Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 5/2016

01-10-2016 | Original Paper

Diabetes Risk Factor Knowledge Varies Among Multiracial College Students

Authors: Lorraine Laccetti Mongiello, Nicholas Freudenberg, Hollie Jones

Published in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health | Issue 5/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

All racial/ethnic groups are at higher risk for type 2 diabetes compared to whites, but it is unknown if young adults recognize their risk. Risk knowledge and individual risk perception were examined in 1579 multiracial urban college students. Students have little knowledge of diabetes risk factors; identifying less than three of ten. Considerable variation exists in the understanding of risk; only .02 % of Asian, 14.0 % of Hispanic and 22.8 % of black students recognized that their race increased risk. Among those with ≥3 risk factors (n = 541) only 39 % perceived their risk. These under-estimators had lower knowledge scores (p = .03) than those who acknowledged their risk; indicating that the cause of under-estimating risk may be, at least, in part due to a lack of information. There is a pressing need to heighten understanding of type 2 diabetes risk among young adults to decrease the future burden of this disease.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2014.
4.
go back to reference Kanaya AM, Herrington D, Vittinghoff E, et al. Understanding the high prevalence of diabetes in U.S. South Asians compared with four racial/ethnic groups: the MASALA and MESA studies. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(6):1621–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Kanaya AM, Herrington D, Vittinghoff E, et al. Understanding the high prevalence of diabetes in U.S. South Asians compared with four racial/ethnic groups: the MASALA and MESA studies. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(6):1621–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
5.
go back to reference Lee JWR, Brancati FL, Yeh HC. Trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Asians versus whites: results from the United States national health interview survey, 1997–2008. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):353–7.PubMedPubMedCentral Lee JWR, Brancati FL, Yeh HC. Trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Asians versus whites: results from the United States national health interview survey, 1997–2008. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):353–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
6.
go back to reference Schiller JS, Lucus LJ, Peregoy JA, Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat. 2011;10(256):2012. Schiller JS, Lucus LJ, Peregoy JA, Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat. 2011;10(256):2012.
7.
go back to reference Karter AJ, Schillinger D, Adams AS, et al. Elevated rates of diabetes in Pacific Islanders and Asian subgroups: The Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE). Diabetes Care. 2013;36(3):574–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Karter AJ, Schillinger D, Adams AS, et al. Elevated rates of diabetes in Pacific Islanders and Asian subgroups: The Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE). Diabetes Care. 2013;36(3):574–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
8.
go back to reference Chiu M, Austin PC, Manuel DG, Shah BR, Tu JV. Deriving ethnic-specific BMI cutoff points for assessing diabetes risk. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(8):1741–8.PubMedPubMedCentral Chiu M, Austin PC, Manuel DG, Shah BR, Tu JV. Deriving ethnic-specific BMI cutoff points for assessing diabetes risk. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(8):1741–8.PubMedPubMedCentral
9.
go back to reference Tillin T, Hughes AD, Godsland IF, et al. Insulin resistance and truncal obesity as important determinants of the greater incidence of diabetes in Indian Asians and African Caribbeans compared with Europeans: the Southall And Brent REvisited (SABRE) cohort. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(2):383–93.PubMedPubMedCentral Tillin T, Hughes AD, Godsland IF, et al. Insulin resistance and truncal obesity as important determinants of the greater incidence of diabetes in Indian Asians and African Caribbeans compared with Europeans: the Southall And Brent REvisited (SABRE) cohort. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(2):383–93.PubMedPubMedCentral
10.
go back to reference Rush EC, Freitas I, Plank LD. Body size, body composition and fat distribution: comparative analysis of European, Maori, Pacific Island and Asian Indian adults. Br J Nutr. 2009;102(4):632–41.PubMed Rush EC, Freitas I, Plank LD. Body size, body composition and fat distribution: comparative analysis of European, Maori, Pacific Island and Asian Indian adults. Br J Nutr. 2009;102(4):632–41.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Ghouri N, Purves D, McConnachie A, Wilson J, Gill JM, Sattar N. Lower cardiorespiratory fitness contributes to increased insulin resistance and fasting glycaemia in middle-aged South Asian compared with European men living in the UK. Diabetologia. 2013;56(10):2238–49.PubMedPubMedCentral Ghouri N, Purves D, McConnachie A, Wilson J, Gill JM, Sattar N. Lower cardiorespiratory fitness contributes to increased insulin resistance and fasting glycaemia in middle-aged South Asian compared with European men living in the UK. Diabetologia. 2013;56(10):2238–49.PubMedPubMedCentral
12.
