Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Family Violence 7/2022

27-11-2021 | COVID-19 | Original Article

Daily Stress and Use of Aggressive Discipline by Parents during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Authors: Bridget Freisthler, Jennifer Price Wolf, Caileigh Chadwick, Katherine Renick

Published in: Journal of Family Violence | Issue 7/2022

Login to get access

Abstract

To assess the relationship between stress throughout the day and aggressive discipline practices by parents during COVID-19 stay at home orders. For this study, participants took baseline survey online, then provided data three times a day (10 a.m., 3 p.m., and 9 p.m.) for 14 consecutive days using Ecological Momentary Assessment procedures. Data were collected from 323 participants, covering 9,357 observations from April 13 to May 27, 2020 in Central Ohio during stay-at-home orders due to COVID-19. Use of aggressive discipline, including corporal punishment and psychological aggression, was measured using the Dimensions of Discipline Inventory. For each higher level of stress, parents had 1.3 greater odds of using aggressive discipline. Having used aggressive discipline at baseline was related to three times greater odds of using it during the study period. Higher situational stress was associated with use of aggressive parenting. When combined with less contact with mandatory reporters, this places children at risk for abuse and neglect that may go without detection and intervention for longer time-periods. First responders and medical professionals become more important in identifying and reporting suspected child maltreatment, as this may be a child’s only contact with a mandated professional for six months to a year. Well child visits, routine vaccinations, and problem-focused care are important opportunities to assess parents’ stress and discipline practices that may be suggestive of abuse or neglect.
Literature
go back to reference Abidin, R.R. (1995). Parenting stress index, third edition: Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources; Odessa, FL. Abidin, R.R. (1995). Parenting stress index, third edition: Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources; Odessa, FL.
go back to reference Calvano, C., Engelke, L., Di, Bella. J., Kindermann, J., Renneberg, B., & Winter, S. M. (2021). Families in the covid-19 pandemic: parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences-results of a representative survey in germany. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2021 Mar 01. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01739-0 Calvano, C., Engelke, L., Di, Bella. J., Kindermann, J., Renneberg, B., & Winter, S. M. (2021). Families in the covid-19 pandemic: parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences-results of a representative survey in germany. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2021 Mar 01. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s00787-021-01739-0
go back to reference Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386–396.CrossRef Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386–396.CrossRef
go back to reference Gershoff, E. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 530–579. Gershoff, E. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 530–579.
go back to reference Holden, E. W., & Banez, G. A. (1996). Child abuse potential and parenting stress within maltreatment families. Journal of Family Violence, 11, 1–12.CrossRef Holden, E. W., & Banez, G. A. (1996). Child abuse potential and parenting stress within maltreatment families. Journal of Family Violence, 11, 1–12.CrossRef
go back to reference Imran, N., Imran Sharif, M., Iqtadar, S., Waqar Azeem, M., Aamer, I., Liaqat, S., & Malik, S. (2020). 51.10 parental stress and parenting in times of the covid-19 pandemic in pakistan. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(10). S254. Imran, N., Imran Sharif, M., Iqtadar, S., Waqar Azeem, M., Aamer, I., Liaqat, S., & Malik, S. (2020). 51.10 parental stress and parenting in times of the covid-19 pandemic in pakistan. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(10). S254.
go back to reference Janssen, L.H.C., Kullberg, M-L.J., Verkuil, B., van Zwieten, N., Wever, M.C.M., van Houtum, L.A.E.M., Wentholt, W.G.M., & Elzinga, B.M. 2020 Does the COVID-19 pandemic impact parents and adolescents’ well-being? An EMA-study on daily affect and parenting. PLoS ONE, 15 (10): e0240962. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240962 Janssen, L.H.C., Kullberg, M-L.J., Verkuil, B., van Zwieten, N., Wever, M.C.M., van Houtum, L.A.E.M., Wentholt, W.G.M., & Elzinga, B.M. 2020 Does the COVID-19 pandemic impact parents and adolescents’ well-being? An EMA-study on daily affect and parenting. PLoS ONE, 15 (10): e0240962. https://​journals.​plos.​org/​plosone/​article?​id=​https://​doi.​org/​10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0240962
go back to reference Kerr, M.L., Rasmussen, H.F., Fanning, K.A., & Braaten, S.M. (2021). Parenting during COVID-19: A study of parents’ experiences across gender and income levels. Online early, Family Relations. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12571 Kerr, M.L., Rasmussen, H.F., Fanning, K.A., & Braaten, S.M. (2021). Parenting during COVID-19: A study of parents’ experiences across gender and income levels. Online early, Family Relations. https://​onlinelibrary.​wiley.​com/​doi/​full/​https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​fare.​12571
go back to reference Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., Congdon, R. T. (2013). HLM 7.01 for Windows [Computer software] (Version 5). Skokie, IL: Scientific Software International. Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., Congdon, R. T. (2013). HLM 7.01 for Windows [Computer software] (Version 5). Skokie, IL: Scientific Software International.
go back to reference Rodriguez, C. M. (2010). Parent-child aggression: Association with child abuse potential and parenting styles. Violence & Victims, 25(6), 728–741.CrossRef Rodriguez, C. M. (2010). Parent-child aggression: Association with child abuse potential and parenting styles. Violence & Victims, 25(6), 728–741.CrossRef
go back to reference Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Finkelhor, D., Moore, D. W., & Runyan, D. (1998). Identification of child maltreatment with the parent-child conflict tactics scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse & Neglect., 22(4), 249–270.CrossRef Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Finkelhor, D., Moore, D. W., & Runyan, D. (1998). Identification of child maltreatment with the parent-child conflict tactics scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents. Child Abuse & Neglect., 22(4), 249–270.CrossRef
go back to reference van Tilburg, M. A. L., Edlynn, E., Maddaloni, M., van Kempen, K., Díaz-González de Ferris, M., & Thomas, J. (2020). High Levels of Stress Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic among Parents of Children with and without Chronic Conditions across the USA. Children (basel, Switzerland), 7(10), 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7100193CrossRef van Tilburg, M. A. L., Edlynn, E., Maddaloni, M., van Kempen, K., Díaz-González de Ferris, M., & Thomas, J. (2020). High Levels of Stress Due to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic among Parents of Children with and without Chronic Conditions across the USA. Children (basel, Switzerland), 7(10), 193. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​children7100193CrossRef
go back to reference Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the inital state of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. 17, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729 Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the inital state of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. 17, 5. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​ijerph17051729
Metadata
Title
Daily Stress and Use of Aggressive Discipline by Parents during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors
Bridget Freisthler
Jennifer Price Wolf
Caileigh Chadwick
Katherine Renick
Publication date
27-11-2021
Publisher
Springer US
Keyword
COVID-19
Published in
Journal of Family Violence / Issue 7/2022
Print ISSN: 0885-7482
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2851
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-021-00340-y

Other articles of this Issue 7/2022

Journal of Family Violence 7/2022 Go to the issue