Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Inflammation 1/2013

01-02-2013

Possible Involvement of Toll-Like Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Myasthenia Gravis

Authors: Yu-Zhong Wang, Mei Yan, Fa-Fa Tian, Jun-Mei Zhang, Qun Liu, Huan Yang, Wen-Bin Zhou, Jing Li

Published in: Inflammation | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the innate immunity components, have been demonstrated to participate in multiple autoimmune diseases. However, our knowledge of the roles of TLRs in myasthenia gravis (MG) is still scarce. In this study, we detected the mRNA expression of TLR1 to TLR10 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of MG patients and the healthy controls by quantitative real-time polymerase transcription chain reaction. Our data demonstrate that aberrant expressions of TLRs exist in the PBMCs of MG patients and of the total, expression level of TLR9 mRNA has significantly positive relation with the clinical severity of MG, which suggests that TLRs may be involved in the pathogenesis of MG.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Conti-Fine, B.M., M. Milani, and H.J. Kaminski. 2006. Myasthenia gravis: past, present, and future. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 116: 2843–2854.PubMedCrossRef Conti-Fine, B.M., M. Milani, and H.J. Kaminski. 2006. Myasthenia gravis: past, present, and future. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 116: 2843–2854.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Lindstrom, J.M., M.E. Seybold, V.A. Lennon, S. Whittingham, and D.D. Duane. 1976. Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value. Neurology 26: 1054–1059.PubMedCrossRef Lindstrom, J.M., M.E. Seybold, V.A. Lennon, S. Whittingham, and D.D. Duane. 1976. Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value. Neurology 26: 1054–1059.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Hoch, W., J. McConville, S. Helms, J. Newsom-Davis, A. Melms, and A. Vincent. 2001. Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Nature Medicine 7: 365–368.PubMedCrossRef Hoch, W., J. McConville, S. Helms, J. Newsom-Davis, A. Melms, and A. Vincent. 2001. Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Nature Medicine 7: 365–368.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference McGettrick, A.F., and L.A. O'Neill. 2007. Toll-like receptors: key activators of leucocytes and regulator of haematopoiesis. British Journal of Haematology 139: 185–193.PubMedCrossRef McGettrick, A.F., and L.A. O'Neill. 2007. Toll-like receptors: key activators of leucocytes and regulator of haematopoiesis. British Journal of Haematology 139: 185–193.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Zarember, K.A., and P.J. Godowski. 2002. Tissue expression of human Toll-like receptors and differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines. The Journal of Immunology 168: 554–561.PubMed Zarember, K.A., and P.J. Godowski. 2002. Tissue expression of human Toll-like receptors and differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines. The Journal of Immunology 168: 554–561.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Takeda, K. and S. Akira. 2007. Toll-like receptors. Current Protocols in Immunology. Chapter 14: Unit 14 12. Takeda, K. and S. Akira. 2007. Toll-like receptors. Current Protocols in Immunology. Chapter 14: Unit 14 12.
8.
