Top

Published in:

01-03-2015 | Original Paper

Personal Gambling Expectancies Among Asian American and White American College Students

Authors: Alan Ka Ki Chan, Nolan Zane, Gloria M. Wong, Anna V. Song

Published in: Journal of Gambling Studies | Issue 1/2015

Abstract

Many college students are involved in gambling behavior as a recreational activity. Their involvement could potentially develop into problem gambling, an issue of increasing concern to student health. At the same time, evidence suggests that Asian Americans are overrepresented amongst problem gamblers in this age period. Research on factors related to initiation and development of problem gambling in college students is necessary to inform the development of effective and culturally-sensitive prevention efforts against gambling. The relationships between personal gambling expectancies at two levels of specificity (two general and six specific types of expectancies) and college student gambling at two levels of behavior (initiation and problems) were examined in a sample of 813 Asian American and White American college students. The study aimed to address (a) whether expectancies explained ethnic differences in gambling, (b) ethnic similarities and differences in the pattern of relationships between expectancies and gambling, and (c) whether expectancies that emerged in both ethnic groups have a greater risk or protective effect for one group than another. Results showed that Asian American students reported more problem gambling than White American students, but expectancies did not account for this group difference. Risk and protective factors for initiation were relatively similar between groups, but different patterns of risk emerged for each group for problem gambling. Implications for college primary prevention and harm reduction programs are discussed.

Descriptive statistics for the initial pool of 63 items may be obtained from the first author.

Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.CrossRefPubMed

Arthur, D., Tong, W. L., Chen, C. P., Hing, A. Y., Sagara-Rosemeyer, M., Kua, E. H., et al. (2008). The validity and reliability of four measures of gambling behaviour in a sample of Singapore university students. Journal of Gambling Studies, 24(4), 451–462. doi:10.1007/s10899-008-9103-y.CrossRefPubMed

Bandura, A. (1978). The self system in reciprocal determinism. American Psychologist, 33(4), 344–358. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.33.4.344.CrossRef

Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education & Behavior, 31(2), 143–164. doi:10.1177/1090198104263660.CrossRef

Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97(5), 487–499. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x.CrossRefPubMed

Blinn-Pike, L., Worthy, S. L., & Jonkman, J. N. (2007). Disordered gambling among college students: A meta-analytic synthesis. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 175–183. doi:10.1007/s10899-006-9036-2.CrossRefPubMed

Breslau, J., Kendler, K. S., Su, M., Gaxiola-Aguilar, S., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 35, 317–327. doi:10.1017/S0033291704003514.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Brevers, D., Cleeremans, A., Hermant, C., Tibboel, H., Kornreich, C., Verbanck, P., et al. (2012). Implicit gambling attitudes in problem gamblers: Positive but not negative implicit associations. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44(1), 94–97. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.07.008.CrossRefPubMed

Burge, A. N., Pietrzak, R. H., Molina, C. A., & Petry, N. M. (2004). Age of gambling initiation and severity of gambling and health problems among older adult problem gamblers. Psychiatric Services, 55(12), 1437–1439. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.55.12.1437.CrossRefPubMed

Chen, F. F., Sousa, K. H., & West, S. G. (2005). Teacher’s corner: Testing measurement invariance of second-order factor models. Structural Equation Modeling, 12(3), 471–492. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1203_7.CrossRef

Chen, F. F., West, S. G., & Sousa, K. H. (2006). A comparison of bifactor and second-order models of quality of life. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41(2), 189–225. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr4102_5.CrossRef

Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., & Windle, M. (1992). Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives. Psychological Assessment, 4(2), 123–132. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.2.123.CrossRef

Coventry, K. R., & Brown, R. I. F. (1993). Sensation seeking, gambling and gambling addictions. Addiction, 88(4), 541–554. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02061.x.CrossRefPubMed

Coxe, S., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2009). The analysis of count data: A gentle introduction to Poisson regression and its alternatives. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 121–136. doi:10.1080/00223890802634175.CrossRefPubMed

D’Amico, E. J., & Fromme, K. (2000). Implementation of the risk skills training program: A brief intervention targeting adolescent participation in risk behaviors. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 7(1), 101–117. doi:10.1016/S1077-7229(00)80011-5.CrossRef

Derevensky, J. L., Gupta, R., Dickson, L., & Deguire, A.-E. (2005). Prevention efforts toward reducing gambling problems. In J. L. Derevensky & R. Gupta (Eds.), Gambling problems in youth: Theoretical and applied perspectives (pp. 211–230). New York: Springer.CrossRef

