D, Innes E. An organizational case study of the case manager’s role in a client’s return-to-work programme in Australia. Occup Ther Int. 2002;9:57–75.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Dunn PL. Occupational congruence in the placement of injured workers. Rehabil Couns Bull. 2001;44:116–24.CrossRef

59.

Roberts-Yates C. The concerns and issues of injured workers in relation to claims/injury management and rehabilitation: the need for new operational frameworks. Disabil Rehabil. 2003;25:898–907.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Gudbergsson SB, Fosså SD, Dahl AA. Is cancer survivorship associated with reduced work engagement? A NOCWO study. J Cancer Surviv. 2008;2:159–68.CrossRef

61.

Melamed S, Groswasser Z, Stern MJ. Acceptance of disability, work involvement and subjective rehabilitation status of traumatic brain-injured (TBI) patients. Brain Inj. 1992;6:233–43.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Dunstan DA, Maceachen E. Bearing the brunt: co-workers’ experiences of work reintegration processes. J Occup Rehabil. 2013;23:44–54.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Dunstan DA, Maceachen E. A theoretical model of co-worker responses to work reintegration processes. J Occup Rehabil. 2014;24:189–98.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Tjulin A, Maceachen E, Stiwne EE, Ekberg K. The social interaction of return to work explored from co-workers experiences. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33:1979–89.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Lysaght T, Capps B, Subramaniam M, Chong SA. Translational and clinical research in Singapore: ethical issues in a longitudinal study of the prodromal phase of schizophrenia. Early Interv Psychiatry. 2012;6:3–10.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Nieuwenhuijsen K, Verbeek JH, De Boer AG, Blonk RW, Van Dijk FJ. Predicting the duration of sickness absence for patients with common mental disorders in occupational health care. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006;32:67–74.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Van Egmond MP, Duijts SF, Vermeulen SJ, Van Der Beek AJ, Anema JR. Return to work in sick-listed cancer survivors with job loss: design of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

68.

Pedersen P, Sogaard HJ, Yde BF, Labriola M, Nohr EA, Jensen C. Psychoeducation to facilitate return to work in individuals on sick leave and at risk of having a mental disorder: protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:1288.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Fimland MS, Vasseljen O, Gismervik S, Rise MB, Halsteinli V, Jacobsen HB, et al. Occupational rehabilitation programs for musculoskeletal pain and common mental health disorders: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:368.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

70.

Viikari-Juntura E, Kausto J, Shiri R, Kaila-Kangas L, Takala EP, Karppinen J, et al. Return to work after early part-time sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2012;38:134–43.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Lammerts L, Schaafsma FG, Eikelenboom M, Vermeulen SJ, van Mechelen W, Anema JR, et al. Longitudinal associations between biopsychosocial factors and sustainable return to work of sick-listed workers with a depressive or anxiety disorder. J Occup Rehabil. 2016;26(1):70–9.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Anema JR, Schellart AJ, Cassidy JD, Loisel P, Veerman TJ, Van Der Beek AJ. Can cross country differences in return-to-work after chronic occupational back pain be explained? An exploratory analysis on disability policies in a six country cohort study. J Occup Rehabil. 2009;19:419–26.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

73.

Dionne CE, Bourbonnais R, Fremont P, Rossignol M, Stock SR, Larocque I. A clinical return-to-work rule for patients with back pain. CMAJ. 2005;172:1559–67.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

74.

Reme SE, Grasdal AL, Lovvik C, Lie SA, Overland S. Work-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy and individual job support to increase work participation in common mental disorders: a randomised controlled multicentre trial. Occup Environ Med. 2015;72:745–52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

75.

Young AE. Employment maintenance and the factors that impact it after vocational rehabilitation and return to work. Disabil Rehabil. 2010;32:1621–32.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Campbell Research and Consulting. Australia and New Zealand return to work monitor 2011/12. Clifton Hill, VIC: Campbell Research and Consulting; 2012.

77.

Young AE. An exploration of alternative methods for assessing return-to-work success following occupational injury. Disabil Rehabil. 2014;36(11):914–24.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Badley EM, Wang PP. The contribution of arthritis and arthritis disability to nonparticipation in the labor force: a Canadian example. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:1077–82.PubMed

79.

Murphy G, Brown D, Foreman P, Young AE, Athanasou J. Paraplegia, quadriplegia and employment in Australia. Aust J Career Dev. 1996;5:26–31.CrossRef

80.

