Top

Published in:

01-04-2021 | Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Trauma exposure, PTSD, and suboptimal HIV medication adherence among marginalized individuals connected to public HIV care in Miami

Authors: Tiffany R. Glynn, Noelle A. Mendez, Deborah L. Jones, Sannisha K. Dale, Adam W. Carrico, Daniel J. Feaster, Allan E. Rodriguez, Steven A. Safren

Published in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine | Issue 2/2021

Abstract

Individuals living with HIV report disproportionately high levels of trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms, both which have been associated with suboptimal ART adherence. Often conflated, the question arises as to which construct is driving subsequent HIV self-care behavior. Given the HIV disparities among Black and Hispanic/Latinx individuals, and that Miami is a geographic region with a high racial/ethnic minority make up and a unique socioeconomic environment, it is important to explore factors related to HIV outcomes in Miami to mitigate its uncontrolled epidemic. This study aimed to examine the association of trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and relevant additional key factors with adherence to ART among a sample of majority Black and Hispanic/Latinx individuals who are economically marginalized receiving public HIV care in Miami, FL (N = 1237) via a cross-sectional survey. Sequential linear regression was used to examine the study aim in four blocks: (1) trauma, (2) PTSD symptoms, and key covariates of ART adherence including (3) depression and substance use (potential psychological covariates), and (4) indicators of socioeconomic status (potential structural covariates). In the first block, trauma exposure was associated with worse adherence. However, in the second block, the association with trauma dropped and PTSD was significantly associated with worse adherence. Of note, for those experiencing high levels of trauma exposure, adherence was negatively impacted regardless of PTSD. When other key factors associated with adherence were entered in the third and fourth blocks, neither trauma exposure nor PTSD were uniquely significant. In this final model, depression, substance use, and unstable housing were uniquely associated with worse adherence. Trauma-informed models of HIV care that holistically address co-occurring factors are warranted to cater to communities with HIV health disparities and keep them from falling off the HIV care continuum.

Afzali, M. H., Sunderland, M., Teesson, M., Carragher, N., Mills, K., & Slade, T. (2017). A network approach to the comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder: The role of overlapping symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 208, 490–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.037CrossRefPubMed

American Immigration Council. (2020). Immigrants in Florida. https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/immigrants-florida Accessed September 21, 2020.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). Philadelphia: American Psychiatric Association.CrossRef

Anderson, J. C., Campbell, J. C., Glass, N. E., Decker, M. R., Perrin, N., & Farley, J. (2018). Impact of intimate partner violence on clinic attendance, viral suppression and CD4 cell count of women living with HIV in an urban clinic setting. AIDS Care, 30, 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1428725CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bailey, Z. D., Krieger, N., Agénor, M., Graves, J., Linos, N., & Bassett, M. T. (2017). Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions. The Lancet, 389, 1453–1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-XCrossRef

Bonn-Miller, M. O., Oser, M. L., Bucossi, M. M., & Trafton, J. A. (2014). Cannabis use and HIV antiretroviral therapy adherence and HIV-related symptoms. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-012-9458-5CrossRefPubMed

Brezing, C., Ferrara, M., & Freudenreich, O. (2015). The syndemic illness of HIV and trauma: Implications for a trauma-informed model of care. Psychosomatics, 56, 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.006CrossRefPubMed

Brief, D. J., Bollinger, A. R., Vielhauer, M. J., Berger-Greenstein, J. A., Morgan, E. E., Brady, S. M., et al. (2004). Understanding the interface of HIV, trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, and substance use and its implications for health outcomes. AIDS Care, 16, 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120412301315259CrossRef

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020a). Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States 2014–2018. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report 2020;25(No. 1). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html. Accessed on September 21, 2020

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020b). HIV surveillance report, 2018 (updated); vol. 31. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html. Accessed September 21, 2020.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020c). Monitoring selected HIV prevention and care objectives using surveillance data, United States and 6 dependent areas, 2018. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report 2020;25(No. 1). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html Accessed September 21, 2020.

