Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
Published in: Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 1-2/2016

01-06-2016

A Molecular View of Pathological Microcalcification in Breast Cancer

Authors: Tanu Sharma, James A. Radosevich, Geeta Pachori, Chandi C. Mandal

Published in: Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia | Issue 1-2/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Breast microcalcification is a potential diagnostic indicator for non-palpable breast cancers. Microcalcification type I (calcium oxalate) is restricted to benign tissue, whereas type II (calcium hydroxyapatite) occurs both in benign as well as in malignant lesions. Microcalcification is a pathological complication of the mammary gland. Over the past few decades, much attention has been paid to exploit this property, which forms the basis for advances in diagnostic procedures and imaging techniques. The mechanism of its formation is still poorly understood. Hence, in this paper, we have attempted to address the molecular mechanism of microcalcification in breast cancer. The central theme of this communication is “how a subpopulation of heterogeneous breast tumor cells attains an osteoblast-like phenotype, and what activities drive the process of pathophysiological microcalcification, especially at the invasive or infiltrating front of breast tumors”. The role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) along with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in manipulating this pathological process has been highlighted. Therefore, this review offers a novel insight into the mechanism underlying the development of microcalcification in breast carcinomas.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Tabar L, Yen M-F, Vitak B, Chen H-HT, Smith RA, Duffy SW. Mammography service screening and mortality in breast cancer patients: 20-year follow-up before and after introduction of screening. The Lancet. 2003;361(9367):1405–10.CrossRef
2.
L T, Gad A, Holmberg L, Ljungquist U, Fagerberg C, Baldetorp L, et al. Reduction in mortality from breast cancer after mass screening with mammography: randomised trial from the breast cancer screening working group of the Swedish national board of health and welfare. Lancet. 1985;325(8433):829–32.CrossRef
3.
4.
Morgan MP, Cooke MM, McCarthy GM. Microcalcifications associated with breast cancer: an epiphenomenon or biologically significant feature of selected tumors? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2005;10(2):181–7.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Cheng H-D, Cai X, Chen X, Hu L, Lou X. Computer-aided detection and classification of microcalcifications in mammograms: a survey. Pattern Recogn. 2003;36(12):2967–91.CrossRef
6.
Gulsun M, Demirkazik FB, Ariyurek M. Evaluation of breast microcalcifications according to breast imaging reporting and data system criteria and Le Gal’s classification. Eur J Radiol. 2003;47(3):227–31.PubMedCrossRef
7.
8.
Homer MJ. Mammographic Interpretation: A Practical Approach. vol v. 766. McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division; 1997.
9.
Benson JR, Gui GP, Tuttle T. Early breast cancer: from screening to multidisciplinary management. CRC Press: London; 2013.
10.
Davies SG, Chapman S. Aids to radiological differential diagnosis. UK: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
11.
Bhargava S, Bhargava SK. Differential diagnosis in radiology. Jaypee brothers, medical publishers Pvt. New Delhi: Limited; 2014.
12.
Institute NC. Understanding breast changes: health guide for all women. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2004.
13.
Dikshith TSS. Hazardous chemicals: safety management and global regulations. CRC Press:Boca Raton; 2013.
14.
Judd SJ. Breast cancer sourcebook: basic consumer health information about breast cancer. Incorporated: Omnigraphics; 2004.
15.
MC M, CM d C. A woman’s concise guide to common medical tests. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press; 2005.
16.
Panda RN, Panigrahi BK, Patro MR. Feature extraction for classification of microcalcifications and mass lesions in mammograms. IJCSNS Int J Comput Sci Netw Secur. 2009;9(5):255–65.
17.
Leborgne R Diagnosis of tumors of the breast by simple roentgenography; calcifications in carcinomas. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther. 1951;65(1):1.PubMed
18.
Haka AS, Shafer-Peltier KE, Fitzmaurice M, Crowe J, Dasari RR, Feld MS. Identifying microcalcifications in benign and malignant breast lesions by probing differences in their chemical composition using Raman spectroscopy. Cancer Res. 2002;62(18):5375–80.PubMed
19.
20.
Morgan MP, Cooke MM, Christopherson PA, Westfall PR, McCarthy GM. Calcium hydroxyapatite promotes mitogenesis and matrix metalloproteinase expression in human breast cancer cell lines. Mol Carcinog. 2001;32(3):111–7.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Tabar L, Tony Chen HH, Amy Yen M, Tot T, Tung TH, Chen LS, et al. Mammographic tumor features can predict long-term outcomes reliably in women with 1–14-mm invasive breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101(8):1745–59.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Thurfjell E, Thurfjell MG, Lindgren A. Mammographic finding as predictor of survival in 1–9 mm invasive breast cancers. Worse prognosis for cases presenting as calcifications alone. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001;67(2):177–80.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Cox R. Cellular and molecular basis of mammary microcalcifications. 2011.
24.
McDonald L, Ferrari N, Terry A, Bell M, Mohammed ZM, Orange C, et al. RUNX2 in subtype specific breast cancer and mammary gland differentiation. Dis Model Mech. 2014;7:525–34.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
Clement JH, Marr N, Meissner A, Schwalbe M, Sebald W, Kliche K-O, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) induces sequential changes of id gene expression in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2000;126(5):271–9.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Lanigan F, Gremel G, Hughes R, Brennan DJ, Martin F, Jirström K, et al. Homeobox transcription factor muscle segment homeobox 2 (Msx2) correlates with good prognosis in breast cancer patients and induces apoptosis in vitro. Breast Cancer Res. 2010;12(4):R59.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