Dickson, L. M., Derevensky, J. L., & Gupta, R. (2002). The prevention of gambling problems in youth: A conceptual framework. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(2), 97–159. doi:10.1023/A:1015557115049.CrossRefPubMed

Dickson, L. M., Derevensky, J. L., & Gupta, R. (2004). Harm reduction for the prevention of youth gambling problems: Lessons learned from adolescent high-risk behavior prevention programs. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(2), 233–263. doi:10.1177/0743558403258272.CrossRef

Dickson, L. M., Derevensky, J. L., & Gupta, R. (2008). Youth gambling problems: Examining risk and protective factors. International Gambling Studies, 8(1), 25–47. doi:10.1080/14459790701870118.CrossRef

DiClemente, C. C., Story, M., & Murray, K. (2000). On a roll: The process of initiation and cessation of problem gambling among adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies, 16(2–3), 289–313. doi:10.1023/A:1009441216698.CrossRefPubMed

Emond, M. S., & Marmurek, H. H. C. (2010). Gambling related cognitions mediate the association between thinking style and problem gambling severity. Journal of Gambling Studies, 26(2), 257–267. doi:10.1007/s10899-009-9164-6.CrossRefPubMed

Engwall, D., Hunter, R., & Steinberg, M. (2004). Gambling and other risk behaviors on university campuses. Journal of American College Health, 52(6), 245–255. doi:10.3200/JACH.52.6.245-256.CrossRefPubMed

Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2005). Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion. Nature Neuroscience, 8(11), 1481–1489. doi:10.1038/nn1579.CrossRefPubMed

Fong, T., Campos, M., Rosenthal, R., Brecht, M.-L., Schwartz, B., Davis, A., et al. (2010). Problem gambling knowledge and perceived community impact among Asian-Pacific Islanders and non Asian-Pacific Islanders. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 12(2), 173–178. doi:10.1007/s10903-009-9238-7.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18, 233–239. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.1.55.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Gerrard, M., Gibbons, F. X., Houlihan, A. E., Stock, M. L., & Pomery, E. A. (2008). A dual-process approach to health risk decision making: The prototype willingness model. Developmental Review, 28(1), 29–61. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.10.001.CrossRef

Gillespie, M. A. M., Derevensky, J., & Gupta, R. (2007a). I. Adolescent problem gambling: Developing a gambling expectancy instrument. Journal of Gambling Issues, 19(1), 51–68. doi:10.4309/jgi.2007.19.3.CrossRef

Gillespie, M. A. M., Derevensky, J., & Gupta, R. (2007b). II. The utility of outcome expectancies in the prediction of adolescent gambling behaviour. Journal of Gambling Issues, 19(1), 69–85. doi:10.4309/jgi.2007.19.4.CrossRef

Gonzalez, H. M., Tarraf, W., Whitfield, K. E., & Vega, W. A. (2010). The epidemiology of major depression and ethnicity in the United States. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44(15), 1043–1105. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.03.017.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Gupta, R., Nower, L., Derevensky, J. L., Blaszczynski, A., Faregh, N., & Temcheff, C. (2012). Problem gambling in adolescents: An examination of the Pathways Model. Journal of Gambling Studies. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9322-0.

Halpern-Felsher, B. L., Biehl, M., Kropp, R. Y., & Rubenstein, M. L. (2004). Perceived risks and benefits of smoking: Differences among adolescents with different smoking experiences and intentions. Preventive Medicine, 39(3), 559–567. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.017.CrossRefPubMed

Hurt, H., Giannetta, J. M., Brodsky, N. L., Shera, D., & Romer, D. (2008). Gambling initiation in preadolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(1), 91–93. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.12.018.CrossRefPubMed

Jang, M., Lee, E., & Woo, K. (1998). Income, language, and citizen status: Factors affecting the health care access and utilization of Chinese Americans. Health Social Work, 23(2), 136–145. doi:10.1093/hsw/23.2.136.CrossRefPubMed

Jessor, R. (1987). Problem-behavior theory, psychosocial development, and adolescent problem drinking. British Journal of Addiction, 82(4), 331–342. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1987.tb01490.x.CrossRefPubMed

Jessor, R. (1991). Risk behavior in adolescence: A psychosocial framework for understanding and action. Journal of Adolescent Health, 12(8), 597–605. doi:10.1016/1054-139X(91)90007-K.CrossRefPubMed

Johansson, A., Grant, J. E., Kim, S. W., Odlaug, B. L., & Gotestam, K. G. (2009). Risk factors for problematic gambling: A critical literature review. Journal of Gambling Studies, 25(1), 67–92. doi:10.1007/s10899-008-9088-6.

