Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-01-2020 | Echocardiography

Myocardial phenotypes and dysfunction in HFpEF and HFrEF assessed by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance

Authors: Bostjan Berlot, Chiara Bucciarelli-Ducci, Alberto Palazzuoli, Paolo Marino

Published in: Heart Failure Reviews | Issue 1/2020

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) with either reduced or preserved ejection fraction is an increasingly prevalent condition. Cardiac imaging plays a central role in trying to identify the underlying cause of the underlying systolic and diastolic dysfunction, as the imaging findings have implications for patient’s management and individualised treatment. The imaging modalities used more frequently in patients with heart failure in clinical routine are echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance. Both techniques keep some strengths and weakness due to their spatial and temporal resolution. Notably, several features in the diagnostic algorithm of heart failure with preserved systolic function (HFpEF) may be improved by an integrated approach. This review focuses on the role of each modality in characterising cardiac anatomy, systolic and diastolic function as well as myocardial tissue characterisation in the most common phenotypes of dilated and hypertrophied hearts.

Coats AJS, Pieske B, Linde C, Jankowska EA, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH et al (2016) ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 37(27):2129–2200PubMed

Butler J, Fonarow GC, Zile MR, Lam CS, Roessig L, Schelbert EB et al (2014) Developing therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: current state and future directions. JACC Hear Fail 2(2):97–112

Ahmad T, Pencina MJ, Schulte PJ, O’Brien E, Whellan DJ, Piña IL et al (2014) Clinical implications of chronic heart failure phenotypes defined by cluster analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(17):1765–1774PubMedPubMedCentral

Linzbach AJ (1960) Heart failure from the point of view of quantitative anatomy. Am J Cardiol 5:370–382PubMed

Grant C, Greene DG, Bunnell IL (1965) Left ventricular enlargement and hypertrophy. A clinical and angiocardiographic study. Am J Med 39(6):895–904PubMed

Sachdev B, Takenaka T, Teraguchi H, Tei C, Lee P, McKenna WJ, Elliott PM (2002) Prevalence of Anderson-Fabry disease in male patients with late onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 105(12):1407–1411PubMed

Codella NCF, Lee HY, Fieno DS, Chen DW, Hurtado-Rua S, Kochar M, Finn JP, Judd R, Goyal P, Schenendorf J, Cham MD, Devereux RB, Prince M, Wang Y, Weinsaft JW (2012) Improved left ventricular mass quantification with partial voxel interpolation: in vivo and necropsy validation of a novel cardiac MRI segmentation algorithm. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5(1):137–146PubMed

Weinsaft JW, Cham MD, Janik M, Min JK, Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF, Devereux RB (2008) Left ventricular papillary muscles and trabeculae are significant determinants of cardiac MRI volumetric measurements: effects on clinical standards in patients with advanced systolic dysfunction. Int J Cardiol 126(3):359–365PubMed

Perrone-Filardi P, Coca A, Galderisi M, Paolillo S, Alpendurada F, de Simone G, Donal E, Kahan T, Mancia G, Redon J, Schmieder R, Williams B, Agabiti-Rosei E (2017) Non-invasive cardiovascular imaging for evaluating subclinical target organ damage in hypertensive patients: a consensus paper from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI), the European Society of Cardiology Council on Hypertension, and the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 18(9):945–960PubMed

10.

Isbell DC, Kramer CM (2005) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance: structure, function, perfusion, and viability. J Nucl Cardiol 12(3):324–336PubMed

11.

Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Judd RM, Sechtem U, Kim RJ (2005) Delayed enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J 26(15):1461–1474PubMed

12.

Kannel WB, Castelli WP, McNamara PM, McKee PA, Feinleib M (1972) Role of blood pressure in the development of congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 287(16):781–787

13.

Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP (1990) Prognostic Implications of Echocardiographically Determined Left Ventricular Mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 322(22):1561–1566PubMed

14.