Gillespie MT, Thomas RJ, Pu ZY, Zhou H, Martin TJ, Findlay DM. Calcitonin receptors, bone sialoprotein and osteopontin are expressed in primary breast cancers. Int J Cancer. 1997;73(6):812–5.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Suzuki S, Nomizu T, Nihei M, Rokkaku Y, Kimijima I, Tsuchiya A, et al. Clinical evaluation of serum osteocalcin in patients with bone metastasis of breast cancer. Nihon Gan Chiryo Gakkai shi. 1989;24(10):2386–93.PubMed
29.
Le Gal M, Chavanne G, Pellier D. Diagnostic value of clustered microcalcifications discovered by mammography (apropos of 227 cases with histological verification and without a palpable breast tumor). Bull Cancer. 1984;71(1):57–64.PubMed
30.
D’orsi C, Bassett L, Berg W, Feig S, Jackson V, Kopans D. Breast imaging reporting and data system: ACR BI-RADS-mammography. Am Coll Radiol Reston. 2003;4.
31.
Frappart L, Boudeulle M, Boumendil J, Lin HC, Martinon I, Palayer C, et al. Structure and composition of microcalcifications in benign and malignant lesions of the breast: study by light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, microprobe analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Hum Pathol. 1984;15(9):880–9.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Going J, Anderson T, Crocker P, Levison D. Weddellite calcification in the breast: eighteen cases with implications for breast cancer screening. Histopathology. 1990;16(2):119–24.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Radi MJ. Calcium oxalate crystals in breast biopsies. An overlooked form of microcalcification associated with benign breast disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1989;113(12):1367–9.PubMed
34.
Frouge C, Meunier M, Guinebretiere J, Gilles R, Vanel D, Contesso G, et al. Polyhedral microcalcifications at mammography: histologic correlation with calcium oxalate. Radiology. 1993;186(3):681–4.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Park J, Choi H, Bae S-J, Lee M-S, Ahn S-H, Gong G. Clustering of breast microcalcifications: revisited. Clin Radiol. 2000;55(2):114–8.PubMedCrossRef
36.
de Lafontan B, Daures JP, Salicru B, Eynius F, Mihura J, Rouanet P, et al. Isolated clustered microcalcifications: diagnostic value of mammography–series of 400 cases with surgical verification. Radiology. 1994;190(2):479–83.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Cooke MM, McCarthy GM, Sallis JD, Morgan MP. Phosphocitrate inhibits calcium hydroxyapatite induced mitogenesis and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-1, interleukin-1Î2 and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA in human breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2003;79(2):253–63.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Boonrungsiman S, Gentleman E, Carzaniga R, Evans ND, McComb DW, Porter AE, et al. The role of intracellular calcium phosphate in osteoblast-mediated bone apatite formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2012;109(35):14170–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
Thouverey C, Strzelecka-Kiliszek A, Balcerzak M, Buchet R, Pikula S. Matrix vesicles originate from apical membrane microvilli of mineralizing osteoblast-like saos-2 cells. J Cell Biochem. 2009;106(1):127–38.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Kogaya Y, Furuhashi K. Ultrastructural localization of calcium in matrix vesicles and preodontoblasts of developing rat molar tooth germs during initial dentinogenesis. Cells Tissues Organs. 1988;132(2):100–8.CrossRef
41.
Sasagawa I The appearance of matrix vesicles and mineralization during tooth development in three teleost fishes with well-developed enameloid and orthodentine. Arch Oral Biol. 1988;33(2):75–86.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Garcés-Ortíz M, Ledesma-Montes C, Reyes-Gasga J. Presence of matrix vesicles in the body of odontoblasts and in the inner third of dentinal tissue: A scanning electron microscopyc study. Med Oral Patol oral Cir Bucal. 2013;18(3):e537.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Ali SY, Sajdera S, Anderson H. Isolation and characterization of calcifying matrix vesicles from epiphyseal cartilage. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1970;67(3):1513–20.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
Iannotti J, Naidu S, Noguchi Y, Hunt R, Brighton C. Growth plate matrix vesicle biogenesis: the role of intracellular calcium. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;306:222–9.PubMed
45.
Katsman D, Stackpole EJ, Domin DR, Farber DB. Embryonic stem cell-derived microvesicles induce gene expression changes in Müller cells of the retina. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e50417.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
Chen NX, O’Neill KD, Chen X, Moe SM. Annexin-mediated matrix vesicle calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(11):1798–805.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Chen NX, Chen X, O’Neill KD, Atkinson SJ, Moe SM. RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) alters fetuin-A uptake and regulates calcification in bovine vascular smooth muscle cells (BVSMC). Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2010;299(3):F674–F80.CrossRef
48.
Kapustin AN, Shanahan CM. Calcium regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell–derived matrix vesicles. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2012;22(5):133–7.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Hutcheson JD, Maldonado N, Aikawa E. Small entities with large impact: microcalcifications and atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2014;25(5):327.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
Millimaggi D, Festuccia C, Angelucci A, D’Ascenzo S, Rucci N, Flati S, et al. Osteoblast-conditioned media stimulate membrane vesicle shedding in prostate cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 2006;28(4):909–14.PubMed
51.