go back to reference Medzhitov, R., P. Preston-Hurlburt, E. Kopp, A. Stadlen, C. Chen, S. Ghosh, and C.A. Janeway Jr. 1998. MyD88 is an adaptor protein in the hToll/IL-1 receptor family signaling pathways. Molecular Cell 2: 253–258.PubMedCrossRef Medzhitov, R., P. Preston-Hurlburt, E. Kopp, A. Stadlen, C. Chen, S. Ghosh, and C.A. Janeway Jr. 1998. MyD88 is an adaptor protein in the hToll/IL-1 receptor family signaling pathways. Molecular Cell 2: 253–258.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Devaraj, S., M.R. Dasu, J. Rockwood, W. Winter, S.C. Griffen, and I. Jialal. 2008. Increased Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 expression in monocytes from patients with type 1 diabetes: further evidence of a proinflammatory state. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93: 578–583.PubMedCrossRef Devaraj, S., M.R. Dasu, J. Rockwood, W. Winter, S.C. Griffen, and I. Jialal. 2008. Increased Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 expression in monocytes from patients with type 1 diabetes: further evidence of a proinflammatory state. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93: 578–583.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Ehlers, M., H. Fukuyama, T.L. McGaha, A. Aderem, and J.V. Ravetch. 2006. TLR9/MyD88 signaling is required for class switching to pathogenic IgG2a and 2b autoantibodies in SLE. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 203: 553–561.PubMedCrossRef Ehlers, M., H. Fukuyama, T.L. McGaha, A. Aderem, and J.V. Ravetch. 2006. TLR9/MyD88 signaling is required for class switching to pathogenic IgG2a and 2b autoantibodies in SLE. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 203: 553–561.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Zeuner, R.A., K.J. Ishii, M.J. Lizak, I. Gursel, H. Yamada, D.M. Klinman, and D. Verthelyi. 2002. Reduction of CpG-induced arthritis by suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides. Arthritis and Rheumatism 46: 2219–2224.PubMedCrossRef Zeuner, R.A., K.J. Ishii, M.J. Lizak, I. Gursel, H. Yamada, D.M. Klinman, and D. Verthelyi. 2002. Reduction of CpG-induced arthritis by suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides. Arthritis and Rheumatism 46: 2219–2224.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Deng, Y.N., and W.B. Zhou. 2007. Expression of TLR4 and TLR9 mRNA in Lewis rats with experimental allergic neuritis. Neuroimmunomodulation 14: 337–343.PubMedCrossRef Deng, Y.N., and W.B. Zhou. 2007. Expression of TLR4 and TLR9 mRNA in Lewis rats with experimental allergic neuritis. Neuroimmunomodulation 14: 337–343.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Wang, Y.Z., Q.H. Liang, H. Ramkalawan, Y.L. Wang, Y.F. Yang, W.B. Zhou, F. Tian, J. Li, and H. Yang. 2012. Expression of Toll-like receptors 2, 4 and 9 in Patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neuroimmunomodulation 19: 60–68.PubMedCrossRef Wang, Y.Z., Q.H. Liang, H. Ramkalawan, Y.L. Wang, Y.F. Yang, W.B. Zhou, F. Tian, J. Li, and H. Yang. 2012. Expression of Toll-like receptors 2, 4 and 9 in Patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neuroimmunomodulation 19: 60–68.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Wang, Y.Z., Q.H. Liang, H. Ramkalawan, W. Zhang, W.B. Zhou, B. Xiao, F.F. Tian, H. Yang, J. Li, Y. Zhang, and N.A. Xu. 2011. Inactivation of TLR9 by a suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides can ameliorate the clinical signs of EAN. Immunological Investigations 41: 171–182.PubMedCrossRef Wang, Y.Z., Q.H. Liang, H. Ramkalawan, W. Zhang, W.B. Zhou, B. Xiao, F.F. Tian, H. Yang, J. Li, Y. Zhang, and N.A. Xu. 2011. Inactivation of TLR9 by a suppressive oligodeoxynucleotides can ameliorate the clinical signs of EAN. Immunological Investigations 41: 171–182.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Bernasconi, P., M. Barberis, F. Baggi, L. Passerini, M. Cannone, E. Arnoldi, L. Novellino, F. Cornelio, and R. Mantegazza. 2005. Increased Toll-like receptor 4 expression in thymus of myasthenic patients with thymitis and thymic involution. The American Journal of Pathology 167: 129–139.PubMedCrossRef Bernasconi, P., M. Barberis, F. Baggi, L. Passerini, M. Cannone, E. Arnoldi, L. Novellino, F. Cornelio, and R. Mantegazza. 2005. Increased Toll-like receptor 4 expression in thymus of myasthenic patients with thymitis and thymic involution. The American Journal of Pathology 167: 129–139.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Montero Vega, M.T., and A. de Andres Martin. 2008. Toll-like receptors: a family of innate sensors of danger that alert and drive immunity. Allergologia et Immunopathologia (Madr) 36: 347–357.CrossRef Montero Vega, M.T., and A. de Andres Martin. 2008. Toll-like receptors: a family of innate sensors of danger that alert and drive immunity. Allergologia et Immunopathologia (Madr) 36: 347–357.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Jaretzki 3rd, A., R.J. Barohn, R.M. Ernstoff, H.J. Kaminski, J.C. Keesey, A.S. Penn, and D.B. Sanders. 2000. Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task Force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Neurology 55: 16–23.PubMedCrossRef Jaretzki 3rd, A., R.J. Barohn, R.M. Ernstoff, H.J. Kaminski, J.C. Keesey, A.S. Penn, and D.B. Sanders. 2000. Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task Force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Neurology 55: 16–23.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Osserman, K.E., and G. Genkins. 1971. Studies in myasthenia gravis: review of a twenty-year experience in over 1200 patients. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 38: 497–537. Osserman, K.E., and G. Genkins. 1971. Studies in myasthenia gravis: review of a twenty-year experience in over 1200 patients. The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine 38: 497–537.