Sehgal S, Drazner MH (2007) Left ventricular geometry: does shape matter? Am Heart J 153(2):153–155PubMed

15.

Deschepper CF, Boutin-Ganache I, Zahabi A, Jiang Z (2002) In search of cardiovascular candidate genes: interactions between phenotypes and genotypes. Hypertens (Dallas, Tex 1979) 39(2 Pt 2):332–336

16.

Grossman W, Jones D, McLaurin LP (1975) Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle. J Clin Invest 56(1):56–64PubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Elliott PM, Anastasakis A, Borger MA, Borggrefe M, Cecchi F, Charron P et al (2014) 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J England 35(39):2733–2779

18.

Bursi F, Weston SA, Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Pakhomov S, Nkomo VT, Meverden RA, Roger VL (2006) Systolic and Diastolic Heart Failure in the Community. JAMA 296(18):2209–2216PubMed

19.

Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L et al (2015) Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 28(1):1–39.e14PubMed

20.

Bacharova L, Chen H, Estes EH, Mateasik A, Bluemke DA, Lima JAC, Burke GL, Soliman EZ (2015) Determinants of discrepancies in detection and comparison of the prognostic significance of left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 115(4):515–522PubMed

21.

Pagourelias ED, Mirea O, Duchenne J, Van Cleemput J, Delforge M, Bogaert J et al (2017) Echo parameters for differential diagnosis in cardiac amyloidosis: a head-to-head comparison of deformation and nondeformation parameters. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 10(3):e005588PubMed

22.

Afonso L, Kondur A, Simegn M, Niraj A, Hari P, Kaur R et al (2012) Two-dimensional strain profiles in patients with physiological and pathological hypertrophy and preserved left ventricular systolic function: a comparative analyses. BMJ Open 2(4)PubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Rocio H, Niharika V, Nick C, Benjamin G, Andrew J, Chung-Yao Y et al (2015) T1 mapping in discrimination of hypertrophic phenotypes: hypertensive heart disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 8(12):e003285

24.

Rodrigues JC, Rohan S, Dastidar AG, Burchell AE, Ratcliffe LE, Hart EC et al (2016) Hypertensive heart disease versus hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: multi-parametric CMR predictors beyond end-diastolic wall thickness ≥15mm. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 18(1):P264PubMedCentral

25.

Devereux RB, Alderman MH (1993) Role of preclinical cardiovascular disease in the evolution from risk factor exposure to development of morbid events. Circulation 88(4 Pt 1):1444–1455PubMed

26.

Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Bohm M et al (2013) 2013 ESH/ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 34(28):2159–2219PubMed

27.

Lancellotti P, Galderisi M, Edvardsen T, Donal E, Goliasch G, Cardim N, Magne J, Laginha S, Hagendorff A, Haland TF, Aaberge L, Martinez C, Rapacciuolo A, Santoro C, Ilardi F, Postolache A, Dulgheru R, Mateescu AD, Beladan CC, Deleanu D, Marchetta S, Auffret V, Schwammenthal E, Habib G, Popescu BA (2017) Echo-Doppler estimation of left ventricular filling pressure: results of the multicentre EACVI Euro-Filling study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 18(9):961–968PubMed

28.

Tabata T, Thomas JD, Klein AL (2003) Pulmonary venous flow by doppler echocardiography: revisited 12 years later. J Am Coll Cardiol 41(8):1243–1250PubMed

29.

Chamsi-Pasha MA, Zhan Y, Debs D, Shah DJ (2019) CMR in the evaluation of Diastolic Dysfunction and Phenotyping of HFpEF: current role and future perspectives. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging

30.

Falk RH (2005 Sep) Diagnosis and management of the cardiac amyloidoses. Circulation United States 112(13):2047–2060

31.

Pozo E, Kanwar A, Deochand R, Castellano JM, Naib T, Pazos-Lopez P et al (2014) Cardiac magnetic resonance evaluation of left ventricular remodelling distribution in cardiac amyloidosis. Heart 100(21):1688–1695PubMed

32.