Chilcoat, H. D., & Breslau, N. (1998). Investigations of causal pathways between ptsd and drug use disorders. Addictive Behaviors, 23, 827–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(98)00069-0CrossRefPubMed

Cuca, Y. P., Shumway, M., Machtinger, E. L., Davis, K., Khanna, N., Cocohoba, J., et al. (2019). The association of trauma with the physical, behavioral, and social health of women living with HIV: Pathways to guide trauma-informed health care interventions. Women’s Health Issues, 29, 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2019.06.001CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Dale, S. K., & Safren, S. A. (2018). Striving towards empowerment and medication adherence (STEP-AD): A tailored cognitive behavioral treatment approach for Black women living with HIV. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 25, 361–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2017.10.004CrossRefPubMed

D’Andrea, W., Sharma, R., Zelechoski, A. D., & Spinazzola, J. (2011). Physical health problems after single trauma exposure: When stress takes root in the body. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 17, 378–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390311425187CrossRefPubMed

Deck, S. M., & Platt, P. A. (2015). Homelessness is traumatic: Abuse, victimization, and trauma histories of homeless men. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24, 1022–1043. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1074134CrossRef

Delahanty, D. L., Bogart, L. M., & Figler, J. L. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, salivary cortisol, medication adherence, and CD4 levels in HIV-positive individuals. AIDS Care, 16, 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120410001641084CrossRefPubMed

Diez-Quevedo, C., Rangil, T., Sanchez-Planell, L., Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2001). Validation and utility of the patient health questionnaire in diagnosing mental disorders in 1003 general hospital spanish inpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 679–686. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200107000-00021CrossRefPubMed

Ebrahimzadeh, Z., Goodarzi, M. A., & Joulaei, H. (2019). Predicting the antiretroviral medication adherence and CD4 measure in patients with HIV/AIDS based on the post traumatic stress disorder and depression. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 48, 139–146.PubMedPubMedCentral

Empson, S., Cuca, Y. P., Cocohoba, J., Dawson-Rose, C., Davis, K., & Machtinger, E. L. (2017). Seeking safety group therapy for co-occurring substance use disorder and PTSD among transgender women living with HIV: A pilot study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 49, 344–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1320733CrossRefPubMed

Florida Department of Health Bureau of Communicable Diseases. (2019a). Blacks living with diagnosed HIV infection in Miami-Dade County, 2018. http://miamidade.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/infectious-disease-services/hiv-aids-services/hiv-fact-sheet.html. Accessed September 21, 2020.

Florida Department of Health Bureau of Communicable Diseases. (2019b). Hispanics living with diagnosed HIV infection in Miami-Dade County, 2018. http://miamidade.floridahealth.gov/programs-and-services/infectious-disease-services/hiv-aids-services/_documents/2019/_documents/2018-FS-Hispanics-English.pdf Accessed September 21, 2020.

Glynn, T. R., Llabre, M. M., Lee, J. S., Bedoya, C. A., Pinkston, M. M., O’Cleirigh, C., et al. (2019a). Pathways to health: An examination of HIV-related stigma, life stressors, depression, and substance use. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26, 286–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-019-09786-3CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Glynn, T. R., Safren, S. A., Carrico, A. W., Mendez, N. A., Duthely, L. M., Dale, S. K., et al. (2019b). High levels of syndemics and their association with adherence, viral non-suppression, and biobehavioral transmission risk in miami, a U.S. City with an HIV/AIDS epidemic. AIDS and Behavior, 23, 2956–2965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02619-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Goldstein, R. B., Smith, S. M., Chou, S. P., Saha, T. D., Jung, J., Zhang, H., et al. (2016). The epidemiology of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51, 1137–1148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-016-1208-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Golin, C. E., Liu, H., Hays, R. D., Miller, L. G., Beck, C. K., Ickovics, J., et al. (2002). A prospective study of predictors of adherence to combination antiretroviral medication. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17, 756–765. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.11214.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Gonzalez, A., Barinas, J., & O’Cleirigh, C. (2011a). Substance use: Impact on adherence and HIV medical treatment. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 8, 223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-011-0093-5CrossRefPubMed