Jones, B. T., Corbin, W., & Fromme, K. (2001). A review of expectancy theory and alcohol consumption. Addiction, 96(1), 57–72. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961575.x.CrossRefPubMed

Kim, B. S. K., Atkinson, D. R., & Yang, P. H. (1999). The Asian Values Scale: Development, factor analysis, validation, and reliability. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 342–352. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.46.3.342.CrossRef

Kim, B. S. K., & Omizo, M. M. (2010). Behavioral enculturation and acculturation, psychological functioning, and help-seeking attitudes among Asian American adolescents. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(3), 175–185. doi:10.1037/a0021125.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Kivlahan, D. R., Marlatt, G. A., Fromme, K., Coppel, D. B., & Williams, E. (1990). Secondary prevention with college drinkers: Evaluation of an alcohol skills training program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(6), 805–810. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.58.6.805.CrossRefPubMed

LaBrie, R. A., Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., & Wechsler, H. (2003). Correlates of college student gambling in the United States. Journal of American College Health, 52(2), 53–62. doi:10.1080/07448480309595725.CrossRefPubMed

Ladouceur, R., Ferland, F., & Vitaro, F. (2004). Prevention of problem gambling: Modifying misconceptions and increasing knowledge among Canadian youth. Journal of Primary Prevention, 25(3), 329–335. doi:10.1023/B:JOPP.0000048024.37066.32.CrossRef

Lai, D. W. L. (2006). Gambling and the older Chinese in Canada. Journal of Gambling Studies, 22(1), 121–141. doi:10.1007/s10899-005-9006-0.CrossRefPubMed

Larimer, M. E., & Neighbors, C. (2003). Normative misperception and the impact of descriptive and injunctive norms on college student gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17(3), 235–243. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.17.3.235.CrossRefPubMed

Lee, H.-P., Chae, P. K., Lee, H.-S., & Kim, Y.-K. (2007). The five-factor gambling motivation model. Psychiatry Research, 150, 21–32. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.04.005.CrossRefPubMed

Leong, F. T. L., Inman, A. G., Ebreo, A., Yang, L. H., Kinoshita, L., & Fu, M. (2006). Handbook of Asian American psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Lesieur, H. R., Cross, J., Frank, M., Welch, M., White, C. M., Rubenstein, G., et al. (1991). Gambling and pathological gambling among university students. Addictive Behaviors, 16(6), 517–527. doi:10.1016/0306-4603(91)90059-Q.CrossRefPubMed

Liu, W. M., & Iwamoto, D. K. (2007). Conformity to masculine norms, Asian values, coping strategies, peer group influences and substance use among Asian American men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8(1), 25–39. doi:10.1037/1524-9220.8.1.25.CrossRef

Loo, J. M. Y., Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2008). Gambling among the Chinese: A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(7), 1152–1166. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.04.001.CrossRefPubMed

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224.CrossRef

Marlatt, G. A., & George, W. H. (1984). Relapse prevention: Introduction and overview of the model. British Journal of Addiction, 79(3), 261–273. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1984.tb00274.x.CrossRefPubMed

Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320–341. doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2.CrossRef

Martin, R. J., Usdan, S., Nelson, S., Umstatt, M. R., LaPlante, D., Perko, M., et al. (2010). Using the theory of planned behavior to predict gambling behavior. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(1), 89–97. doi:10.1037/a0018452.CrossRefPubMed

Miller, M. J. (2010). Testing a bilinear domain-specific model of acculturation and enculturation across generation status. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(2), 179–186. doi:10.1037/a0019089.CrossRefPubMed

Moore, S. M., & Ohtsuka, K. (1999). The prediction of gambling behavior and problem gambling from attitudes and perceived norms. Social Behavior and Personality, 27, 455–466. doi:10.2224/sbp.1999.27.5.455.CrossRef

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2011). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

Neighbors, C., Lostutter, T. W., Cronce, J. M., & Larimer, M. E. (2002). Exploring college student gambling motivation. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(4), 361–370. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.35.4.426.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Newcomb, M. D., Chou, C., Bentler, P. M., & Huba, G. J. (1988). Cognitive motivations for drug use among adolescents: Longitudinal tests of gender differences and predictors of change in drug use. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35(4), 426–438. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.35.4.426.CrossRef

Nisbett, R. E. (2003). The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently… and why. New York: The Free Press.