Pewsner D, Battaglia M, Minder C, Marx A, Bucher HC, Egger M (2004) Ruling a diagnosis in or out with “SpPIn” and “SnNOut”: a note of caution. BMJ 329(7459):209–213PubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Phelan D, Collier P, Thavendiranathan P, Popovic ZB, Hanna M, Plana JC et al (2012) Relative apical sparing of longitudinal strain using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography is both sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. Heart 98(19):1442–1448PubMed

34.

Bellavia D, Pellikka PA, Abraham TP, Al-Zahrani GB, Dispenzieri A, Oh JK et al (2008) Evidence of impaired left ventricular systolic function by Doppler myocardial imaging in patients with systemic amyloidosis and no evidence of cardiac involvement by standard two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 101(7):1039–1045PubMed

35.

Innelli P, Galderisi M, Catalano L, Martorelli MC, Olibet M, Pardo M et al (2006) Detection of increased left ventricular filling pressure by pulsed tissue Doppler in cardiac amyloidosis. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 7(10):742–747

36.

Liu D, Hu K, Niemann M, Herrmann S, Cikes M, Stork S et al (2013) Effect of combined systolic and diastolic functional parameter assessment for differentiation of cardiac amyloidosis from other causes of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 6(6):1066–1072PubMed

37.

Karamitsos TD, Piechnik SK, Banypersad SM, Fontana M, Ntusi NB, Ferreira VM, Whelan CJ, Myerson SG, Robson MD, Hawkins PN, Neubauer S, Moon JC (2013) Noncontrast T1 mapping for the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 6(4):488–497PubMed

38.

Ferreira VM, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Kramer CM, Carbone I, Sechtem U, Kindermann I, Gutberlet M, Cooper LT, Liu P, Friedrich MG (2018) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in nonischemic myocardial inflammation: expert recommendations. J Am Coll Cardiol 72(24):3158–3176PubMed

39.

Gaasch WH, Meyer TE (2008) Left ventricular response to mitral regurgitation: implications for management. Circulation 118(22):2298–2303PubMed

40.

Rihal CS, Nishimura RA, Hatle LK, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ (1994) Systolic and diastolic dysfunction in patients with clinical diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy. Relation to symptoms and prognosis. Circulation 90(6):2772–2779PubMed

41.

Moon JC, Messroghli DR, Kellman P, Piechnik SK, Robson MD, Ugander M et al (2013) Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification: a Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) and CMR Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology consensus statement. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 15:92PubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-Menger J, Holmvang G, Alakija P, Cooper LT, White JA, Abdel-Aty H, Gutberlet M, Prasad S, Aletras A, Laissy JP, Paterson I, Filipchuk NG, Kumar A, Pauschinger M, Liu P, International Consensus Group on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Myocarditis (2009) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC White Paper. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(17):1475–1487PubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Eriksson J, Bolger AF, Ebbers T, Carlhäll C-J (2016) Assessment of left ventricular hemodynamic forces in healthy subjects and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy using 4D flow MRI. Phys Rep 4(3):e12685

44.

Gerd H (2013) The regional myocardial flow–function relationship. Circ Res 112(12):1535–1537

45.

Nihoyannopoulos P, Vanoverschelde JL (2011) Myocardial ischaemia and viability: the pivotal role of echocardiography. Eur Heart J 32(7):810–819PubMed

46.

Tarascio M, Leo LA, Klersy C, Murzilli R, Moccetti T, Faletra FF (2017) Speckle-tracking layer-specific analysis of myocardial deformation and evaluation of scar transmurality in chronic ischemic heart disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 30(7):667–675PubMed

47.

La Canna G, Rahimtoola SH, Visioli O, Giubbini R, Alfieri O, Zognio M et al (2000) Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracies of non-invasive tests, singly and in combination, for diagnosis of hibernating myocardium. Eur Heart J 21(16):1358–1367PubMed

48.