19.
go back to reference Sharshar, T., S. Chevret, M. Mazighi, P. Chillet, G. Huberfeld, C. Berreotta, M. Houfani, and P. Gajdos. 2000. Validity and reliability of two muscle strength scores commonly used as endpoints in assessing treatment of myasthenia gravis. Journal of Neurology 247: 286–290.PubMedCrossRef Sharshar, T., S. Chevret, M. Mazighi, P. Chillet, G. Huberfeld, C. Berreotta, M. Houfani, and P. Gajdos. 2000. Validity and reliability of two muscle strength scores commonly used as endpoints in assessing treatment of myasthenia gravis. Journal of Neurology 247: 286–290.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Rozkova, D., R. Horvath, J. Bartunkova, and R. Spisek. 2006. Glucocorticoids severely impair differentiation and antigen presenting function of dendritic cells despite upregulation of Toll-like receptors. Clinical Immunology 120: 260–271.PubMedCrossRef Rozkova, D., R. Horvath, J. Bartunkova, and R. Spisek. 2006. Glucocorticoids severely impair differentiation and antigen presenting function of dendritic cells despite upregulation of Toll-like receptors. Clinical Immunology 120: 260–271.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference McCoy, C.E., S. Carpenter, E.M. Palsson-McDermott, L.J. Gearing, and L.A. O'Neill. 2008. Glucocorticoids inhibit IRF3 phosphorylation in response to Toll-like receptor-3 and -4 by targeting TBK1 activation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 283: 14277–14285.PubMedCrossRef McCoy, C.E., S. Carpenter, E.M. Palsson-McDermott, L.J. Gearing, and L.A. O'Neill. 2008. Glucocorticoids inhibit IRF3 phosphorylation in response to Toll-like receptor-3 and -4 by targeting TBK1 activation. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 283: 14277–14285.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Roelofs, M.F., M.H. Wenink, F. Brentano, S. Abdollahi-Roodsaz, B. Oppers-Walgreen, P. Barrera, P.L. van Riel, L.A. Joosten, D. Kyburz, W.B. van den Berg, and T.R. Radstake. 2009. Type I interferons might form the link between Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3/7 and TLR4-mediated synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 68: 1486–1493.PubMedCrossRef Roelofs, M.F., M.H. Wenink, F. Brentano, S. Abdollahi-Roodsaz, B. Oppers-Walgreen, P. Barrera, P.L. van Riel, L.A. Joosten, D. Kyburz, W.B. van den Berg, and T.R. Radstake. 2009. Type I interferons might form the link between Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3/7 and TLR4-mediated synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 68: 1486–1493.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Kessel, A., R. Peri, T. Haj, A. Snir, G. Slobodin, E. Sabo, I. Rosner, Y. Shoenfeld, and E. Toubi. 2011. IVIg attenuates TLR-9 activation in B cells from SLE patients. Journal of Clinical Immunology 31: 30–38.PubMedCrossRef Kessel, A., R. Peri, T. Haj, A. Snir, G. Slobodin, E. Sabo, I. Rosner, Y. Shoenfeld, and E. Toubi. 2011. IVIg attenuates TLR-9 activation in B cells from SLE patients. Journal of Clinical Immunology 31: 30–38.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Marta, M., A. Andersson, M. Isaksson, O. Kampe, and A. Lobell. 2008. Unexpected regulatory roles of TLR4 and TLR9 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. European Journal of Immunology 38: 565–575.PubMedCrossRef Marta, M., A. Andersson, M. Isaksson, O. Kampe, and A. Lobell. 2008. Unexpected regulatory roles of TLR4 and TLR9 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. European Journal of Immunology 38: 565–575.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Muzio, M., N. Polentarutti, D. Bosisio, P.P. Manoj Kumar, and A. Mantovani. 2000. Toll-like receptor family and signalling pathway. Biochemical Society Transactions 28: 563–566.PubMed Muzio, M., N. Polentarutti, D. Bosisio, P.P. Manoj Kumar, and A. Mantovani. 2000. Toll-like receptor family and signalling pathway. Biochemical Society Transactions 28: 563–566.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Chow, J.C., D.W. Young, D.T. Golenbock, W.J. Christ, and F. Gusovsky. 