go back to reference Celis-Morales CA, Ghouri N, Bailey ME, Sattar N, Gill JM. Should physical activity recommendations be ethnicity-specific? Evidence from a cross-sectional study of South Asian and European men. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82568.PubMedPubMedCentral Celis-Morales CA, Ghouri N, Bailey ME, Sattar N, Gill JM. Should physical activity recommendations be ethnicity-specific? Evidence from a cross-sectional study of South Asian and European men. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82568.PubMedPubMedCentral
13.
go back to reference Ortega F, Konstabel K, Pasquali E, Ruiz J, Hurtig-Wennlof A, et al. Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time during childhood, adolescence and young adulthood: a cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60871.PubMedPubMedCentral Ortega F, Konstabel K, Pasquali E, Ruiz J, Hurtig-Wennlof A, et al. Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time during childhood, adolescence and young adulthood: a cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e60871.PubMedPubMedCentral
14.
go back to reference Reilly J, Kelly J. Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: systematic review. Int J Obes. 2011;35:891–8. Reilly J, Kelly J. Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: systematic review. Int J Obes. 2011;35:891–8.
15.
go back to reference Jose K, Blizzard L, Dwyeer T, McKercher C, Alison J. Childhood and adolescent predictors of leisure time physical activity during the transition from adolescence to adulthood: a population based cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8(1):54–62.PubMedPubMedCentral Jose K, Blizzard L, Dwyeer T, McKercher C, Alison J. Childhood and adolescent predictors of leisure time physical activity during the transition from adolescence to adulthood: a population based cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8(1):54–62.PubMedPubMedCentral
16.
go back to reference Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan PJ, Story M. Trends in adolescent fruit and vegetable consumption, 1999–2004: project EAT. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(2):147–50.PubMed Larson NI, Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan PJ, Story M. Trends in adolescent fruit and vegetable consumption, 1999–2004: project EAT. Am J Prev Med. 2007;32(2):147–50.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Small M, Bailey-Davis L, Morgan N, Maggs J. Changes in eating and physical activity behaviors across seven semesters of college: living on or off campus matters. Health Educ Behav. 2013;40(4):435–41.PubMed Small M, Bailey-Davis L, Morgan N, Maggs J. Changes in eating and physical activity behaviors across seven semesters of college: living on or off campus matters. Health Educ Behav. 2013;40(4):435–41.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Gillen MM, Lefkowitz ES. The ‘freshman 15’: trends and predictors in a sample of multiethnic men and women. Eat Behav. 2011;12(4):261–6.PubMedPubMedCentral Gillen MM, Lefkowitz ES. The ‘freshman 15’: trends and predictors in a sample of multiethnic men and women. Eat Behav. 2011;12(4):261–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference Kvaavik E, Andersen LF, Klepp KI. The stability of soft drinks intake from adolescence to adult age and the association between long-term consumption of soft drinks and lifestyle factors and body weight. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8(2):149–57.PubMed Kvaavik E, Andersen LF, Klepp KI. The stability of soft drinks intake from adolescence to adult age and the association between long-term consumption of soft drinks and lifestyle factors and body weight. Public Health Nutr. 2005;8(2):149–57.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Nelson TF, Gortmaker SL, Subramanian SV, Cheung L, Wechsler H. Disparities in overweight and obesity among US college students. Am J Health Behav. 2007;31(4):363–73.PubMed Nelson TF, Gortmaker SL, Subramanian SV, Cheung L, Wechsler H. Disparities in overweight and obesity among US college students. Am J Health Behav. 2007;31(4):363–73.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Strong KA, Parks SL, Anderson E, Winett R, Davy BM. Weight gain prevention: identifying theory-based targets for health behavior change in young adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(10):1708–15.PubMedPubMedCentral Strong KA, Parks SL, Anderson E, Winett R, Davy BM. Weight gain prevention: identifying theory-based targets for health behavior change in young adults. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(10):1708–15.PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
go back to reference Nelson TF, Gortmaker SL, Subramanian SV, Wechsler H. Vigorous physical activity among college students in the United States. J Phys Act Health. 2007;4(4):495–508.PubMed Nelson TF, Gortmaker SL, Subramanian SV, Wechsler H. Vigorous physical activity among college students in the United States. J Phys Act Health. 2007;4(4):495–508.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Patel SR, Hu FB. Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(3):643–53. Patel SR, Hu FB. Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(3):643–53.