Selvanayagam JB, Kardos A, Francis JM, Wiesmann F, Petersen SE, Taggart DP, Neubauer S (2004) Value of delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in predicting myocardial viability after surgical revascularization. Circulation 110(12):1535–1541PubMed

49.

Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, Chen EL, Parker MA, Simonetti O, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Judd RM (2000) The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 343(20):1445–1453PubMed

50.

Kwong RY, Chan AK, Brown KA, Chan CW, Reynolds HG, Tsang S, Davis RB (2006) Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease. Circulation 113(23):2733–2743PubMed

51.

Cheong BYC, Muthupillai R, Wilson JM, Sung A, Huber S, Amin S, Elayda MA, Lee VV, Flamm SD (2009) Prognostic significance of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging: survival of 857 patients with and without left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 120(21):2069–2076PubMed

52.

McNally EM, Golbus JR, Puckelwartz MJ (2013) Genetic mutations and mechanisms in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 123(1):19–26PubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Henry WL, Gardin JM, Ware JH (1980) Echocardiographic measurements in normal subjects from infancy to old age. Circulation 62(5):1054–1061PubMed

54.

Mestroni L, Maisch B, McKenna WJ, Schwartz K, Charron P, Rocco C, Tesson F, Richter A, Wilke A, Komajda M (1999) Guidelines for the study of familial dilated cardiomyopathies. Collaborative Research Group of the European Human and Capital Mobility Project on Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 20(2):93–102PubMed

55.

Ruddox V, Mathisen M, Baekkevar M, Aune E, Edvardsen T, Otterstad JE (2013) Is 3D echocardiography superior to 2D echocardiography in general practice? A systematic review of studies published between 2007 and 2012. Int J Cardiol 168(2):1306–1315PubMed

56.

Fatkin D, Yeoh T, Hayward CS, Benson V, Sheu A, Richmond Z, Feneley MP, Keogh AM, Macdonald PS (2011) Evaluation of left ventricular enlargement as a marker of early disease in familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 4(4):342–348PubMed

57.

van der Bijl P, Bootsma M, Hiemstra YL, Ajmone Marsan N, Bax JJ, Delgado V (2019) Left ventricular 2D speckle tracking echocardiography for detection of systolic dysfunction in genetic, dilated cardiomyopathies. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 20(6):694–699PubMed

58.

McCrohon JA, Moon JCC, Prasad SK, McKenna WJ, Lorenz CH, Coats AJS et al (2003) Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 108(1):54–59PubMed

59.

Leyva F, Taylor RJ, Foley PWX, Umar F, Mulligan LJ, Patel K, Stegemann B, Haddad T, Smith RE, Prasad SK (2012) Left ventricular midwall fibrosis as a predictor of mortality and morbidity after cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 60(17):1659–1667PubMed

60.

Luetkens JA, Homsi R, Sprinkart AM, Doerner J, Dabir D, Kuetting DL, Block W, Andrié R, Stehning C, Fimmers R, Gieseke J, Thomas DK, Schild HH, Naehle CP (2016) Incremental value of quantitative CMR including parametric mapping for the diagnosis of acute myocarditis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 17(2):154–161PubMed

61.

Dunlay SM, Roger VL, Weston SA, Jiang R, Redfield MM (2012) Longitudinal changes in ejection fraction in heart failure patients with preserved and reduced ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail 5(6):720–726PubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Lupon J, Gavidia-Bovadilla G, Ferrer E, de Antonio M, Perera-Lluna A, Lopez-Ayerbe J et al (2019) Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction infrequently evolves toward a reduced phenotype in long-term survivors. Circ Heart Fail 12(3):e005652PubMed

63.