1999. Toll-like receptor-4 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transduction. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 10689–10692.PubMedCrossRef Chow, J.C., D.W. Young, D.T. Golenbock, W.J. Christ, and F. Gusovsky. 1999. Toll-like receptor-4 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transduction. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274: 10689–10692.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Lee, K.S., C.A. Scanga, E.M. Bachelder, Q. Chen, and C.M. Snapper. 2007. TLR2 synergizes with both TLR4 and TLR9 for induction of the MyD88-dependent splenic cytokine and chemokine response to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Cellular Immunology 245: 103–110.PubMedCrossRef Lee, K.S., C.A. Scanga, E.M. Bachelder, Q. Chen, and C.M. Snapper. 2007. TLR2 synergizes with both TLR4 and TLR9 for induction of the MyD88-dependent splenic cytokine and chemokine response to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Cellular Immunology 245: 103–110.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Krieg, A.M. 2002. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects. Annual Review of Immunology 20: 709–760.PubMedCrossRef Krieg, A.M. 2002. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects. Annual Review of Immunology 20: 709–760.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Riccardi, C., S. Bruscoli, and G. Migliorati. 2002. Molecular mechanisms of immunomodulatory activity of glucocorticoids. Pharmacological Research 45: 361–368.PubMedCrossRef Riccardi, C., S. Bruscoli, and G. Migliorati. 2002. Molecular mechanisms of immunomodulatory activity of glucocorticoids. Pharmacological Research 45: 361–368.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Chinenov, Y., and I. Rogatsky. 2007. Glucocorticoids and the innate immune system: crosstalk with the Toll-like receptor signaling network. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 275: 30–42.PubMedCrossRef Chinenov, Y., and I. Rogatsky. 2007. Glucocorticoids and the innate immune system: crosstalk with the Toll-like receptor signaling network. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 275: 30–42.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Lepelletier, Y., R. Zollinger, C. Ghirelli, F. Raynaud, R. Hadj-Slimane, A. Cappuccio, O. Hermine, Y.J. Liu, and V. Soumelis. 2010. Toll-like receptor control of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in human plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDCs). Blood 116: 3389–3397.PubMedCrossRef Lepelletier, Y., R. Zollinger, C. Ghirelli, F. Raynaud, R. Hadj-Slimane, A. Cappuccio, O. Hermine, Y.J. Liu, and V. Soumelis. 2010. Toll-like receptor control of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in human plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDCs). Blood 116: 3389–3397.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Bhattacharyya, S., D.E. Brown, J.A. Brewer, S.K. Vogt, and L.J. Muglia. 2007. Macrophage glucocorticoid receptors regulate Toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammatory responses by selective inhibition of p38 MAP kinase. Blood 109: 4313–4319.PubMedCrossRef Bhattacharyya, S., D.E. Brown, J.A. Brewer, S.K. Vogt, and L.J. Muglia. 2007. Macrophage glucocorticoid receptors regulate Toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammatory responses by selective inhibition of p38 MAP kinase. Blood 109: 4313–4319.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Possible Involvement of Toll-Like Receptors in the Pathogenesis of Myasthenia Gravis
Authors
Yu-Zhong Wang
Mei Yan
Fa-Fa Tian
Jun-Mei Zhang
Qun Liu
Huan Yang
Wen-Bin Zhou
Jing Li
Publication date
01-02-2013
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Inflammation / Issue 1/2013
Print ISSN: 0360-3997
Electronic ISSN: 1573-2576
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-012-9526-6

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

Inflammation 1/2013 Go to the issue