24.
go back to reference Serlachius A, Hamer M, Wardle J. Stress and weight change in university students in the United Kingdom. Physiol Behav. 2007;92(4):548–53.PubMed Serlachius A, Hamer M, Wardle J. Stress and weight change in university students in the United Kingdom. Physiol Behav. 2007;92(4):548–53.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Vella-Zarb RA, Elgar FJ. The ‘freshman 5’: a meta-analysis of weight gain in the freshman year of college. J Am Coll Health. 2009;58(2):161–6.PubMed Vella-Zarb RA, Elgar FJ. The ‘freshman 5’: a meta-analysis of weight gain in the freshman year of college. J Am Coll Health. 2009;58(2):161–6.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Wengreen H, Moncur C. Change in diet, physical activity, and body weight among young-adults during the transition from high school to college. Nutr J. 2009;42:32–8. Wengreen H, Moncur C. Change in diet, physical activity, and body weight among young-adults during the transition from high school to college. Nutr J. 2009;42:32–8.
27.
go back to reference Glanz K, National Cancer Institute (U.S.). Theory at a glance: a guide for health promotion practice. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute; 2005. Glanz K, National Cancer Institute (U.S.). Theory at a glance: a guide for health promotion practice. 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute; 2005.
28.
go back to reference Smith M, Dickerson J, Sosa E, McKyer E, Ory M. College students’ perceived disease risk versus actual prevalence rates. Am J Health Behav. 2012;36(1):96–106.PubMed Smith M, Dickerson J, Sosa E, McKyer E, Ory M. College students’ perceived disease risk versus actual prevalence rates. Am J Health Behav. 2012;36(1):96–106.PubMed
29.
go back to reference DeSalvo KB, Gregg J, Kleinpeter M, Pedersen BR, Stepter A, Peabody J. Cardiac risk underestimation in urban, black women. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(12):1127–31.PubMedPubMedCentral DeSalvo KB, Gregg J, Kleinpeter M, Pedersen BR, Stepter A, Peabody J. Cardiac risk underestimation in urban, black women. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(12):1127–31.PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
go back to reference Graham GN, Leath B, Payne K, et al. Perceived versus actual risk for hypertension and diabetes in the African American community. Health Promot Pract. 2006;7(1):34–46.PubMed Graham GN, Leath B, Payne K, et al. Perceived versus actual risk for hypertension and diabetes in the African American community. Health Promot Pract. 2006;7(1):34–46.PubMed
31.
go back to reference Dearborn JL, McCullough LD. Perception of risk and knowledge of risk factors in women at high risk for stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(4):1181–6.PubMedPubMedCentral Dearborn JL, McCullough LD. Perception of risk and knowledge of risk factors in women at high risk for stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(4):1181–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
go back to reference Walker EA, Caban A, Schechter CB, et al. Measuring comparative risk perceptions in an urban minority population: the risk perception survey for diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2007;33(1):103–10.PubMed Walker EA, Caban A, Schechter CB, et al. Measuring comparative risk perceptions in an urban minority population: the risk perception survey for diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2007;33(1):103–10.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Heikes KE, Eddy DM, Arondekar B, Schlessinger L. Diabetes risk calculator: a simple tool for detecting undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(5):1040–5.PubMed Heikes KE, Eddy DM, Arondekar B, Schlessinger L. Diabetes risk calculator: a simple tool for detecting undiagnosed diabetes and pre-diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(5):1040–5.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2477–83.PubMedPubMedCentral Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2477–83.PubMedPubMedCentral
36.