Oei, T. P. S., & Raylu, N. (2004). Familial influence on offspring gambling: A cognitive mechanism for transmission of gambling behavior in families. Psychological Medicine, 34(7), 1279–1288. doi:10.1017/S0033291704003150.CrossRefPubMed

Orford, J., Griffiths, M., Wardle, H., Sproston, K., & Erens, B. (2009). Negative public attitudes towards gambling: Findings from the 2007 British Gambling Prevalence Survey using a new attitude scale. International Gambling Studies, 9(1), 39–54. doi:10.1080/14459790802652217.CrossRef

Osilla, K. C., Wong, E. C., & Zane, N. (2012). Harm reduction for Asian American and Pacific Islander populations. In G. A. Marlatt, M. E. Larimer, & K. Witkiewitz (Eds.), Harm reduction: Pragmatic strategies for managing high-risk behaviors (2nd ed., pp. 318–338). New York: The Guiliford Press.

Petry, N. M., Armentano, C., Kuoch, T., Norinth, T., & Smith, L. (2003). Gambling participation and problems among South East Asian refugees to the United States. Psychiatric Services, 54(8), 1142–1148. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.54.8.1142.CrossRefPubMed

Petry, N. M., & Blanco, C. (2012). National gambling experiences in the United States: Will history repeat itself? Addiction. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03894.x.

Poulin, C. (2002). An assessment of the validity and reliability of the SOGS-RA. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(1), 67–93. doi:10.1023/A:1014584213557.CrossRefPubMed

Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.CrossRefPubMed

Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2004a). Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): Development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Addiction, 99(6), 757–769. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00753.x.CrossRefPubMed

Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. (2004b). Role of culture in gambling and problem gambling. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(8), 1087–1114. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2003.09.005.CrossRefPubMed

Revelle, W., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2009). Coefficients alpha, beta, omega, and the glb: Comments on Sijtsma. Psychometrika, 74(1), 145–154. doi:10.1007/s11336-008-9102-z.CrossRef

Roberti, J. W. (2004). A review of behavioral and biological correlates of sensation seeking. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(3), 256–279. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00067-9.CrossRef

Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. (2010). Ensuring positiveness of the scaled difference Chi square test statistic. Psychometrika, 75(2), 243–248. doi:10.1007/s11336-009-9135-y.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Scott-Sheldon, L. A., Terry, D. L., Carey, K. B., Garey, L., & Carey, M. P. (2012). Efficacy of expectancy challenge interventions to reduce college student drinking: A meta-analytic review. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 26(3), 393–405. doi:10.1037/a0027565.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Scull, S., & Woolcock, G. (2005). Problem gambling in non-English speaking background communities in Queensland, Australia: A qualitative exploration. International Gambling Studies, 5(1), 29–44. doi:10.1080/14459790500097939.CrossRef

Shaffer, H. J., Hall, M. N., & Vander Bilt, J. (1999). Estimating the prevalence of disordered gambling behavior in the United States and Canada: A research synthesis. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1369–1376. http://www.ajph.org/.

Shaffer, H., LaPlante, D., LaBrie, R., Kidman, R., Donato, A., & Stanton, M. (2004). Toward a syndrome model of addiction: Multiple expressions, common etiology. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(6), 367–374. doi:10.1080/10673220490905705.CrossRefPubMed

Shead, N. W., Callan, M. J., & Hodgins, D. C. (2008). Probability discounting among gamblers: Differences across problem gambling severity and affect-regulation expectancies. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(6), 536–541. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.008.CrossRef

Stewart, S. H., & Zack, M. (2008). Development and psychometric evaluation of a three-dimensional Gambling Motives Questionnaire. Addiction, 103, 1110–1117. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02235.x.CrossRefPubMed

Stinchfield, R., Hanson, W. E., & Olson, D. H. (2006). Problem and pathological gambling among college students. New Directions for Student Services, 2006(113), 63–72. doi:10.1002/ss.196.CrossRef

Stoltenberg, S. F., Batien, B. D., & Birgenheir, D. G. (2008). Does gender moderate associations among impulsivity and health-risk behaviors? Addictive Behaviors, 33(2), 252–265. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.09.004.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011). Results from the 2010 national survey on drug use and health: National findings. NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4658. Rockville, MD. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k10NSDUH/2k10Results.htm.