Wang PP, Badley EM, Gignac MA. Perceived need for workplace accommodation and labor-force participation in Canadian adults with activity limitations. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:1515–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Murphy GC, Young AE, Brown DJ, King NJ. Explaining labor force status following spinal cord injury: the contribution of psychological variables. J Rehabil Med. 2003;35:276–83.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Jones BL, Nagin DS. Advances in group-based trajectory modeling and an SAS procedure for estimating them. Sociol Methods Res. 2007;35(4):542–71.CrossRef

83.

Wasiak R, Verma S, Pransky G, Webster B. Risk factors for recurrent episodes of care and work disability: case of low back pain. J Occup Environ Med. 2004;46:68–76.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Macdonald MJ, Sorock GS, Volinn E, Hashemi L, Clancy EA, Webster B. A descriptive study of recurrent low back pain claims. J Occup Environ Med. 1997;39:35–43.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Butler RJ, Johnson WG, Cote P. It pays to be nice: employer–worker relationships and the management of back pain claims. J Occup Environ Med. 2007;49:214–25.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Baldwin ML, Butler RJ. Upper extremity disorders in the workplace: costs and outcomes beyond the first return to work. J Occup Rehabil. 2006;16:303–23.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Nadalin V, Kreiger N, Parent M-E, Salmoni A, Sass-Kortsak A, Siemiatycki J, et al. Prostate cancer and occupational whole-body vibration exposure. Ann Occup Hyg. 2012;56(8):968–74.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Burgess J. Occupational health in agricultural industry. In: Gardner W, editor. Current approaches to occupational health. Bristol: Wright PSG; 1982.

89.

Lambeek LC, Bosmans JE, Van Royen BJ, Van Tulder MW, Van Mechelen W, Anema JR. Effect of integrated care for sick listed patients with chronic low back pain: economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2010;341:c6414.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

90.

Cancelliere C, Cassidy JD, Ammendolia C, Cote P. Are workplace health promotion programs effective at improving presenteeism in workers? A systematic review and best evidence synthesis of the literature. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:395.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

91.

Conn VS, Hafdahl AR, Cooper PS, Brown LM, Lusk SL. Meta-analysis of workplace physical activity interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37:330–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

92.

Ferrie JE, Kivimaki M, Head J, Shipley MJ, Vahtera J, Marmot MG. A comparison of self-reported sickness absence with absences recorded in employers’ registers: evidence from the Whitehall II study. Occup Environ Med. 2005;62:74–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

93.

Linton SJ. Correspondence of back pain patients’ self-reports of sick leave and Swedish National Insurance Authority register. Percept Mot Skills. 2011;112:133–7.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Voss M, Stark S, Alfredsson L, Vingard E, Josephson M. Comparisons of self-reported and register data on sickness absence among public employees in Sweden. Occup Environ Med. 2008;65:61–7.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Glasgow RE, Vogt TM, Boles SM. Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: the RE-AIM framework. Am J Public Health. 1999;89:1322–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

96.

Control CFD, Prevention. Developing an effective evaluation report: setting the course for effective program evaluation. Atlanta, GA: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health and Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity; 2013.

97.

Muijzer A, Groothoff JW, Geertzen JH, Brouwer S. Influence of efforts of employer and employee on return-to-work process and outcomes. J Occup Rehabil. 2011;21:513–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

98.

Jakobsen K, Lillefjell M. Factors promoting a successful return to work: from an employer and employee perspective. Scand J Occup Ther. 2014;21:48–57.CrossRefPubMed

99.

Post M, Krol B, Groothoff JW. Work-related determinants of return to work of employees on long-term sickness absence. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27:481–8.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Workplace Outcomes in Work-Disability Prevention Research: A Review with Recommendations for Future Research
Authors: Amanda E. Young
Eira Viikari-Juntura
Cécile R. L. Boot
Chetwyn Chan
David Gimeno Ruiz de Porras
Steven J. Linton
The Hopkinton Conference Working Group on Workplace Disability Prevention
Publication date: 01-12-2016
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation / Issue 4/2016
Print ISSN: 1053-0487
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3688
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-016-9675-9

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Workplace Outcomes in Work-Disability Prevention Research: A Review with Recommendations for Future Research

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2016

Introduction: Engaging Employers to Prevent Disability

Researching Complex and Multi-Level Workplace Factors Affecting Disability and Prolonged Sickness Absence

Employer Policies and Practices to Manage and Prevent Disability: Foreword to the Special Issue

Implementation Science and Employer Disability Practices: Embedding Implementation Factors in Research Designs

New Business Structures Creating Organizational Opportunities and Challenges for Work Disability Prevention

Workplace Interventions to Prevent Disability from Both the Scientific and Practice Perspectives: A Comparison of Scientific Literature, Grey Literature and Stakeholder Observations