go back to reference Rosal MC, Borg A, Bodenlos JS, Tellez T, Ockene IS. Awareness of diabetes risk factors and prevention strategies among a sample of low-income latinos with no known diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2011;37(1):47–55.PubMed Rosal MC, Borg A, Bodenlos JS, Tellez T, Ockene IS. Awareness of diabetes risk factors and prevention strategies among a sample of low-income latinos with no known diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2011;37(1):47–55.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Brezo J, Royal C, Ampy F, Headings V. Ethnic identity and type 2 diabetes health attitudes in Americans of African ancestry. Ethn Dis. 2006;16(3):624–32.PubMed Brezo J, Royal C, Ampy F, Headings V. Ethnic identity and type 2 diabetes health attitudes in Americans of African ancestry. Ethn Dis. 2006;16(3):624–32.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Chesla CA, Skaff MM, Bartz RJ, Mullan JT, Fisher L. Differences in personal models among Latinos and European Americans: implications for clinical care. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(12):1780–5.PubMed Chesla CA, Skaff MM, Bartz RJ, Mullan JT, Fisher L. Differences in personal models among Latinos and European Americans: implications for clinical care. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(12):1780–5.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Mochari-Greenberger H, Mills T, Simpson S, Mosca L. Knowledge, preventive action, and barriers to cardiovascular disease prevention by race and ethnicity in women: an American Heart Association national survey. J Womens Health. 2010;19(7):1243–9. Mochari-Greenberger H, Mills T, Simpson S, Mosca L. Knowledge, preventive action, and barriers to cardiovascular disease prevention by race and ethnicity in women: an American Heart Association national survey. J Womens Health. 2010;19(7):1243–9.
40.
go back to reference Sivalingam S, Ashraf J, Vallurupalli N, Friderici J, Cook J, Rothberg M. Ethnic differences in the self-recognition of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities: a cross-sectional analysis. JGIM. 2011;26(6):616–20.PubMed Sivalingam S, Ashraf J, Vallurupalli N, Friderici J, Cook J, Rothberg M. Ethnic differences in the self-recognition of obesity and obesity-related comorbidities: a cross-sectional analysis. JGIM. 2011;26(6):616–20.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Tan AU, Hoffman B, Rosas SE. Patient perception of risk factors associated with chronic kidney disease morbidity and mortality. Ethn Dis. 2010;20(2):106–10.PubMed Tan AU, Hoffman B, Rosas SE. Patient perception of risk factors associated with chronic kidney disease morbidity and mortality. Ethn Dis. 2010;20(2):106–10.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Gupta LS, Wu CC, Young S, Perlman SE. Prevalence of diabetes in New York City, 2002–2008: comparing foreign-born South Asians and other Asians with U.S.-born whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(8):1791–3.PubMedPubMedCentral Gupta LS, Wu CC, Young S, Perlman SE. Prevalence of diabetes in New York City, 2002–2008: comparing foreign-born South Asians and other Asians with U.S.-born whites, blacks, and Hispanics. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(8):1791–3.PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
go back to reference Kanaya AM, Wassel CL, Mathur D, et al. Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in South asian Indians in the United States: findings from the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in South asians living in America study and the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2010;8(2):157–64.PubMed Kanaya AM, Wassel CL, Mathur D, et al. Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in South asian Indians in the United States: findings from the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis in South asians living in America study and the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2010;8(2):157–64.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Walker EA, Mertz CK, Kalten MR, Flynn J. Risk perception for developing diabetes: comparative risk judgments of physicians. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(9):2543–8.PubMed Walker EA, Mertz CK, Kalten MR, Flynn J. Risk perception for developing diabetes: comparative risk judgments of physicians. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(9):2543–8.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Bates L, Acevedo-Garcia D, Alegría M, Krieger N. Immigration and generational trends in body mass index and obesity in the United States: results of the national Latino and Asian American survey, 2002–2003. AJPH. 2008;98(1):70–7. Bates L, Acevedo-Garcia D, Alegría M, Krieger N. Immigration and generational trends in body mass index and obesity in the United States: results of the national Latino and Asian American survey, 2002–2003. AJPH. 2008;98(1):70–7.
46.
go back to reference Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(12):1090–101.PubMed Yang W, Lu J, Weng J, et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(12):1090–101.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Pinelli NR, Herman WH, Brown MB, Jaber LA. Perceived risk and the willingness to enroll in a diabetes prevention lifestyle intervention in Arab-Americans. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;90(2):e27–9.PubMedPubMedCentral Pinelli NR, Herman WH, Brown MB, Jaber LA. Perceived risk and the willingness to enroll in a diabetes prevention lifestyle intervention in Arab-Americans. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;90(2):e27–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
48.
go back to reference Baptiste-Roberts K, Gary TL, Beckles GL, et al. Family history of diabetes, awareness of risk factors, and health behaviors among African Americans. AJPH. 2007;97(5):907–12. Baptiste-Roberts K, Gary TL, Beckles GL, et al. Family history of diabetes, awareness of risk factors, and health behaviors among African Americans. AJPH. 2007;97(5):907–12.