Dolo V, Adobati E, Canevari S, Picone MA, Vittorelli ML. Membrane vesicles shed into the extracellular medium by human breast carcinoma cells carry tumor-associated surface antigens. Clin Exp Metastasis. 1995;13(4):277–86.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Galindo-Hernandez O, Gonzales-Vazquez C, Cortes-Reynosa P, Reyes-Uribe E, Chavez-Ocaña S, Reyes-Hernandez O, et al. Extracellular vesicles from women with breast cancer promote an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like process in mammary epithelial cells MCF10A. Tumor Biol. 2015;1-11.
53.
Menck K, Scharf C, Bleckmann A, Dyck L, Rost U, Wenzel D, et al. Tumor-derived microvesicles mediate human breast cancer invasion through differentially glycosylated EMMPRIN. J Mol Cell Biol. 2015;7(2):143–53.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Wang T, Gilkes DM, Takano N, Xiang L, Luo W, Bishop CJ, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factors and RAB22A mediate formation of microvesicles that stimulate breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2014;111(31):E3234–E42.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
Wysoczynski M, Ratajczak MZ. Lung cancer secreted microvesicles: underappreciated modulators of microenvironment in expanding tumors. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(7):1595–603.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
Grange C, Tapparo M, Collino F, Vitillo L, Damasco C, Deregibus MC, et al. Microvesicles released from human renal cancer stem cells stimulate angiogenesis and formation of lung premetastatic niche. Cancer Res. 2011;71(15):5346–56.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Skog J, Würdinger T, van Rijn S, Meijer DH, Gainche L, Curry WT, et al. Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Nat Cell Biol. 2008;10(12):1470–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Register T, McLean F, Low M, Wuthier R. Roles of alkaline phosphatase and labile internal mineral in matrix vesicle-mediated calcification. Effect of selective release of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase and treatment with isosmotic pH 6 buffer. J Biol Chem. 1986;261(20):9354–60.PubMed
59.
Peress NS, Anderson HC, Sajdera SW. The lipids of matrix vesicles from bovine fetal epiphyseal cartilage. Calcif Tissue Res. 1974;14(1):275–81.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Kirsch T, Harrison G, Golub EE, Nah H-D. The roles of annexins and types II and X collagen in matrix vesicle-mediated mineralization of growth plate cartilage. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(45):35577–83.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Nielsen L, Pedersen F, Pedersen L. Expression of type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters/retroviral receptors mRNAs during osteoblast differentiation. Bone. 2001;28(2):160–6.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Stewart AJ, Roberts SJ, Seawright E, Davey MG, Fleming RH, Farquharson C. The presence of PHOSPHO1 in matrix vesicles and its developmental expression prior to skeletal mineralization. Bone. 2006;39(5):1000–7.PubMedCrossRef
63.
64.
65.
Anderson HC. Mechanisms of pathologic calcification. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 1988;14(2):303–19.
66.
Kelly-Arnold A, Maldonado N, Laudier D, Aikawa E, Cardoso L, Weinbaum S. Revised microcalcification hypothesis for fibrous cap rupture in human coronary arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2013;110(26):10741–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
Goettsch C, Hutcheson JD, Aikawa M, Singh S, Libby P, Aikawa E. Sortilin 1 Promotes Matrix Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Microcalcification via Rab11 Trafficking and C-Terminal Phosphorylation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014;34(Suppl 1):A51-A.
68.
New SE, Goettsch C, Aikawa M, Marchini JF, Shibasaki M, Yabusaki K, et al. Macrophage-derived matrix vesicles an alternative novel mechanism for microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaques. Circ Res. 2013;113(1):72–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek LB. Rene buchet & slawomir pikula. European Calcified Tissue Society Conference: Chemical composition of apatites formed by matrix vesicles during bone mineralization; 2014. doi:10.​1530/​boneabs.​3.​PP133.
70.
Sando N, Oka K, Moriya T, Saito H, Nagakura S, Mori N, et al. Osteosarcoma arising in the breast. APMIS. 2006;114(7–8):580–6.CrossRef
71.
Cox R, Hernandez-Santana A, Ramdass S, McMahon G, Harmey J, Morgan M. Microcalcifications in breast cancer: novel insights into the molecular mechanism and functional consequence of mammary mineralisation. Br J Cancer. 2012;106(3):525–37.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Korpela J, Tiitinen S, Hiekkanen H, Halleen J, Selander K, Väänänen H, et al. Serum TRACP 5b and ICTP as markers of bone metastases in breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 2006;26(4B):3127–32.PubMed
73.
Sarvari B, Mahadev DS, Rupa S, Mastan S. Detection of bone metastases in breast cancer (BC) patients by serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5b), a bone resorption marker and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a bone formation marker, in lieu of whole body skeletal scintigraphy with Technetium99m MDP. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2015;30(1):66–71.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Guerreiro S, Monteiro R, Martins MJ, Calhau C, Azevedo I, Soares R. Distinct modulation of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by 17β-estradiol and xanthohumol in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Clin Biochem. 2007;40(3):268–73.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Usoro NI, Omabbe MC, Usoro CA, Nsonwu A. Calcium, inorganic phosphates, alkaline and acid phosphatase activities in breast cancer patients in Calabar, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2010;10(1):9.PubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Deng S, Wang J, Hou L, Li J, Chen G, Jing B, et al. Annexin A1, A2, A4 and A5 play important roles in breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and laryngeal carcinoma, alone and/or synergistically. Oncol Lett. 2013;5(1):107–12.PubMed
77.
Sharma MR, Koltowski L, Ownbey RT, Tuszynski GP, Sharma MC. Angiogenesis-associated protein annexin II in breast cancer: selective expression in invasive breast cancer and contribution to tumor invasion and progression. Exp Mol Pathol. 2006;81(2):146–56.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Deng S, Jing B, Xing T, Hou L, Yang Z. Overexpression of annexin A2 is associated with abnormal ubiquitination in breast cancer. Genom Proteomics Bioinform. 2012;10(3):153–7.CrossRef