Gonzalez, J. S., Batchelder, A. W., Psaros, C., & Safren, S. A. (2011b). Depression and HIV/AIDS treatment nonadherence: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 58, 181–187. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31822d490aCrossRefPubMed

Graham, P. W., Yaros, A., Lowe, A., & McDaniel, M. S. (2017). Nurturing environments for boys and men of color with trauma exposure. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 20, 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-017-0241-6CrossRefPubMed

Hutton, H. E., Cardin, N., Ereme, K., Chander, G., Xu, X., & McCaul, M. E. (2020). Psychiatric disorders and substance use among African American women in HIV care. AIDS and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02858-6CrossRefPubMed

Institute, S. A. S. (2014). Sas 9.4 output delivery system: User’s guide. Cary: SAS Institute.

Junglen, A. G., Smith, B. C., Coleman, J. A., Pacella, M. L., Boarts, J. M., Jones, T., et al. (2017). A multi-level modeling approach examining PTSD symptom reduction during prolonged exposure therapy: Moderating effects of number of trauma types experienced, having an HIV-related index trauma, and years since HIV diagnosis among HIV-positive adults. AIDS Care, 29, 1391–1398. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2017.1300625CrossRefPubMed

Kennedy, B. R. (2009). Psychosocial model: Racism as a predictor of adherence and compliance to treatment and health outcomes among African Americans. Journal of Theory Construction & Testing, 13, 20.

Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Milanak, M. E., Miller, M. W., Keyes, K. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 537–547. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21848CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Koehn, K., Collins, A. B., Burgess, H., Von Bischoffshausen, O., Marziali, M., Salters, K. A., et al. (2019). Understanding the pervasiveness of trauma within a housing facility for people living with HIV. Housing Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2019.1648773CrossRef

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The phq-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16, 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Langebeek, N., Gisolf, E. H., Reiss, P., Vervoort, S. C., Hafsteinsdóttir, T. B., Richter, C., et al. (2014). Predictors and correlates of adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for chronic HIV infection: A meta-analysis. BMC Medicine, 12, 142. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-014-0142-1CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Leeies, M., Pagura, J., Sareen, J., & Bolton, J. M. (2010). The use of alcohol and drugs to self-medicate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 731–736. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20677CrossRefPubMed

LeGrand, S., Reif, S., Sullivan, K., Murray, K., Barlow, M. L., & Whetten, K. (2015). A review of recent literature on trauma among individuals living with HIV. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 12, 397–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-015-0288-2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Leserman, J. (2008). Role of depression, stress, and trauma in HIV disease progression. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 539–545. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181777a5fCrossRefPubMed

Leserman, J., Whetten, K., Lowe, K., Stangl, D., Swartz, M. S., & Thielman, N. M. (2005). How trauma, recent stressful events, and PTSD affect functional health status and health utilization in HIV-infected patients in the south. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000160459.78182.d9CrossRefPubMed

Logie, C. H., Williams, C. C., Wang, Y., Marcus, N., Kazemi, M., Cioppa, L., et al. (2019). Adapting stigma mechanism frameworks to explore complex pathways between intersectional stigma and HIV-related health outcomes among women living with HIV in Canada. Social Science and Medicine, 232, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.044CrossRefPubMed

López, C. M., Hahn, C. K., Gilmore, A. K., & Danielson, C. K. (2019). Tailoring cognitive behavioral therapy for trauma-exposed persons living with HIV. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2019.02.006CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lundgren, J. D., Babiker, A. G., Gordin, F., Emery, S., Grund, B., Sharma, S., et al. (2015). Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 373, 795–807. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1506816CrossRef

Machtinger, E. L., Wilson, T. C., Haberer, J. E., & Weiss, D. S. (2012). Psychological trauma and PTSD in HIV-positive women: A meta-analysis. AIDS and Behavior, 16, 2091–2100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-011-0127-4CrossRefPubMed