Takeuchi, D. T., Zane, N., Hong, S., Chae, D. H., Gong, F., Gee, G. C., et al. (2007). Immigration-related factors and mental disorders among Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 84–90. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2006.088401.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed

Tang, C. S., & Oei, T. P. (2011). Gambling cognition and subjective well-being as mediators between perceived stress and problem gambling: A cross-cultural study on White and Chinese problem gamblers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(3), 511–520. doi:10.1037/a0024013.CrossRefPubMed

Tang, C. S., & Wu, A. M. S. (2012). Gambling-related cognitive biases and pathological gambling among youths, young adults, and mature adults in Chinese societies. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28(1), 139–154. doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9249-x.CrossRefPubMed

Tao, V. Y. K., Wu, A. M. S., Cheung, S. F., & Tong, K. K. (2011). Developing of an indigenous inventory GMAB (Gambling Motives, Attitudes and Behaviors) for Chinese gamblers: An exploratory study. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(1), 99–113. doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9191-3.CrossRefPubMed

Tiffany, S. T. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review, 97(2), 147–168. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.97.2.147.CrossRefPubMed

United States Census Bureau. (2012, March). The Asian population: 2010. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-11.pdf.

Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, M.-C. O., & Hoffman, J. H. (2011). Gambling and problem gambling across the lifespan. Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(1), 49–61. doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9195-z.CrossRefPubMed

Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W. F., Tidwell, M.-C. O., & Parker, J. C. (2004). Risk factors for pathological gambling. Addictive Behaviors, 29(2), 323–335. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.08.007.CrossRefPubMed

West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Wickwire, E. M., Whelan, J. P., & Myers, A. W. (2010). Outcome expectancies and gambling behavior among urban adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24(1), 75–88. doi:10.1037/a0017505.CrossRefPubMed

Wickwire, E. M., Whelan, J. P., West, R., Meyers, A., McCausland, C., & Leullen, J. (2007). Perceived availability, risks, and benefits of gambling among college students. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23, 397–408. doi:10.1007/s10899-007-9057-5.CrossRef

Widaman, K. F., & Reise, S. P. (1997). Exploring the measurement invariance of psychological instruments: Applications in the substance use domain. In K. J. Bryant, M. Windle, & S. G. West (Eds.), The science of prevention: Methodological advances from alcohol and substance abuse research (pp. 281–324). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRef

Winters, K. C., Stinchfield, R. D., & Fulkerson, D. (1993). Toward the development of an adolescent gambling problem severity scale. Journal of Gambling Studies, 9(1), 63–84. doi:10.1007/BF01019925.CrossRef

Wong, S. S., & Tsang, S. K. (2012). Development and validation of the Chinese adolescent gambling expectancy scale. International Gambling Studies. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/14459795.2012.672582.

Wong, G., Zane, N., Saw, A., & Chan, A. K. K. (2012). Examining gender differences for gambling engagement and gambling problems among emerging adults. Journal of Gambling Studies. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9305-1.

Wu, A. M. S., & Tang, C. S. (2011). Validation of the Chinese version of the Gambling Motivation Scale (C-GMS). Journal of Gambling Studies, 27(4), 709–724. doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9234-9.CrossRefPubMed

Wu, A. M. S., & Tang, C. S. (2012). Problem gambling of Chinese college students: Application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Gambling Studies, 28(2), 315–324. doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9250-4.

Yuan, K.-H., Bentler, P. M., & Chan, W. (2004). Structural equation modeling with heavy tailed distributions. Psychometrika, 69(3), 421–436. doi:10.1007/BF02295644.CrossRef

Yung, Y.-F., Thissen, D., & McLeod, L. D. (1999). On the relationship between the higher-order factor model and the hierarchical factor model. Psychometrika, 64(2), 113–128. doi:10.1007/BF02294531.CrossRef

Title: Personal Gambling Expectancies Among Asian American and White American College Students
Authors: Alan Ka Ki Chan
Nolan Zane
Gloria M. Wong
Anna V. Song
Publication date: 01-03-2015
Publisher: Springer US
Published in: Journal of Gambling Studies / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3602
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9397-2

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Personal Gambling Expectancies Among Asian American and White American College Students

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

The Impulsivity and Sensation-Seeking Mediators of the Psychological Consequences of Pathological Gambling in Adolescence

Adaptation Study of the Turkish Version of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-T)

Inpatient Treatment for Pathological Gamblers in Germany: Setting, Utilization, and Structure

Personal, Social and Environmental Risk Factors of Problematic Gambling Among High School Adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Betting Patterns for Sports and Races: A Longitudinal Analysis of Online Wagering in Australia

A Descriptive Analysis of Demographic and Behavioral Data from Internet Gamblers and Those Who Self-exclude from Online Gambling Platforms