79.
Chen D-R, Chien S-Y, Kuo S-J, Teng Y-H, Tsai H-T, Kuo J-H, et al. SLC34A2 as a novel marker for diagnosis and targeted therapy of breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 2010;30(10):4135–40.PubMed
80.
Denoyer D, Perek N, Le Jeune N, Frere D, Dubois F. Evidence that 99mTc-(V)-DMSA uptake is mediated by NaPi cotransporter type III in tumour cell lines. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2004;31(1):77–84.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Dhennin-Duthille I, Gautier M, Faouzi M, Guilbert A, Brevet M, Vaudry D, et al. High expression of transient receptor potential channels in human breast cancer epithelial cells and tissues: correlation with pathological parameters. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2011;28(5):813–22.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Guilbert A, Gautier M, Dhennin-Duthille I, Haren N, Sevestre H, Ouadid-Ahidouch H. Evidence that TRPM7 is required for breast cancer cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2009;297(3):C493–502.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Mandavilli S, Singh BB, Sahmoun AE. Serum calcium levels, TRPM7, TRPC1, microcalcifications, and breast cancer using breast imaging reporting and data system scores. Breast Cancer Targets Ther. 2013;5:1.
84.
Middelbeek J, Kuipers AJ, Henneman L, Visser D, Eidhof I, van Horssen R, et al. TRPM7 is required for breast tumor cell metastasis. Cancer Res. 2012;72(16):4250–61.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Helenius M, Jalkanen S, Yegutkin GG. Enzyme-coupled assays for simultaneous detection of nanomolar ATP, ADP, AMP, adenosine, inosine and pyrophosphate concentrations in extracellular fluids. Biochim et Biophys Acta (BBA)-Mol Cell Res. 2012;1823(10):1967–75.CrossRef
86.
Yang SY, Lee J, Park CG, Kim S, Hong S, Chung HC, et al. Expression of autotaxin (NPP-2) is closely linked to invasiveness of breast cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2002;19(7):603–8.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Ouadid-Ahidouch H, Dhennin-Duthille I, Gautier M, Sevestre H, Ahidouch A. TRP calcium channel and breast cancer: expression, role and correlation with clinical parameters. Bull Cancer. 2012;99(6):655–64.PubMed
88.
Montezano AC, Zimmerman D, Yusuf H, Burger D, Chignalia AZ, Wadhera V, et al. Vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation to an osteogenic phenotype involves TRPM7 modulation by magnesium. Hypertension. 2010;56(3):453–62.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Osman L, Yacoub MH, Latif N, Amrani M, Chester AH. Role of human valve interstitial cells in valve calcification and their response to atorvastatin. Circulation. 2006;114(1 suppl):I-547-I-52.
90.
Hassan MQ, Maeda Y, Taipaleenmaki H, Zhang W, Jafferji M, Gordon JA, et al. miR-218 directs a Wnt signaling circuit to promote differentiation of osteoblasts and osteomimicry of metastatic cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2012;287(50):42084–92.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
Komori T, Yagi H, Nomura S, Yamaguchi A, Sasaki K, Deguchi K, et al. Targeted disruption of Cbfa1results in a complete lack of bone formation owing to maturational arrest of osteoblasts. Cell. 1997;89(5):755–64.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Rajamannan NM, Subramaniam M, Rickard D, Stock SR, Donovan J, Springett M, et al. Human aortic valve calcification is associated with an osteoblast phenotype. Circulation. 2003;107(17):2181–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
93.
Lee H-L, Woo KM, Ryoo H-M, Baek J-H. Tumor necrosis factor-α increases alkaline phosphatase expression in vascular smooth muscle cells via MSX2 induction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;391(1):1087–92.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Barnes GL, Javed A, Waller SM, Kamal MH, Hebert KE, Hassan MQ, et al. Osteoblast-related transcription factors Runx2 (Cbfa1/AML3) and MSX2 mediate the expression of bone sialoprotein in human metastatic breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2003;63(10):2631–7.PubMed
95.
Chang C-H, Fan T-C, Yu J-C, Liao G-S, Lin Y-C, Shih A, et al. The prognostic significance of RUNX2 and miR-10a/10b and their inter-relationship in breast cancer. J Transl Med. 2014;12(1):257.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
96.
Pratap J, Wixted JJ, Gaur T, Zaidi SK, Dobson J, Gokul KD, et al. Runx2 transcriptional activation of Indian hedgehog and a downstream bone metastatic pathway in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2008;68(19):7795–802.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
Inman CK, Shore P. The osteoblast transcription factor Runx2 is expressed in mammary epithelial cells and mediates osteopontin expression. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(49):48684–9.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Selvamurugan N, Kwok S, Partridge NC. Smad3 interacts with JunB and Cbfa1/Runx2 for transforming growth factor-β1-stimulated collagenase-3 expression in human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2004;279(26):27764–73.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Pratap J, Javed A, Languino LR, Van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, et al. The Runx2 osteogenic transcription factor regulates matrix metalloproteinase 9 in bone metastatic cancer cells and controls cell invasion. Mol Cell Biol. 2005;25(19):8581–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
Pilloni A, Pompa G, Saccucci M, Di Carlo G, Rimondini L, Brama M, et al. Analysis of human alveolar osteoblast behavior on a nano-hydroxyapatite substrate: an in vitro study. BMC Oral Health. 2014;14(1):22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
101.