49.
go back to reference Mosca L, Mochari H, Christian A, et al. National study of women’s awareness, preventive action, and barriers to cardiovascular health. Circulation. 2006;113(4):525–34.PubMed Mosca L, Mochari H, Christian A, et al. National study of women’s awareness, preventive action, and barriers to cardiovascular health. Circulation. 2006;113(4):525–34.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Kim C, McEwen LN, Piette JD, Goewey J, Ferrara A, Walker EA. Risk perception for diabetes among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(9):2281–6.PubMed Kim C, McEwen LN, Piette JD, Goewey J, Ferrara A, Walker EA. Risk perception for diabetes among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(9):2281–6.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Morrison MK, Lowe JM, Collins CE. Perceived risk of type 2 diabetes in Australian women with a recent history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2010;27(8):882–6.PubMed Morrison MK, Lowe JM, Collins CE. Perceived risk of type 2 diabetes in Australian women with a recent history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2010;27(8):882–6.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Klein WM, Stefanek ME. Cancer risk elicitation and communication: lessons from the psychology of risk perception. CA J Clin. 2007;57(3):147–67. Klein WM, Stefanek ME. Cancer risk elicitation and communication: lessons from the psychology of risk perception. CA J Clin. 2007;57(3):147–67.
53.
go back to reference Wendt S. Perception of future risk of breast cancer and coronary heart disease in female undergraduates. Psychol Health Med. 2005;10(3):253–62. Wendt S. Perception of future risk of breast cancer and coronary heart disease in female undergraduates. Psychol Health Med. 2005;10(3):253–62.
54.
go back to reference Lytle LA, Moe SG, Nanney MS, Laska MN, Linde JA. Designing a weight gain prevention trial for young adults: the CHOICES study. Am J Health Educ. 2014;45(2):67–75.PubMedPubMedCentral Lytle LA, Moe SG, Nanney MS, Laska MN, Linde JA. Designing a weight gain prevention trial for young adults: the CHOICES study. Am J Health Educ. 2014;45(2):67–75.PubMedPubMedCentral
55.
go back to reference Dour CA, Horacek TM, Schembre SM, et al. Process evaluation of project WebHealth: a nondieting web-based intervention for obesity prevention in college students. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2013;45(4):288–95.PubMed Dour CA, Horacek TM, Schembre SM, et al. Process evaluation of project WebHealth: a nondieting web-based intervention for obesity prevention in college students. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2013;45(4):288–95.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Napolitano MA, Hayes S, Bennett GG, Ives AK, Foster GD. Using Facebook and text messaging to deliver a weight loss program to college students. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(1):25–31. Napolitano MA, Hayes S, Bennett GG, Ives AK, Foster GD. Using Facebook and text messaging to deliver a weight loss program to college students. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(1):25–31.
57.
go back to reference Mongiello LL, Freudenberg N, Spark A. Making the healthy choice the easy choice on campus: a qualitative study. Health Behav Policy Rev. 2015;2(2):110–21. Mongiello LL, Freudenberg N, Spark A. Making the healthy choice the easy choice on campus: a qualitative study. Health Behav Policy Rev. 2015;2(2):110–21.
58.
59.
go back to reference Kandula NR, Lauderdale DS. Leisure time, non-leisure time, and occupational physical activity in Asian Americans. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15(4):257–65.PubMed Kandula NR, Lauderdale DS. Leisure time, non-leisure time, and occupational physical activity in Asian Americans. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15(4):257–65.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Diabetes Risk Factor Knowledge Varies Among Multiracial College Students
Authors
Lorraine Laccetti Mongiello
Nicholas Freudenberg
Hollie Jones
Publication date
01-10-2016
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health / Issue 5/2016
Print ISSN: 1557-1912
Electronic ISSN: 1557-1920
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-015-0250-9

Other articles of this Issue 5/2016

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 5/2016 Go to the issue