Manuzak, J. A., Gott, T. M., Kirkwood, J. S., Coronado, E., Hensley-McBain, T., Miller, C., et al. (2018). Heavy cannabis use associated with reduction in activated and inflammatory immune cell frequencies in antiretroviral therapy-treated human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 66, 1872–1882. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cix1116CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Marc, L. G., Henderson, W. R., Desrosiers, A., Testa, M. A., Jean, S. E., & Akom, E. E. (2014). Reliability and validity of the haitian creole phq-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29, 1679–1686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-014-2951-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

María-Ríos, C. E., & Morrow, J. D. (2020). Mechanisms of shared vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorders. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00006CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Martijn, C., & Sharpe, L. (2006). Pathways to youth homelessness. Social Science and Medicine, 62, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.05.007CrossRefPubMed

McLaughlin, K. A., Alvarez, K., Fillbrunn, M., Green, J. G., Jackson, J. S., Kessler, R. C., et al. (2019). Racial/ethnic variation in trauma-related psychopathology in the United States: A population-based study. Psychological Medicine, 49, 2215–2226. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718003082CrossRefPubMed

McLellan, A. T., Luborsky, L., Woody, G. E., & O’Brien, C. P. (1980). An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients: The Addiction Severity Index. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198001000-00006CrossRefPubMed

Miami Matters. (2020a). 2020 Demographics. Accessed on 09/21/2020 at http://www.miamidadematters.org/demographicdata

Miami Matters. (2020b). Socioneeds index. http://www.miamidadematters.org/index.php?module=Indicators&controller=index&action=socioneeds. Accessed September 21, 2020

Miami Urban Future Initiative. (2019). Toward a more inclusive region: Inequality and poverty in greater miami. http://www.creativeclass.com/_wp/wp-content/uploads/2019/2004/FIU_Toward_a_More_Inclusive_Region.pdf. Accessed September 21, 2020.

Miami-Dade County Elections Department. (2020). Voter registration statistics. https://www.miamidade.gov/global/elections/voter-registration-statistics.page. Accessed September 21, 2020.

Milloy, M. J., Marshall, B. D. L., Montaner, J., & Wood, E. (2012). Housing status and the health of people living with HIV/AIDS. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 9, 364–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-012-0137-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Montgomery, L., Bagot, K., Brown, J. L., & Haeny, A. M. (2019). The association between marijuana use and HIV continuum of care outcomes: A systematic review. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 16, 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-019-00422-zCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mugavero, M., Ostermann, J., Whetten, K., Leserman, J., Swartz, M., Stangl, D., et al. (2006). Barriers to antiretroviral adherence: The importance of depression, abuse, and other traumatic events. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 20, 418–428. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2006.20.418CrossRefPubMed

Mugavero, M. J., Pence, B. W., Whetten, K., Leserman, J., Swartz, M., Stangl, D., et al. (2007). Predictors of AIDS-related morbidity and mortality in a southern U.S. Cohort. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 21, 681–690. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2006.0167CrossRefPubMed

Mugavero, M. J., Raper, J. L., Reif, S., Whetten, K., Leserman, J., Thielman, N. M., et al. (2009). Overload: Impact of incident stressful events on antiretroviral medication adherence and virologic failure in a longitudinal, multisite human immunodeficiency virus cohort study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 920–926. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181bfe8d2CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nachega, J. B., Uthman, O. A., Peltzer, K., Richardson, L. A., Mills, E. J., Amekudzi, K., et al. (2015). Association between antiretroviral therapy adherence and employment status: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 93, 29–41. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.14.138149CrossRefPubMed

Neigh, G. N., Rhodes, S. T., Valdez, A., & Jovanovic, T. (2016). PTSD co-morbid with HIV: Separate but equal, or two parts of a whole? Neurobiology of Disease, 92, 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2015.11.012CrossRefPubMed

Pellowski, J. A., Kalichman, S. C., Matthews, K. A., & Adler, N. (2013). A pandemic of the poor: Social disadvantage and the U.S. HIV epidemic. The American psychologist, 68, 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032694CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S. (2013). Socioeconomic factors in adherence to HIV therapy in low- and middle-income countries. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 31, 150–170. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v31i2.16379CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Pence, B. W. (2009). The impact of mental health and traumatic life experiences on antiretroviral treatment outcomes for people living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 63, 636–640. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp006CrossRefPubMedCentral

