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Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
Published in: Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 1/2013

01-03-2013

Exposures to Synthetic Estrogens at Different Times During the Life, and Their Effect on Breast Cancer Risk

Authors: Leena Hilakivi-Clarke, Sonia de Assis, Anni Warri

Published in: Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia | Issue 1/2013

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Abstract

Women are using estrogens for many purposes, such as to prevent pregnancy or miscarriage, or to treat menopausal symptoms. Estrogens also have been used to treat breast cancer which seems puzzling, since there is convincing evidence to support a link between high lifetime estrogen exposure and increased breast cancer risk. In this review, we discuss the findings that maternal exposure to the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy increases breast cancer risk in both exposed mothers and their daughters. In addition, we review data regarding the use of estrogens in oral contraceptives and as postmenopausal hormone therapy and discuss the opposing effects on breast cancer risk based upon timing of exposure. We place particular emphasis on studies investigating how maternal estrogenic exposures during pregnancy increase breast cancer risk among daughters. New data suggest that these exposures induce epigenetic modifications in the mammary gland and germ cells, thereby causing an inheritable increase in breast cancer risk for multiple generations.
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Metadata
Title
Exposures to Synthetic Estrogens at Different Times During the Life, and Their Effect on Breast Cancer Risk
Authors
Leena Hilakivi-Clarke
Sonia de Assis
Anni Warri
Publication date
01-03-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia / Issue 1/2013
Print ISSN: 1083-3021
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7039
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10911-013-9274-8

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