Suzuki A, Ghayor C, Guicheux J, Magne D, Quillard S, Kakita A, et al. Enhanced expression of the inorganic phosphate transporter pit-1 is involved in BMP-2–induced matrix mineralization in osteoblast-like cells. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(5):674–83.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Wang EA, Rosen V, D’Alessandro JS, Bauduy M, Cordes P, Harada T, et al. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein induces bone formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1990;87(6):2220–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
Hadjicharalambous C, Kozlova D, Sokolova V, Epple M, Chatzinikolaidou M. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles carrying BMP-7 plasmid DNA induce an osteogenic response in MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2015;103:3834–42.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Kaden JJ, Bickelhaupt S, Grobholz R, Vahl C, Hagl S, Brueckmann M, et al. Expression of bone sialoprotein and bone morphogenetic protein-2 in calcific aortic stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2004;13(4):560–6.PubMed
105.
Rong S, Zhao X, Jin X, Zhang Z, Chen L, Zhu Y, et al. Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease is induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 via a mechanism involving the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2014;34(6):2049–60.PubMedCrossRef
106.
Arnold S, Tims E, McGrath B. Identification of bone morphogenetic proteins and their receptors in human breast cancer cell lines: importance of BMP2. Cytokine. 1999;11(12):1031–7.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Clement JH, Sänger J, Höffken K. Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 6 in normal mammary tissue and breast cancer cell lines and its regulation by epidermal growth factor. Int J Cancer. 1999;80(2):250–6.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Alarmo E-L, Kuukasjärvi T, Karhu R, Kallioniemi A. A comprehensive expression survey of bone morphogenetic proteins in breast cancer highlights the importance of BMP4 and BMP7. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007;103(2):239–46.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Alarmo EL, Rauta J, Kauraniemi P, Karhu R, Kuukasjärvi T, Kallioniemi A. Bone morphogenetic protein 7 is widely overexpressed in primary breast cancer. Genes Chromosom Cancer. 2006;45(4):411–9.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Nakashima K, Zhou X, Kunkel G, Zhang Z, Deng JM, Behringer RR, et al. The novel zinc finger-containing transcription factor osterix is required for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Cell. 2002;108(1):17–29.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Oh J-H, Park S-Y, de Crombrugghe B, Kim J-E. Chondrocyte-specific ablation of osterix leads to impaired endochondral ossification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012;418(4):634–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
112.
Satokata I, Ma L, Ohshima H, Bei M, Woo I, Nishizawa K, et al. Msx2 deficiency in mice causes pleiotropic defects in bone growth and ectodermal organ formation. Nat Genet. 2000;24(4):391–5.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Wilkie AO, Tang Z, Elanko N, Walsh S, Twigg SR, Hurst JA, et al. Functional haploinsufficiency of the human homeobox gene MSX2 causes defects in skull ossification. Nat Genet. 2000;24(4):387–90.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Goupille O, Saint Cloment C, Lopes M, Montarras D, Robert B. Msx1 and Msx2 are expressed in sub-populations of vascular smooth muscle cells. Dev Dyn. 2008;237(8):2187–94.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Bianco P, Fisher LW, Young MF, Termine JD, Robey PG. Expression of bone sialoprotein (BSP) in developing human tissues. Calcif Tissue Int. 1991;49(6):421–6.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Chen J, Shapiro HS, Sodek J. Developmental expression of bone sialoprotein mRNA in rat mineralized connective tissues. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7(8):987–97.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Severson AR, Ingram RT, Fitzpatrick LA. Matrix proteins associated with bone calcification are present in human vascular smooth muscle cells grownin vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1995;31(11):853–7.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Kovacheva M, Zepp M, Berger SM, Berger MR. Sustained conditional knockdown reveals intracellular bone sialoprotein as essential for breast cancer skeletal metastasis. Oncotarget. 2014;5(14):5510.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
119.
J-H ZHANG, Wang J, Tang J, Barnett B, Dickson J, Hahsimoto N, et al. Bone sialoprotein promotes bone metastasis of a non-bone-seeking clone of human breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res. 2004;24(3 A):1361–8.
120.
Diel IJ, Solomayer E-F, Seibel MJ, Pfeilschifter J, Maisenbacher H, Gollan C, et al. Serum bone sialoprotein in patients with primary breast cancer is a prognostic marker for subsequent bone metastasis. Clin Cancer Res. 1999;5(12):3914–9.PubMed
121.
Erik H, Jared SG, Yinyin L, Esben SS, Frank B, Graeme KH, et al. Osteopontin mediates mineralization and not osteogenic cell development in vitro. Biochem J. 2014;464(3):355–64.CrossRef
122.
Wada T, McKee MD, Steitz S, Giachelli CM. Calcification of vascular smooth muscle cell cultures inhibition by osteopontin. Circ Res. 1999;84(2):166–78.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Bellahcene A, Castronovo V. Increased expression of osteonectin and osteopontin, two bone matrix proteins, in human breast cancer. Am J Pathol. 1995;146(1):95.PubMedPubMedCentral
124.
Scimeca M, Giannini E, Antonacci C, Pistolese CA, Spagnoli LG, Bonanno E. Microcalcifications in breast cancer: an active phenomenon mediated by epithelial cells with mesenchymal characteristics. BMC Cancer. 2014;14(1):286.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
125.
Owen TA, Aronow M, Shalhoub V, Barone LM, Wilming L, Tassinari MS, et al. Progressive development of the rat osteoblast phenotype in vitro: reciprocal relationships in expression of genes associated with osteoblast proliferation and differentiation during formation of the bone extracellular matrix. J Cell Physiol. 1990;143(3):420–30.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Liu T, Lin J, Ju T, Chu L, Zhang L. Vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation to an osteogenic phenotype involves matrix metalloproteinase-2 modulation by homocysteine. Mol Cell Biochem. 2015;1-11.