Lupon J, Gavidia-Bovadilla G, Ferrer E, de Antonio M, Perera-Lluna A, Lopez-Ayerbe J et al (2018) Dynamic trajectories of left ventricular ejection fraction in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 72(6):591–601PubMed

64.

van Everdingen WM, Zweerink A, Nijveldt R, Salden OAE, Meine M, Maass AH, Vernooy K, de Lange FJ, van Rossum A, Croisille P, Clarysse P, Geelhoed B, Rienstra M, van Gelder I, Vos MA, Allaart CP, Cramer MJ (2018) Comparison of strain imaging techniques in CRT candidates: CMR tagging, CMR feature tracking and speckle tracking echocardiography. Int J Card Imaging 34(3):443–456

65.

Paulus WJ (2019) Phenotypic persistence in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation:e005956

66.

Little WC, Kitzman DW, Cheng CP (2000) Diastolic dysfunction as a cause of exercise intolerance. Heart Fail Rev 5(4):301–306PubMed

67.

Ishida Y, Meisner JS, Tsujioka K, Gallo JI, Yoran C, Frater RW, Yellin EL (1986) Left ventricular filling dynamics: influence of left ventricular relaxation and left atrial pressure. Circulation 74(1):187–196PubMed

68.

Cheng CP, Freeman GL, Santamore WP, Constantinescu MS, Little WC (1990) Effect of loading conditions, contractile state, and heart rate on early diastolic left ventricular filling in conscious dogs. Circ Res 66(3):814–823PubMed

69.

Sato H, Hori M, Ozaki H, Yokoyama H, Imai K, Morikawa M et al (1993) Exercise-induced upward shift of diastolic left ventricular pressure-volume relation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Circulation 88(5 Pt 1):2215–2223PubMed

70.

Flachskampf FA, Biering-Sørensen T, Solomon SD, Duvernoy O, Bjerner T, Smiseth OA (2015) Cardiac imaging to evaluate left ventricular diastolic function. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 8(9):1071–1093PubMed

71.

Michaud M, Maurin V, Simon M, Chauvel C, Bogino E, Abergel E (2019) Patients with high left ventricular filling pressure may be missed applying 2016 echo guidelines: a pilot study. Int J Card Imaging (in press)

72.

Hummel YM, Liu LCY, Lam CSP, Fonseca-Munoz DF, Damman K, Rienstra M, van der Meer P, Rosenkranz S, van Veldhuisen D, Voors AA, Hoendermis ES (2017) Echocardiographic estimation of left ventricular and pulmonary pressures in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: a study utilizing simultaneous echocardiography and invasive measurements. Eur J Heart Fail 19(12):1651–1660PubMed

73.

Nauta JF, Hummel YM, van der Meer P, Lam CSP, Voors AA, van Melle JP (2018) Correlation with invasive left ventricular filling pressures and prognostic relevance of the echocardiographic diastolic parameters used in the 2016 ESC heart failure guidelines and in the 2016 ASE/EACVI recommendations: a systematic review in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 20(9):1303–1311PubMed

74.

Suga H (1974) Importance of atrial compliance in cardiac performance. Circ Res 35(1):39–43PubMed

75.

Tedford RJ (2014) Determinants of right ventricular afterload (2013 Grover Conference series). Pulm Circ 4(2):211–219PubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Tsang TSM, Gersh BJ, Appleton CP, Tajik AJ, Barnes ME, Bailey KR, Oh JK, Leibson C, Montgomery SC, Seward JB (2002) Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a predictor of the first diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in 840 elderly men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol 40(9):1636–1644PubMed

77.

Nacif MS, Almeida ALC, Young AA, Cowan BR, Armstrong AC, Yang E, Sibley CT, Hundley WG, Liu S, Lima JA, Bluemke DA (2017) Three-dimensional volumetric assessment of diastolic function by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Arq Bras Cardiol 108(6):552–563PubMedPubMedCentral

78.

Nagueh SF, Kopelen HA, Quiñones MA (1996) Assessment of left ventricular filling pressures by Doppler in the presence of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 94(9):2138–2145PubMed

79.