Prins, A., Ouimette, P., Kimerling, R., Cameron, R. P., Hugelshofer, D. S., Shaw-Hegwer, J., et al. (2003). The primary care PTSD screen (PC-PTSD): Development and operating characteristics. Primary Care Psychiatry, 9, 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1185/135525703125002360CrossRef

Reif, S., Mugavero, M., Raper, J., Thielman, N., Leserman, J., Whetten, K., et al. (2011). Highly stressed: Stressful and traumatic experiences among individuals with HIV/AIDS in the deep south. AIDS Care, 23, 152–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.498872CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Reilly, K. H., Clark, R. A., Schmidt, N., Benight, C. C., & Kissinger, P. (2009). The effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on HIV disease progression following hurricane Katrina. AIDS Care, 21, 1298–1305. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120902732027CrossRefPubMed

Roberts, A. L., Gilman, S. E., Breslau, J., Breslau, N., & Koenen, K. C. (2011). Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 41, 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000401CrossRefPubMed

Rodriguez, P., Holowka, D. W., & Marx, B. P. (2012). Assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder-related functional impairment: A review. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 49, 649–665. https://doi.org/10.1682/jrrd.2011.09.0162CrossRefPubMed

Sales, J. M., Swartzendruber, A., & Phillips, A. L. (2016). Trauma-informed HIV prevention and treatment. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 13, 374–382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-016-0337-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Schnurr, P. P., & Green, B. L. (2004). Understanding relationships among trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and health outcomes. In P. P. Schnurr & B. L. Green (Eds.), Trauma and health: Physical health consequences of exposure to extreme stress (Vol. 20, pp. 247–275). Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10723-010CrossRef

Schnurr, P., Vielhauer, M., Weathers, F., & Findler, M. (1999). The brief trauma questionnaire. New York: National Center for PTSD.

Seedat, S. (2012). Interventions to improve psychological functioning and health outcomes of HIV-infected individuals with a history of trauma or PTSD. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 9, 344–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-012-0139-3CrossRefPubMed

Sibrava, N. J., Bjornsson, A. S., Pérez Benítez, A. C. I., Moitra, E., Weisberg, R. B., & Keller, M. B. (2019). Posttraumatic stress disorder in African American and latinx adults: Clinical course and the role of racial and ethnic discrimination. Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000339CrossRef

Sledjeski, E. M., Delahanty, D. L., & Bogart, L. M. (2005). Incidence and impact of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression on adherence to haart and CD4+ counts in people living with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 19, 728–736. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2005.19.728CrossRefPubMed

Smith, A. B., & Cook, P. F. (2019). Comorbid mental health disorders in persons living with HIV: Adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 33, 364–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2019.04.008CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Spitzer, C., Barnow, S., Volzke, H., John, U., Freyberger, H. J., & Grabe, H. J. (2009). Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and physical illness: Findings from the general population. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 1012–1017. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181bc76b5CrossRefPubMed

Stander, V. A., Thomsen, C. J., & Highfill-McRoy, R. M. (2014). Etiology of depression comorbidity in combat-related PTSD: A review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.002CrossRefPubMed

Taggart Wasson, L., Shaffer, J. A., Edmondson, D., Bring, R., Brondolo, E., Falzon, L., et al. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder and nonadherence to medications prescribed for chronic medical conditions: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 102, 102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.02.013CrossRefPubMed

Tang, C., Goldsamt, L., Meng, J., Xiao, X., Zhang, L., Williams, A. B., et al. (2020). Global estimate of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among adults living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal Open, 10, e032435. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032435CrossRef

Tavakkoli, M., Cohen, M. A., Alfonso, C. A., Batista, S. M., Tiamson-Kassab, M. L. A., & Meyer, P. (2014). Caring for persons with early childhood trauma, PTSD, and HIV: A curriculum for clinicians. Academic Psychiatry, 38, 696–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0186-8CrossRefPubMed