127.
Shioi A, Katagi M, Okuno Y, Mori K, Jono S, Koyama H, et al. Induction of bone-type alkaline Phosphatase in human vascular smooth muscle cells roles of tumor necrosis factor-α and oncostatin M derived from macrophages. Circ Res. 2002;91(1):9–16.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Accorsi-Mendonça T, da Silva Paiva KB, Zambuzzi WF, Cestari TM, Lara VS, Sogayar MC, et al. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and-9 and RECK during alveolar bone regeneration in rat. J Mol Histol. 2008;39(2):201–8.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Chen NX, O’Neill KD, Chen X, Kiattisunthorn K, Gattone VH, Moe SM. Activation of arterial matrix metalloproteinases leads to vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol. 2011;34(3):211–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
130.
Tsai C-L, Chen W-C, Hsieh H-L, Chi P-L, Hsiao L-D, Yang C-M. TNF-α induces matrix metalloproteinase-9-dependent soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 release via TRAF2-mediated MAPKs and NF-κB activation in osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. J Biomed Sci. 2014;21:12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
131.
Ishigaki R, Takagi M, Igarashi M, Ito K. Gene expression and immunohistochemical localization of osteonectin in association with early bone formation in the developing mandible. Histochem J. 2002;34(1–2):57–66.PubMedCrossRef
132.
Farrokhi E, Ghatreh Samani K, Hashemzadeh Chaleshtori M, Tabatabaiefar MA. Effect of oxidized low density lipoprotein on the expression of Runx2 and SPARC genes in vascular smooth muscle cells. Iran Biomed J. 2015;19(3):160–4.PubMedPubMedCentral
133.
Li X, Weaver O, Desouki MM, Dabbs D, Shyum S, Carter G, et al. Microcalcification is an important factor in the management of breast intraductal papillomas diagnosed on core biopsy. Am J Clin Pathol. 2012;138(6):789–95.PubMedCrossRef
134.
Chavkin NW, Chia JJ, Crouthamel MH, Giachelli CM. Phosphate uptake-independent signaling functions of the type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporter, PiT-1, in vascular smooth muscle cells. Exp Cell Res. 2015;333(1):39–48.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
135.
Singh A, Pandey A, Tewari M, Kumar R, Sharma A, Singh K, et al. Advanced stage of breast cancer hoist alkaline phosphatase activity: risk factor for females in India. 3 Biotech. 2013;3(6):517–20.PubMedCentralCrossRef
136.
Choudhari A, Desai P, Indumati V, Kadi S. Activities of serum Ada, GGT and alp in carcinoma breast-a case control study for diagnostic and prognostic significance. Indian J Med Sci. 2013;67(5):123.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Komori T Regulation of skeletal development by the Runx family of transcription factors. J Cell Biochem. 2005;95(3):445–53.PubMedCrossRef
138.
S-i H, Rodan GA. Control of osteoblast function and regulation of bone mass. Nature. 2003;423(6937):349–55.CrossRef
139.
Koga T, Matsui Y, Asagiri M, Kodama T, de Crombrugghe B, Nakashima K, et al. NFAT and Osterix cooperatively regulate bone formation. Nat Med. 2005;11(8):880–5.PubMedCrossRef
140.
Mandal CC, Drissi H, Choudhury GG, Ghosh-Choudhury N. Integration of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt kinase, and smad signaling pathway in BMP-2-induced osterix expression. Calcif Tissue Int. 2010;87(6):533–40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
141.
Barnes GL, Hebert KE, Kamal M, Javed A, Einhorn TA, Lian JB, et al. Fidelity of Runx2 activity in breast cancer cells is required for the generation of metastases-associated osteolytic disease. Cancer Res. 2004;64(13):4506–13.PubMedCrossRef
142.
Jauliac S, Lopez-Rodriguez C, Shaw LM, Brown LF, Rao A, Toker A. The role of NFAT transcription factors in integrin-mediated carcinoma invasion. Nat Cell Biol. 2002;4(7):540–4.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Yeung F, Law WK, Yeh C-H, Westendorf JJ, Zhang Y, Wang R, et al. Regulation of human osteocalcin promoter in hormone-independent human prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(4):2468–76.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Bellahcene A, Kroll M, Liebens F, Castronovo V. Bone sialoprotein expression in primary human breast cancer is associated with bone metastases development. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(5):665–70.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Neman J, Hambrecht A, Cadry C, Jandial R. Stem cell-mediated osteogenesis: therapeutic potential for bone tissue engineering. Biologics Targets Therapy. 2012;6:47.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
146.
Zanette DL, Rivadavia F, Molfetta GA, Barbuzano FG, Proto-Siqueira R, Silva-Jr WA, et al. miRNA expression profiles in chronic lymphocytic and acute lymphocytic leukemia. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2007;40(11):1435–40.PubMedCrossRef
147.
Lee J-S, Lee J-M, Im G-I. Electroporation-mediated transfer of Runx2 and osterix genes to enhance osteogenesis of adipose stem cells. Biomaterials. 2011;32(3):760–8.PubMedCrossRef
148.
Abate-Shen C Deregulated homeobox gene expression in cancer: cause or consequence? Nat Rev Cancer. 2002;2(10):777–85.PubMedCrossRef
149.
Satoh K, Hamada S, Kimura K, Kanno A, Hirota M, Umino J, et al. Up-regulation of MSX2 enhances the malignant phenotype and is associated with twist 1 expression in human pancreatic cancer cells. Am J Pathol. 2008;172(4):926–39.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
150.
Di Bari M, Ginsburg E, Plant J, Strizzi L, Salomon D, Vonderhaar B. Msx2 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mouse mammary epithelial cells through upregulation of Cripto-1. J Cell Physiol. 2009;219(3):659–66.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
151.
Satoh K, Hamada S, Kanno A, Hirota M, Umino J, Ito H, et al. Expression of MSX2 predicts malignancy of branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. J Gastroenterol. 2010;45(7):763–70.PubMedCrossRef
152.
Cheng S-L, Shao J-S, Charlton-Kachigian N, Loewy AP, Towler DA. MSX2 promotes osteogenesis and suppresses adipogenic differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitors. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(46):45969–77.PubMedCrossRef
153.