Dokainish H, Sengupta R, Pillai M, Bobek J, Lakkis N (2008) Usefulness of new diastolic strain and strain rate indexes for the estimation of left ventricular filling pressure. Am J Cardiol 101(10):1504–1509PubMed

80.

Bowman AW, Kovacs SJ (2004) Left atrial conduit volume is generated by deviation from the constant-volume state of the left heart: a combined MRI-echocardiographic study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286(6):H2416–H2424PubMed

81.

Nappo R, Degiovanni A, Bolzani V, Sartori C, Di Giovine G, Cerini P et al (2016) Quantitative assessment of atrial conduit function: a new index of diastolic dysfunction. Clin Res Cardiol 105(1):17–28PubMed

82.

Degiovanni A, Boggio E, Prenna E, Sartori C, De Vecchi F, Marino PN (2018) Association between left atrial phasic conduit function and early atrial fibrillation recurrence in patients undergoing electrical cardioversion. Clin Res Cardiol 107(4):329–337PubMed

83.

Giubertoni A, Boggio E, Ubertini E, Zanaboni J, Calcaterra E, Degiovanni A et al (2019) Atrial conduit function quantitation precardioversion predicts early arrhythmia recurrence in persistent atrial fibrillation patients. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 20(4):169–179

84.

Mewton N, Liu CY, Croisille P, Bluemke D, Lima JAC (2011) Assessment of myocardial fibrosis with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 57(8):891–903

85.

Iles L, Pfluger H, Phrommintikul A, Cherayath J, Aksit P, Gupta SN, Kaye DM, Taylor AJ (2008) Evaluation of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with cardiac magnetic resonance contrast-enhanced T1 mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(19):1574–1580PubMed

86.

Flett AS, Hayward MP, Ashworth MT, Hansen MS, Taylor AM, Elliott PM, McGregor C, Moon JC (2010) Equilibrium contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the measurement of diffuse myocardial fibrosis. Circulation 122(2):138–144

87.

Roy C, Slimani A, de Meester C, Amzulescu M, Pasquet A, Vancraeynest D, Beauloye C, Vanoverschelde JL, Gerber BL, Pouleur AC (2018) Associations and prognostic significance of diffuse myocardial fibrosis by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 20(1):55PubMedPubMedCentral

88.

Schelbert EB, Fridman Y, Wong TC, Abu Daya H, Piehler KM, Kadakkal A, Miller CA, Ugander M, Maanja M, Kellman P, Shah DJ, Abebe KZ, Simon MA, Quarta G, Senni M, Butler J, Diez J, Redfield MM, Gheorghiade M (2017) Temporal relation between myocardial fibrosis and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: association with baseline disease severity and subsequent outcome. JAMA Cardiol 2(9):995–1006PubMedPubMedCentral

89.

Webb J, Fovargue L, Tondel K, Porter B, Sieniewicz B, Gould J et al (2018) The emerging role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of patients with HFpEF. Curr Heart Fail Rep 15(1):1–9PubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Myocardial phenotypes and dysfunction in HFpEF and HFrEF assessed by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance
Authors: Bostjan Berlot
Chiara Bucciarelli-Ducci
Alberto Palazzuoli
Paolo Marino
Publication date: 01-01-2020
Publisher: Springer US
Keywords: Echocardiography
Heart Failure
Atrial Fibrillation
Echocardiography
Published in: Heart Failure Reviews / Issue 1/2020
Print ISSN: 1382-4147
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7322
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-019-09880-4

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Myocardial phenotypes and dysfunction in HFpEF and HFrEF assessed by echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance

Abstract

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2020

Loop diuretic resistance complicating acute heart failure

Structural and myocardial dysfunction in heart failure beyond ejection fraction

The role of the kidney in acute and chronic heart failure

Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular remodeling in HFpEF and HFrEF

Congestion occurrence and evaluation in acute heart failure scenario: time to reconsider different pathways of volume overload

New perspectives and future directions in the treatment of heart failure

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

Incentivised to exercise

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page