Taylor, K. M., & Sharpe, L. (2008). Trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder among homeless adults in Sydney. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670701827218CrossRef

Teeraananchai, S., Kerr, S. J., Amin, J., Ruxrungtham, K., & Law, M. G. (2017). Life expectancy of HIV-positive people after starting combination antiretroviral therapy: A meta-analysis. HIV Medicine, 18, 256–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.12421CrossRefPubMed

Turan, B., Hatcher, A. M., Weiser, S. D., Johnson, M. O., Rice, W. S., & Turan, J. M. (2017). Framing mechanisms linking HIV-related stigma, adherence to treatment, and health outcomes. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 863–869. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303744CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Verhey, R., Chibanda, D., Brakarsh, J., & Seedat, S. (2016). Psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in people living with HIV in resource poor settings: A systematic review. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 21, 1198–1208. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12756CrossRef

Vranceanu, A. M., Safren, S. A., Lu, M., Coady, W. M., Skolnik, P. R., Rogers, W. H., et al. (2008). The relationship of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression to antiretroviral medication adherence in persons with HIV. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 22, 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2007.0069CrossRefPubMed

Wagner, G. J., Bogart, L. M., Galvan, F. H., Banks, D., & Klein, D. J. (2012). Discrimination as a key mediator of the relationship between posttraumatic stress and HIV treatment adherence among African American men. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 8–18.CrossRef

Wawrzyniak, A. J., Rodriguez, A. E., Falcon, A. E., Chakrabarti, A., Parra, A., Park, J., et al. (2015). Association of individual and systemic barriers to optimal medical care in people living with HIV/AIDS in Miami-Dade County. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 69, S63–S72. https://doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000000572CrossRefPubMed

Whittle, H. J., Leddy, A. M., Shieh, J., Tien, P. C., Ofotokun, I., Adimora, A. A., et al. (2020). Precarity and health: Theorizing the intersection of multiple material-need insecurities, stigma, and illness among women in the United States. Social Science and Medicine, 245, 112683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112683CrossRefPubMed

Wilson, I. B., Lee, Y., Michaud, J., Fowler, F. J., Jr., & Rogers, W. H. (2016). Validation of a new three-item self-report measure for medication adherence. AIDS and Behavior, 20, 2700–2708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1406-xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Zhang, Y., Wilson, T. E., Adedimeji, A., Merenstein, D., Milam, J., Cohen, J., et al. (2018). The impact of substance use on adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected women in the United States. AIDS and Behavior, 22, 896–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1808-4CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Trauma exposure, PTSD, and suboptimal HIV medication adherence among marginalized individuals connected to public HIV care in Miami
Authors: Tiffany R. Glynn
Noelle A. Mendez
Deborah L. Jones
Sannisha K. Dale
Adam W. Carrico
Daniel J. Feaster
Allan E. Rodriguez
Steven A. Safren
Publication date: 01-04-2021
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Affective Disorder
Care
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Affective Disorder
Published in: Journal of Behavioral Medicine / Issue 2/2021
Print ISSN: 0160-7715
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3521
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-020-00191-w

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Trauma exposure, PTSD, and suboptimal HIV medication adherence among marginalized individuals connected to public HIV care in Miami

Abstract

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 2/2021

Examining stigma, social support, and gender differences in unsuppressed HIV viral load among participants in HPTN 065

Autonomy support from informal health supporters: links with self-care activities, healthcare engagement, metabolic outcomes, and cardiac risk among Veterans with type 2 diabetes

Longitudinal predictors of male sexual partner risk among Black and Latina women in their late thirties: ethnic/racial identity commitment as a protective factor

Effects of anxiety sensitivity on cannabis, alcohol, and nicotine use among adolescents: evaluating pathways through anxiety, withdrawal symptoms, and coping motives

Bleak present, bright future: II. Combined effects of episodic future thinking and scarcity on delay discounting in adults at risk for type 2 diabetes

Social predictors of daily relations between college women’s physical activity intentions and behavior