Castronovo V, Bellahcene A. Evidence that breast cancer associated microcalcifications are mineralized malignant cells. Int J Oncol. 1998;12(2):305–13.PubMed
154.
Bundred NJ, Walls J, Ratcliffe WA. Parathyroid hormone-related protein, bone metastases and hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1996;78(4):354–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
155.
Liu F, Bloch N, Bhushan KR, De Grand AM, Tanaka E, Solazzo S, et al. Humoral BMP-2 is sufficient for inducing breast cancer microcalcification. Mol Imaging. 2008;7(4):175.PubMedPubMedCentral
156.
Inoue K, Liu F, Hoppin J, Lunsford EP, Lackas C, Hesterman J, et al. High-resolution CT imaging of single breast cancer microcalcifications in vivo. Mol Imaging. 2011;10(4):295.PubMedPubMedCentral
157.
Wang RN, Green J, Wang Z, Deng Y, Qiao M, Peabody M, et al. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling in development and human diseases. Genes Dis. 2014;1(1):87–105.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
158.
Hruska KA, Mathew S, Saab G. Bone morphogenetic proteins in vascular calcification. Circ Res. 2005;97(2):105–14.PubMedCrossRef
159.
Bragdon B, Moseychuk O, Saldanha S, King D, Julian J, Nohe A. Bone morphogenetic proteins: a critical review. Cell Signal. 2011;23(4):609–20.PubMedCrossRef
160.
161.
Choi ME, Ding Y, Kim SI, editors. TGF-β signaling via TAK1 pathway: role in kidney fibrosis. Seminars in nephrology; 2012: Elsevier.
162.
163.
Hong J, Zhou J, Fu J, He T, Qin J, Wang L, et al. Phosphorylation of serine 68 of Twist1 by MAPKs stabilizes Twist1 protein and promotes breast cancer cell invasiveness. Cancer Res. 2011;71(11):3980–90.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
164.
Hipp S, Berg D, Ergin B, Schuster T, Hapfelmeier A, Walch A, et al. Interaction of snail and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase results in shorter overall survival of ovarian cancer patients. Virchows Arch. 2010;457(6):705–13.PubMedCrossRef
165.
166.
Liu J, Ben Q-W, Yao W-Y, Zhang J-J, Chen D-F, He X-Y et al. BMP2 induces PANC-1 cell invasion by MMP-2 overexpression through ROS and ERK. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2012;17:2541–9.
167.
Liao A, Wang W, Sun D, Jiang Y, Tian S, Li J, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition via AKT and ERK signaling pathways in gastric cancer. Tumour Biol. 2014. doi:10.​1007/​s13277-014-2901-1.
168.
Kang MH, Oh SC, Lee HJ, Kang HN, Kim JL, Kim JS, et al. Metastatic function of BMP-2 in gastric cancer cells: the role of PI3K/AKT, MAPK, the NF-κB pathway, and MMP-9 expression. Exp Cell Res. 2011;317(12):1746–62.PubMedCrossRef
169.
170.
Gaur T, Lengner CJ, Hovhannisyan H, Bhat RA, Bodine PV, Komm BS, et al. Canonical WNT signaling promotes osteogenesis by directly stimulating Runx2 gene expression. J Biol Chem. 2005;280(39):33132–40.PubMedCrossRef
171.
172.
Li X, Lu W, Fu X, Zhang Y, Yang K, Zhong N, et al. BMP4 increases canonical transient receptor potential protein expression by activating p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2013;49(2):212–20. doi:10.​1165/​rcmb.​2012-0051OC.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
173.
Choi YJ, Kim ST, Park KH, Oh SC, Seo JH, Shin SW, et al. The serum bone morphogenetic protein-2 level in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Med Oncol. 2012;29(2):582–8.PubMedCrossRef
174.
Ghosh-Choudhury N, Woodruff K, Qi W, Celeste A, Abboud SL, Choudhury GG. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 blocks MDA MB 231 human breast cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2000;272(3):705–11.PubMedCrossRef
175.
Chen A, Wang D, Liu X, He S, Yu Z, Wang J. Inhibitory effect of BMP-2 on the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep. 2012;6(3):615–20.PubMed
176.
Takahashi M, Otsuka F, Miyoshi T, Otani H, Goto J, Yamashita M, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) and BMP7 inhibit estrogen-induced proliferation of breast cancer cells by suppressing p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. J Endocrinol. 2008;199(3):445–55.PubMedCrossRef
177.
Ampuja M, Jokimäki R, Juuti-Uusitalo K, Rodriguez-Martinez A, Alarmo E-L, Kallioniemi A. BMP4 inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer cells and induces an MMP-dependent migratory phenotype in MDA-MB-231 cells in 3D environment. BMC Cancer. 2013;13(1):429.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
178.
Clement JH, Raida M, Sänger J, Bicknell R, Liu J, Naumann A, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) induces in vitro invasion and in vivo hormone independent growth of breast carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 2005;27(2):401–7.PubMed
179.
Katsuno Y, Hanyu A, Kanda H, Ishikawa Y, Akiyama F, Iwase T, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling enhances invasion and bone metastasis of breast cancer cells through Smad pathway. Oncogene. 2008;27(49):6322–33.PubMedCrossRef
180.
Montesano R Bone morphogenetic protein-4 abrogates lumen formation by mammary epithelial cells and promotes invasive growth. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;353(3):817–22.PubMedCrossRef
181.
Ketolainen JM, Alarmo E-L, Tuominen VJ, Kallioniemi A. Parallel inhibition of cell growth and induction of cell migration and invasion in breast cancer cells by bone morphogenetic protein 4. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010;124(2):377–86.PubMedCrossRef
182.
Kang MH, Kang HN, Kim JL, Kim JS, Oh SC, Yoo YA. Inhibition of PI3 kinase/Akt pathway is required for BMP2-induced EMT and invasion. Oncol Rep. 2009;22(3):525–34.PubMed
183.
Richter A, Valdimarsdottir L, Hrafnkelsdottir HE, Runarsson JF, Omarsdottir AR, Ward-van Oostwaard D, et al. BMP4 promotes EMT and mesodermal commitment in human embryonic stem cells via SLUG and MSX2. Stem Cells. 2014;32(3):636–48. doi:10.​1002/​stem.​1592.PubMedCrossRef
184.
Xu T, Yu CY, Sun JJ, Liu Y, Wang XW, Pi LM, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein-4-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasiveness through Smad1-mediated signal pathway in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Arch Med Res. 2011;42(2):128–37. doi:10.​1016/​j.​arcmed.​2011.​03.​003.PubMedCrossRef
185.
186.
Hamada S, Satoh K, Hirota M, Kimura K, Kanno A, Masamune A, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition through MSX2 induction on pancreatic cancer cell line. J Cell Physiol. 2007;213(3):768–74. doi:10.​1002/​jcp.​21148.PubMedCrossRef
187.
Ghirelli C, Reyal F, Jeanmougin M, Zollinger R, Sirven P, Michea P et al. Breast cancer cell-derived GM-CSF licenses regulatory Th2 induction by plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cells in aggressive disease subtypes. Cancer Research. 2015:canres. 2386.014.
188.
Mandal CC, Ghosh-Choudhury T, Dey N, Choudhury GG, Ghosh-Choudhury N. miR-21 is targeted by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid to regulate breast tumor CSF-1 expression. Carcinogenesis. 2012:bgs198.
189.
Azenshtein E, Luboshits G, Shina S, Neumark E, Shahbazian D, Weil M, et al. The CC chemokine RANTES in breast carcinoma progression regulation of expression and potential mechanisms of promalignant activity. Cancer Res. 2002;62(4):1093–102.PubMed
190.
Luboshits G, Shina S, Kaplan O, Engelberg S, Nass D, Lifshitz-Mercer B, et al. Elevated expression of the CC chemokine regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1999;59(18):4681–7.PubMed
191.
Pylayeva-Gupta Y, Lee KE, Hajdu CH, Miller G, Bar-Sagi D. Oncogenic Kras-induced GM-CSF production promotes the development of pancreatic neoplasia. Cancer Cell. 2012;21(6):836–47.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
192.
Kacinski BM. CSF-1 and its receptor in breast carcinomas and neoplasms of the female reproductive tract. Mol Reprod Dev. 1997;46(1):71–4.PubMedCrossRef
193.
Tang R, Kacinski B, Validire P, Beuvon F, Sastre X, Benoit P, et al. Oncogene amplification correlates with dense lymphocyte infiltration in human breast cancers: a role for hematopoietic growth factor release by tumor cells? J Cell Biochem. 1990;44(3):189–98.PubMedCrossRef
194.
Shih J-Y, Yuan A, Chen JJ-W, Yang P-C. Tumor-associated macrophage: its role in cancer invasion and metastasis. J Cancer Mol. 2006;2(3):101–6.
195.
Yam M, Tchou J, English R, Highnam R, Highnam R, Roskell D, et al. A mammographic dilemma: calcification or haemosiderin as a cause of opacities? Validation of a new digital diagnostic tool. Br J Radiol. 2001;74(887):1048–51.PubMedCrossRef
196.
197.
Kiyamova R, Shyian M, Lyzogubov VV, Usenko VS, Gout T, Filonenko V. Immunohistochemical analysis of NaPi2b protein (MX35 antigen) expression and subcellular localization in human normal and cancer tissues. Exp Oncol. 2011;33(3):157–61.PubMed
198.
Wang C-Y, Lin C-F. Annexin A2: its molecular regulation and cellular expression in cancer development. Dis Markers. 2014;2014.
199.
Schlieper G, Aretz A, Verberckmoes SC, Krüger T, Behets GJ, Ghadimi R, et al. Ultrastructural analysis of vascular calcifications in uremia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(4):689–96.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
200.
Golub EE, Boesze-Battaglia K. The role of alkaline phosphatase in mineralization. Curr Opin Orthop. 2007;18(5):444–8.CrossRef
201.
Stefan C, Jansen S, Bollen M. NPP-type ectophosphodiesterases: unity in diversity. Trends Biochem Sci. 2005;30(10):542–50.PubMedCrossRef
202.
Balcerzak M, Hamade E, Zhang L, Pikula S, Azzar G, Radisson J, et al. The roles of annexins and alkaline phosphatase in mineralization process. Acta Biochim Pol. 2003;50(4):1019–38.PubMed
203.
Lieben L, Carmeliet G. The involvement of TRP channels in bone homeostasis. Front Endocrinol. 2012;3:99.CrossRef
204.
205.
Chen D, Harris M, Rossini G, Dunstan C, Dallas S, Feng J, et al. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) enhances BMP-3, BMP-4, and bone cell differentiation marker gene expression during the induction of mineralized bone matrix formation in culturesof fetal rat calvarial osteoblasts. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;60(3):283–90.PubMedCrossRef
206.
Ghosh-Choudhury N, Mandal CC, Choudhury GG. Statin-induced Ras activation integrates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signal to Akt and MAPK for bone morphogenetic protein-2 expression in osteoblast differentiation. J Biol Chem. 2007;282(7):4983–93.PubMedCrossRef
207.
Mandal C, Ganapathy S, Gorin Y, Mahadev K, Block K, Abboud H, et al. Reactive oxygen species derived from Nox4 mediate BMP2 gene transcription and osteoblast differentiation. Biochem J. 2011;433:393–402.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
208.
Ghosh-Choudhury N, Mandal CC, Das F, Ganapathy S, Ahuja S, Choudhury GG. c-Abl-dependent molecular circuitry involving Smad5 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced osteogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(34):24503–17.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
209.
Ciceri P, Elli F, Brenna I, Volpi E, Romagnoli S, Tosi D, et al. Lanthanum prevents high phosphate-induced vascular calcification by preserving vascular smooth muscle lineage markers. Calcif Tissue Int. 2013;92(6):521–30.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
A Molecular View of Pathological Microcalcification in Breast Cancer
Authors
Tanu Sharma
James A. Radosevich
Geeta Pachori
Chandi C. Mandal
Publication date
01-06-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia / Issue 1-2/2016
Print ISSN: 1083-3021
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7039
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-015-9349-9

Other articles of this Issue 1-2/2016

Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 1-2/2016 Go to the issue

EditorialNotes

In Memoriam: Isabel A. Forsyth 1936-2016

OriginalPaper

Adipokines and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Normal Human Breast Tissue in Vivo – Correlations and Attenuation by Dietary Flaxseed

ReviewPaper

A Comparative Study on the In Vitro Effects of the DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaC) in Breast/Mammary Cancer of Different Mammalian Species

ReviewPaper

Binuclear Cells in the Lactating Mammary Gland: New Insights on an Old Concept?

OriginalPaper

Interstitial Fluid Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Murine Mammary Gland and Cancer and Human Breast Tissue and Cancer Determined by Novel Methods

OriginalPaper

Enrichment for Repopulating Cells and Identification of Differentiation Markers in the Bovine Mammary Gland
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits