Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Heart Failure Reviews 4/2017

01-07-2017

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in heart failure: where the alphabet begins!

Authors: Ahmed Aljizeeri, Abdulbaset Sulaiman, Naji Alhulaimi, Ahmed Alsaileek, Mouaz H. Al-Mallah

Published in: Heart Failure Reviews | Issue 4/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging has become a cornerstone in the evaluation of heart failure. It provides a comprehensive evaluation by answering all the pertinent clinical questions across the full pathological spectrum of heart failure. Nowadays, CMR is considered the gold standard in evaluation of ventricular volumes, wall motion and systolic function. Through its unique ability of tissue characterization, it provides incremental diagnostic and prognostic information and thus has emerged as a comprehensive imaging modality in heart failure. This review outlines the role of main conventional CMR sequences in the evaluation of heart failure and their impact in the management and prognosis.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Greenwood JP et al (2012) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CE-MARC): a prospective trial. Lancet 379(9814):453–460PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Greenwood JP et al (2012) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and single-photon emission computed tomography for diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CE-MARC): a prospective trial. Lancet 379(9814):453–460PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Karamitsos TD et al (2009) The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 54(15):1407–1424PubMedCrossRef Karamitsos TD et al (2009) The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 54(15):1407–1424PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Moons P et al (2010) Structure and activities of adult congenital heart disease programmes in Europe. Eur Heart J 31(11):1305–1310PubMedCrossRef Moons P et al (2010) Structure and activities of adult congenital heart disease programmes in Europe. Eur Heart J 31(11):1305–1310PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Al-Mallah MH, Shareef MN (2011) The role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Heart Fail Rev 16(4):369–380PubMedCrossRef Al-Mallah MH, Shareef MN (2011) The role of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Heart Fail Rev 16(4):369–380PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Ponikowski P et al (2016) 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)developed with the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 37(27):2129–2200PubMedCrossRef Ponikowski P et al (2016) 2016 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)developed with the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 37(27):2129–2200PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Yancy CW et al (2013) 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 62(16):e147–e239PubMedCrossRef Yancy CW et al (2013) 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 62(16):e147–e239PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Roger VL et al (2004) Trends in heart failure incidence and survival in a community-based population. JAMA 292(3):344–350PubMedCrossRef Roger VL et al (2004) Trends in heart failure incidence and survival in a community-based population. JAMA 292(3):344–350PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference World Health Organization, Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. 2014. World Health Organization, Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2014. 2014.
10.
go back to reference Writing Group, M et al (2016) Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 133(4):e38–360CrossRef Writing Group, M et al (2016) Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 133(4):e38–360CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Bellenger NG et al (2000) Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes in heart failure by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance; are they interchangeable? Eur Heart J 21(16):1387–1396PubMedCrossRef Bellenger NG et al (2000) Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes in heart failure by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance; are they interchangeable? Eur Heart J 21(16):1387–1396PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Bernard Y et al (2001) Lack of agreement between left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction determined by two-dimensional echocardiography and contrast cineangiography in postinfarction patients. Echocardiography 18(2):113–122PubMedCrossRef Bernard Y et al (2001) Lack of agreement between left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction determined by two-dimensional echocardiography and contrast cineangiography in postinfarction patients. Echocardiography 18(2):113–122PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Kramer CM et al (2008) Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols, society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance: board of trustees task force on standardized protocols. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 10:35PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kramer CM et al (2008) Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols, society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance: board of trustees task force on standardized protocols. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 10:35PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Semelka RC et al (1990) Normal left ventricular dimensions and function: interstudy reproducibility of measurements with cine MR imaging. Radiology 174(3 Pt 1):763–768PubMedCrossRef Semelka RC et al (1990) Normal left ventricular dimensions and function: interstudy reproducibility of measurements with cine MR imaging. Radiology 174(3 Pt 1):763–768PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Rehwald WG et al (2002) Myocardial magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent concentrations after reversible and irreversible ischemic injury. Circulation 105(2):224–229PubMedCrossRef Rehwald WG et al (2002) Myocardial magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent concentrations after reversible and irreversible ischemic injury. Circulation 105(2):224–229PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Wesbey GE et al (1984) Effect of gadolinium-DTPA on the magnetic relaxation times of normal and infarcted myocardium. Radiology 153(1):165–169PubMedCrossRef Wesbey GE et al (1984) Effect of gadolinium-DTPA on the magnetic relaxation times of normal and infarcted myocardium. Radiology 153(1):165–169PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Kim RJ et al (1996) Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction. Circulation 94(12):3318–3326PubMedCrossRef Kim RJ et al (1996) Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect the extent and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction. Circulation 94(12):3318–3326PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Sakuma H (2011) Coronary CT versus MR angiography: the role of MR angiography. Radiology 258(2):340–349PubMedCrossRef Sakuma H (2011) Coronary CT versus MR angiography: the role of MR angiography. Radiology 258(2):340–349PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Mostbeck GH, Caputo GR, Higgins CB (1992) MR measurement of blood flow in the cardiovascular system. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159(3):453–461PubMedCrossRef Mostbeck GH, Caputo GR, Higgins CB (1992) MR measurement of blood flow in the cardiovascular system. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159(3):453–461PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Cawley PJ, Maki JH, Otto CM (2009) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for valvular heart disease: technique and validation. Circulation 119(3):468–478PubMedCrossRef Cawley PJ, Maki JH, Otto CM (2009) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for valvular heart disease: technique and validation. Circulation 119(3):468–478PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Moss AJ, Kutyifa V (2015) Safe MRI in patients with an upgraded (conditional) implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: the beneficial tip of a troublesome iceberg. J Am Coll Cardiol 65(24):2589–2590PubMedCrossRef Moss AJ, Kutyifa V (2015) Safe MRI in patients with an upgraded (conditional) implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: the beneficial tip of a troublesome iceberg. J Am Coll Cardiol 65(24):2589–2590PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Mayr M, Burkhalter F, Bongartz G (2009) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: clinical spectrum of disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 30(6):1289–1297PubMedCrossRef Mayr M, Burkhalter F, Bongartz G (2009) Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: clinical spectrum of disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 30(6):1289–1297PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Francis JM, Pennell DJ (2000) Treatment of claustrophobia for cardiovascular magnetic resonance: use and effectiveness of mild sedation. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2(2):139–141PubMedCrossRef Francis JM, Pennell DJ (2000) Treatment of claustrophobia for cardiovascular magnetic resonance: use and effectiveness of mild sedation. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2(2):139–141PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Kim RJ et al (1999) Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation 100(19):1992–2002PubMedCrossRef Kim RJ et al (1999) Relationship of MRI delayed contrast enhancement to irreversible injury, infarct age, and contractile function. Circulation 100(19):1992–2002PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Wagner A et al (2003) Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study. Lancet 361(9355):374–379PubMedCrossRef Wagner A et al (2003) Contrast-enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: an imaging study. Lancet 361(9355):374–379PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Strohm O et al (2001) Measurement of left ventricular dimensions and function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Magn Reson Imaging 13(3):367–371PubMedCrossRef Strohm O et al (2001) Measurement of left ventricular dimensions and function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Magn Reson Imaging 13(3):367–371PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Walsh TF, Hundley WG (2007) Assessment of ventricular function with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Cardiol Clin 25(1):15–33 v PubMedCrossRef Walsh TF, Hundley WG (2007) Assessment of ventricular function with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Cardiol Clin 25(1):15–33 v PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Karamitsos TD et al (2007) Operator induced variability in left ventricular measurements with cardiovascular magnetic resonance is improved after training. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 9(5):777–783PubMedCrossRef Karamitsos TD et al (2007) Operator induced variability in left ventricular measurements with cardiovascular magnetic resonance is improved after training. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 9(5):777–783PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Sarwar A et al (2008) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of ventricular function. Semin Roentgenol 43(3):183–192PubMedCrossRef Sarwar A et al (2008) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of ventricular function. Semin Roentgenol 43(3):183–192PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Selvanayagam J et al (2003) Images in cardiovascular medicine. Surgical left ventricular restoration: an extreme case. Circulation 107(10):e71PubMedCrossRef Selvanayagam J et al (2003) Images in cardiovascular medicine. Surgical left ventricular restoration: an extreme case. Circulation 107(10):e71PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Mahrholdt H et al (2002) Reproducibility of chronic infarct size measurement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 106(18):2322–2327PubMedCrossRef Mahrholdt H et al (2002) Reproducibility of chronic infarct size measurement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 106(18):2322–2327PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Tracy CM et al (2012) ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update of the 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. [corrected]. Circulation, 2012 126(14):1784–1800 Tracy CM et al (2012) ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update of the 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. [corrected]. Circulation, 2012 126(14):1784–1800
34.
go back to reference Wong M et al (2004) Severity of left ventricular remodeling defines outcomes and response to therapy in heart failure: valsartan heart failure trial (Val-HeFT) echocardiographic data. J Am Coll Cardiol 43(11):2022–2027PubMedCrossRef Wong M et al (2004) Severity of left ventricular remodeling defines outcomes and response to therapy in heart failure: valsartan heart failure trial (Val-HeFT) echocardiographic data. J Am Coll Cardiol 43(11):2022–2027PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference de Groote P et al (1998) Right ventricular ejection fraction is an independent predictor of survival in patients with moderate heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 32(4):948–954PubMedCrossRef de Groote P et al (1998) Right ventricular ejection fraction is an independent predictor of survival in patients with moderate heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 32(4):948–954PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Ghio S et al (2001) Independent and additive prognostic value of right ventricular systolic function and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 37(1):183–188PubMedCrossRef Ghio S et al (2001) Independent and additive prognostic value of right ventricular systolic function and pulmonary artery pressure in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 37(1):183–188PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Larose E et al (2007) Right ventricular dysfunction assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts poor prognosis late after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 49(8):855–862PubMedCrossRef Larose E et al (2007) Right ventricular dysfunction assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts poor prognosis late after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 49(8):855–862PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Eng CM et al (2001) Safety and efficacy of recombinant human alpha-galactosidase A--replacement therapy in Fabry's disease. N Engl J Med 345(1):9–16PubMedCrossRef Eng CM et al (2001) Safety and efficacy of recombinant human alpha-galactosidase A--replacement therapy in Fabry's disease. N Engl J Med 345(1):9–16PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Takada K et al (1994) Prognosis after pacemaker implantation in cardiac sarcoidosis in Japan. Clinical evaluation of corticosteroid therapy. Sarcoidosis 11(2):113–117PubMed Takada K et al (1994) Prognosis after pacemaker implantation in cardiac sarcoidosis in Japan. Clinical evaluation of corticosteroid therapy. Sarcoidosis 11(2):113–117PubMed
40.
go back to reference Aaronson KD et al (1997) Development and prospective validation of a clinical index to predict survival in ambulatory patients referred for cardiac transplant evaluation. Circulation 95(12):2660–2667PubMedCrossRef Aaronson KD et al (1997) Development and prospective validation of a clinical index to predict survival in ambulatory patients referred for cardiac transplant evaluation. Circulation 95(12):2660–2667PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Dries DL et al (2001) Prognostic impact of diabetes mellitus in patients with heart failure according to the etiology of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 38(2):421–428PubMedCrossRef Dries DL et al (2001) Prognostic impact of diabetes mellitus in patients with heart failure according to the etiology of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 38(2):421–428PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference He J et al (2001) Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 161(7):996–1002PubMedCrossRef He J et al (2001) Risk factors for congestive heart failure in US men and women: NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 161(7):996–1002PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Wagner A et al (2006) Effects of time, dose, and inversion time for acute myocardial infarct size measurements based on magnetic resonance imaging-delayed contrast enhancement. J Am Coll Cardiol 47(10):2027–2033PubMedCrossRef Wagner A et al (2006) Effects of time, dose, and inversion time for acute myocardial infarct size measurements based on magnetic resonance imaging-delayed contrast enhancement. J Am Coll Cardiol 47(10):2027–2033PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Kim RJ et al (2000) The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 343(20):1445–1453PubMedCrossRef Kim RJ et al (2000) The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 343(20):1445–1453PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Beek AM et al (2003) Delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of regional functional improvement after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 42(5):895–901PubMedCrossRef Beek AM et al (2003) Delayed contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of regional functional improvement after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 42(5):895–901PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Selvanayagam JB et al (2004) Value of delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in predicting myocardial viability after surgical revascularization. Circulation 110(12):1535–1541PubMedCrossRef Selvanayagam JB et al (2004) Value of delayed-enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in predicting myocardial viability after surgical revascularization. Circulation 110(12):1535–1541PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Kim RJ et al (2008) Performance of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging with gadoversetamide contrast for the detection and assessment of myocardial infarction: an international, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized trial. Circulation 117(5):629–637PubMedCrossRef Kim RJ et al (2008) Performance of delayed-enhancement magnetic resonance imaging with gadoversetamide contrast for the detection and assessment of myocardial infarction: an international, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized trial. Circulation 117(5):629–637PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Nandalur KR et al (2007) Diagnostic performance of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(14):1343–1353PubMedCrossRef Nandalur KR et al (2007) Diagnostic performance of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(14):1343–1353PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Wellnhofer E et al (2004) Magnetic resonance low-dose dobutamine test is superior to SCAR quantification for the prediction of functional recovery. Circulation 109(18):2172–2174PubMedCrossRef Wellnhofer E et al (2004) Magnetic resonance low-dose dobutamine test is superior to SCAR quantification for the prediction of functional recovery. Circulation 109(18):2172–2174PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Casolo G et al (2006) Identification of the ischemic etiology of heart failure by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: diagnostic accuracy of late gadolinium enhancement. Am Heart J 151(1):101–108PubMedCrossRef Casolo G et al (2006) Identification of the ischemic etiology of heart failure by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: diagnostic accuracy of late gadolinium enhancement. Am Heart J 151(1):101–108PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Bekkers SC et al (2010) Microvascular obstruction: underlying pathophysiology and clinical diagnosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(16):1649–1660PubMedCrossRef Bekkers SC et al (2010) Microvascular obstruction: underlying pathophysiology and clinical diagnosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(16):1649–1660PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference McCrohon JA et al (2003) Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 108(1):54–59PubMedCrossRef McCrohon JA et al (2003) Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 108(1):54–59PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Aletras AH et al (2006) Retrospective determination of the area at risk for reperfused acute myocardial infarction with T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: histopathological and displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) functional validations. Circulation 113(15):1865–1870PubMedCrossRef Aletras AH et al (2006) Retrospective determination of the area at risk for reperfused acute myocardial infarction with T2-weighted cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: histopathological and displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) functional validations. Circulation 113(15):1865–1870PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Friedrich MG et al (2008) The salvaged area at risk in reperfused acute myocardial infarction as visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(16):1581–1587PubMedCrossRef Friedrich MG et al (2008) The salvaged area at risk in reperfused acute myocardial infarction as visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(16):1581–1587PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Abdel-Aty H et al (2009) Edema as a very early marker for acute myocardial ischemia: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(14):1194–1201PubMedCrossRef Abdel-Aty H et al (2009) Edema as a very early marker for acute myocardial ischemia: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(14):1194–1201PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Cury RC et al (2008) Cardiac magnetic resonance with T2-weighted imaging improves detection of patients with acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department. Circulation 118(8):837–844PubMedCrossRef Cury RC et al (2008) Cardiac magnetic resonance with T2-weighted imaging improves detection of patients with acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department. Circulation 118(8):837–844PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Roes SD et al (2009) Infarct tissue heterogeneity assessed with contrast-enhanced MRI predicts spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2(3):183–190PubMedCrossRef Roes SD et al (2009) Infarct tissue heterogeneity assessed with contrast-enhanced MRI predicts spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2(3):183–190PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Schmidt A et al (2007) Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifies enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 115(15):2006–2014PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schmidt A et al (2007) Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifies enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 115(15):2006–2014PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Kim HW et al (2009) Unrecognized non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: prevalence and prognostic significance in patients with suspected coronary disease. PLoS Med 6(4):e1000057PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim HW et al (2009) Unrecognized non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: prevalence and prognostic significance in patients with suspected coronary disease. PLoS Med 6(4):e1000057PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Kwong RY et al (2006) Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease. Circulation 113(23):2733–2743PubMedCrossRef Kwong RY et al (2006) Impact of unrecognized myocardial scar detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging on event-free survival in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of coronary artery disease. Circulation 113(23):2733–2743PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Nijveldt R et al (2009) Assessment of microvascular obstruction and prediction of short-term remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: cardiac MR imaging study. Radiology 250(2):363–370PubMedCrossRef Nijveldt R et al (2009) Assessment of microvascular obstruction and prediction of short-term remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: cardiac MR imaging study. Radiology 250(2):363–370PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Nijveldt R et al (2008) Functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction: comparison between angiography, electrocardiography, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures of microvascular injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(3):181–189PubMedCrossRef Nijveldt R et al (2008) Functional recovery after acute myocardial infarction: comparison between angiography, electrocardiography, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures of microvascular injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 52(3):181–189PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Wu KC et al (1998) Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 97(8):765–772PubMedCrossRef Wu KC et al (1998) Prognostic significance of microvascular obstruction by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 97(8):765–772PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Aldrovandi A et al (2013) Detection of papillary muscle infarction by late gadolinium enhancement: incremental value of short-inversion time vs. standard imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 14(5):495–499PubMedCrossRef Aldrovandi A et al (2013) Detection of papillary muscle infarction by late gadolinium enhancement: incremental value of short-inversion time vs. standard imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 14(5):495–499PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Weinsaft JW et al (2009) Contrast-enhanced anatomic imaging as compared to contrast-enhanced tissue characterization for detection of left ventricular thrombus. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2(8):969–979PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Weinsaft JW et al (2009) Contrast-enhanced anatomic imaging as compared to contrast-enhanced tissue characterization for detection of left ventricular thrombus. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2(8):969–979PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Kim HW, Farzaneh-Far A, Kim RJ (2009) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with myocardial infarction: current and emerging applications. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(1):1–16PubMedCrossRef Kim HW, Farzaneh-Far A, Kim RJ (2009) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with myocardial infarction: current and emerging applications. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(1):1–16PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Heatlie GJ, Mohiaddin R (2005) Left ventricular aneurysm: comprehensive assessment of morphology, structure and thrombus using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Clin Radiol 60(6):687–692PubMedCrossRef Heatlie GJ, Mohiaddin R (2005) Left ventricular aneurysm: comprehensive assessment of morphology, structure and thrombus using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Clin Radiol 60(6):687–692PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Felker GM et al (2000) Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 342(15):1077–1084PubMedCrossRef Felker GM et al (2000) Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 342(15):1077–1084PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Caforio AL et al (2007) Prospective familial assessment in dilated cardiomyopathy: cardiac autoantibodies predict disease development in asymptomatic relatives. Circulation 115(1):76–83PubMedCrossRef Caforio AL et al (2007) Prospective familial assessment in dilated cardiomyopathy: cardiac autoantibodies predict disease development in asymptomatic relatives. Circulation 115(1):76–83PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Soriano CJ et al (2005) Noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction of uncertain etiology, using late gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(5):743–748PubMedCrossRef Soriano CJ et al (2005) Noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with heart failure and systolic dysfunction of uncertain etiology, using late gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(5):743–748PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Friedrich MG et al (1998) Contrast media-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging visualizes myocardial changes in the course of viral myocarditis. Circulation 97(18):1802–1809PubMedCrossRef Friedrich MG et al (1998) Contrast media-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging visualizes myocardial changes in the course of viral myocarditis. Circulation 97(18):1802–1809PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Abdel-Aty H et al (2005) Diagnostic performance of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with suspected acute myocarditis: comparison of different approaches. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(11):1815–1822PubMedCrossRef Abdel-Aty H et al (2005) Diagnostic performance of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with suspected acute myocarditis: comparison of different approaches. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(11):1815–1822PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Assomull RG et al (2006) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(10):1977–1985PubMedCrossRef Assomull RG et al (2006) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance, fibrosis, and prognosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(10):1977–1985PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Wu KC et al (2008) Late gadolinium enhancement by cardiovascular magnetic resonance heralds an adverse prognosis in nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(25):2414–2421PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wu KC et al (2008) Late gadolinium enhancement by cardiovascular magnetic resonance heralds an adverse prognosis in nonischemic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(25):2414–2421PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Bogun FM et al (2009) Delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: utility for identifying the ventricular arrhythmia substrate. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(13):1138–1145PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Bogun FM et al (2009) Delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in nonischemic cardiomyopathy: utility for identifying the ventricular arrhythmia substrate. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(13):1138–1145PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Goldberger JJ et al (2011) Risk stratification for arrhythmic sudden cardiac death: identifying the roadblocks. Circulation 123(21):2423–2430PubMedCrossRef Goldberger JJ et al (2011) Risk stratification for arrhythmic sudden cardiac death: identifying the roadblocks. Circulation 123(21):2423–2430PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Stecker EC, Chugh SS (2011) Prediction of sudden cardiac death: next steps in pursuit of effective methodology. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 31(2):101–107PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Stecker EC, Chugh SS (2011) Prediction of sudden cardiac death: next steps in pursuit of effective methodology. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 31(2):101–107PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Gulati A et al (2013) Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. JAMA 309(9):896–908PubMedCrossRef Gulati A et al (2013) Association of fibrosis with mortality and sudden cardiac death in patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. JAMA 309(9):896–908PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Moreo A et al (2009) Influence of myocardial fibrosis on left ventricular diastolic function: noninvasive assessment by cardiac magnetic resonance and echo. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2(6):437–443PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Moreo A et al (2009) Influence of myocardial fibrosis on left ventricular diastolic function: noninvasive assessment by cardiac magnetic resonance and echo. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2(6):437–443PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Mahrholdt H et al (2004) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology. Circulation 109(10):1250–1258PubMedCrossRef Mahrholdt H et al (2004) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: a comparison to histology and molecular pathology. Circulation 109(10):1250–1258PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Mahrholdt H et al (2006) Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis. Circulation 114(15):1581–1590PubMedCrossRef Mahrholdt H et al (2006) Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis. Circulation 114(15):1581–1590PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Murphy RT et al (2005) Natural history and familial characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction. Eur Heart J 26(2):187–192PubMedCrossRef Murphy RT et al (2005) Natural history and familial characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction. Eur Heart J 26(2):187–192PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Jenni R et al (2001) Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart 86(6):666–671PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jenni R et al (2001) Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy. Heart 86(6):666–671PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Gati S et al (2013) Increased left ventricular trabeculation in highly trained athletes: do we need more stringent criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction in athletes? Heart 99(6):401–408PubMedCrossRef Gati S et al (2013) Increased left ventricular trabeculation in highly trained athletes: do we need more stringent criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction in athletes? Heart 99(6):401–408PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Kohli SK et al (2008) Diagnosis of left-ventricular non-compaction in patients with left-ventricular systolic dysfunction: time for a reappraisal of diagnostic criteria? Eur Heart J 29(1):89–95PubMedCrossRef Kohli SK et al (2008) Diagnosis of left-ventricular non-compaction in patients with left-ventricular systolic dysfunction: time for a reappraisal of diagnostic criteria? Eur Heart J 29(1):89–95PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Petersen SE et al (2005) Left ventricular non-compaction: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 46(1):101–105PubMedCrossRef Petersen SE et al (2005) Left ventricular non-compaction: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 46(1):101–105PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Jacquier A et al (2010) Measurement of trabeculated left ventricular mass using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction. Eur Heart J 31(9):1098–1104PubMedCrossRef Jacquier A et al (2010) Measurement of trabeculated left ventricular mass using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular non-compaction. Eur Heart J 31(9):1098–1104PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Stacey RB et al (2013) Comparison of systolic and diastolic criteria for isolated LV noncompaction in CMR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 6(9):931–940PubMedCrossRef Stacey RB et al (2013) Comparison of systolic and diastolic criteria for isolated LV noncompaction in CMR. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 6(9):931–940PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Garcia-Pavia P, de la Pompa JL (2014) Left ventricular noncompaction: a genetic cardiomyopathy looking for diagnostic criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(19):1981–1983PubMedCrossRef Garcia-Pavia P, de la Pompa JL (2014) Left ventricular noncompaction: a genetic cardiomyopathy looking for diagnostic criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(19):1981–1983PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Silverman KJ, Hutchins GM, Bulkley BH (1978) Cardiac sarcoid: a clinicopathologic study of 84 unselected patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Circulation 58(6):1204–1211PubMedCrossRef Silverman KJ, Hutchins GM, Bulkley BH (1978) Cardiac sarcoid: a clinicopathologic study of 84 unselected patients with systemic sarcoidosis. Circulation 58(6):1204–1211PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Roberts WC, McAllister HA Jr, Ferrans VJ (1977) Sarcoidosis of the heart. A clinicopathologic study of 35 necropsy patients (group 1) and review of 78 previously described necropsy patients (group 11). Am J Med 63(1):86–108PubMedCrossRef Roberts WC, McAllister HA Jr, Ferrans VJ (1977) Sarcoidosis of the heart. A clinicopathologic study of 35 necropsy patients (group 1) and review of 78 previously described necropsy patients (group 11). Am J Med 63(1):86–108PubMedCrossRef
94.
95.
go back to reference Iwai K et al (1994) Racial difference in cardiac sarcoidosis incidence observed at autopsy. Sarcoidosis 11(1):26–31PubMed Iwai K et al (1994) Racial difference in cardiac sarcoidosis incidence observed at autopsy. Sarcoidosis 11(1):26–31PubMed
96.
go back to reference Soejima K, Yada H (2009) The work-up and management of patients with apparent or subclinical cardiac sarcoidosis: with emphasis on the associated heart rhythm abnormalities. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20(5):578–583PubMedCrossRef Soejima K, Yada H (2009) The work-up and management of patients with apparent or subclinical cardiac sarcoidosis: with emphasis on the associated heart rhythm abnormalities. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 20(5):578–583PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Tadamura E et al (2005) Effectiveness of delayed enhanced MRI for identification of cardiac sarcoidosis: comparison with radionuclide imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185(1):110–115PubMedCrossRef Tadamura E et al (2005) Effectiveness of delayed enhanced MRI for identification of cardiac sarcoidosis: comparison with radionuclide imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185(1):110–115PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Radulescu B et al (2010) Severe ventricular arrhythmias in a patient with cardiac sarcoidosis: insights from MRI and PET imaging and importance of early corticosteroid therapy. Eur Heart J 31(4):400PubMedCrossRef Radulescu B et al (2010) Severe ventricular arrhythmias in a patient with cardiac sarcoidosis: insights from MRI and PET imaging and importance of early corticosteroid therapy. Eur Heart J 31(4):400PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Yared K et al (2008) Cardiac sarcoidosis imitating arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Circulation 118(7):e113–e115PubMedCrossRef Yared K et al (2008) Cardiac sarcoidosis imitating arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Circulation 118(7):e113–e115PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Smedema JP et al (2006) Cardiac sarcoidosis evaluated with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance and contrast-enhanced 64-slice computed tomography. Int J Cardiol 112(2):261–263PubMedCrossRef Smedema JP et al (2006) Cardiac sarcoidosis evaluated with gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance and contrast-enhanced 64-slice computed tomography. Int J Cardiol 112(2):261–263PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Vignaux O et al (2002) Detection of myocardial involvement in patients with sarcoidosis applying T2-weighted, contrast-enhanced, and cine magnetic resonance imaging: initial results of a prospective study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 26(5):762–767PubMedCrossRef Vignaux O et al (2002) Detection of myocardial involvement in patients with sarcoidosis applying T2-weighted, contrast-enhanced, and cine magnetic resonance imaging: initial results of a prospective study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 26(5):762–767PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Schulz-Menger J et al (2006) Patterns of myocardial inflammation and scarring in sarcoidosis as assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Heart 92(3):399–400PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Schulz-Menger J et al (2006) Patterns of myocardial inflammation and scarring in sarcoidosis as assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Heart 92(3):399–400PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Crawford T et al (2014) Magnetic resonance imaging for identifying patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and preserved or mildly reduced left ventricular function at risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 7(6):1109–1115PubMedCrossRef Crawford T et al (2014) Magnetic resonance imaging for identifying patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and preserved or mildly reduced left ventricular function at risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 7(6):1109–1115PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Bybee KA et al (2004) Systematic review: transient left ventricular apical ballooning: a syndrome that mimics ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 141(11):858–865PubMedCrossRef Bybee KA et al (2004) Systematic review: transient left ventricular apical ballooning: a syndrome that mimics ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 141(11):858–865PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Tsuchihashi K et al (2001) Transient left ventricular apical ballooning without coronary artery stenosis: a novel heart syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Angina pectoris-myocardial infarction investigations in Japan. J Am Coll Cardiol 38(1):11–18PubMedCrossRef Tsuchihashi K et al (2001) Transient left ventricular apical ballooning without coronary artery stenosis: a novel heart syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Angina pectoris-myocardial infarction investigations in Japan. J Am Coll Cardiol 38(1):11–18PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Templin C et al (2015) Clinical features and outcomes of takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 373(10):929–938PubMedCrossRef Templin C et al (2015) Clinical features and outcomes of takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 373(10):929–938PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Kurowski V et al (2007) Apical and midventricular transient left ventricular dysfunction syndrome (tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy): frequency, mechanisms, and prognosis. Chest 132(3):809–816PubMedCrossRef Kurowski V et al (2007) Apical and midventricular transient left ventricular dysfunction syndrome (tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy): frequency, mechanisms, and prognosis. Chest 132(3):809–816PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Sharkey SW et al (2010) Natural history and expansive clinical profile of stress (tako-tsubo) cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(4):333–341PubMedCrossRef Sharkey SW et al (2010) Natural history and expansive clinical profile of stress (tako-tsubo) cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 55(4):333–341PubMedCrossRef
109.
go back to reference Eitel I et al (2008) Differential diagnosis of suspected apical ballooning syndrome using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J 29(21):2651–2659PubMedCrossRef Eitel I et al (2008) Differential diagnosis of suspected apical ballooning syndrome using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J 29(21):2651–2659PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Eitel I et al (2011) Clinical characteristics and cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in stress (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy. JAMA 306(3):277–286PubMedCrossRef Eitel I et al (2011) Clinical characteristics and cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in stress (takotsubo) cardiomyopathy. JAMA 306(3):277–286PubMedCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Nishimura RA et al (2014) 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63(22):e57–185PubMedCrossRef Nishimura RA et al (2014) 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63(22):e57–185PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Dulce MC et al (1992) Severity of aortic regurgitation: interstudy reproducibility of measurements with velocity-encoded cine MR imaging. Radiology 185(1):235–240PubMedCrossRef Dulce MC et al (1992) Severity of aortic regurgitation: interstudy reproducibility of measurements with velocity-encoded cine MR imaging. Radiology 185(1):235–240PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Honda N et al (1993) Aortic regurgitation: quantitation with MR imaging velocity mapping. Radiology 186(1):189–194PubMedCrossRef Honda N et al (1993) Aortic regurgitation: quantitation with MR imaging velocity mapping. Radiology 186(1):189–194PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Fujita N et al (1994) Quantification of mitral regurgitation by velocity-encoded cine nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 23(4):951–958PubMedCrossRef Fujita N et al (1994) Quantification of mitral regurgitation by velocity-encoded cine nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 23(4):951–958PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Hundley WG et al (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation. Comparison with invasive techniques. Circulation 92(5):1151–1158PubMedCrossRef Hundley WG et al (1995) Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of the severity of mitral regurgitation. Comparison with invasive techniques. Circulation 92(5):1151–1158PubMedCrossRef
116.
go back to reference Grayburn PA, Weissman NJ, Zamorano JL (2012) Quantitation of mitral regurgitation. Circulation 126(16):2005–2017PubMedCrossRef Grayburn PA, Weissman NJ, Zamorano JL (2012) Quantitation of mitral regurgitation. Circulation 126(16):2005–2017PubMedCrossRef
117.
go back to reference Reant P et al (2006) Absolute assessment of aortic valve stenosis by planimetry using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and cardiac catheterisation. Eur J Radiol 59(2):276–283PubMedCrossRef Reant P et al (2006) Absolute assessment of aortic valve stenosis by planimetry using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography, and cardiac catheterisation. Eur J Radiol 59(2):276–283PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference John AS et al (2003) Magnetic resonance to assess the aortic valve area in aortic stenosis: how does it compare to current diagnostic standards? J Am Coll Cardiol 42(3):519–526PubMedCrossRef John AS et al (2003) Magnetic resonance to assess the aortic valve area in aortic stenosis: how does it compare to current diagnostic standards? J Am Coll Cardiol 42(3):519–526PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Caruthers SD et al (2003) Practical value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for clinical quantification of aortic valve stenosis: comparison with echocardiography. Circulation 108(18):2236–2243PubMedCrossRef Caruthers SD et al (2003) Practical value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for clinical quantification of aortic valve stenosis: comparison with echocardiography. Circulation 108(18):2236–2243PubMedCrossRef
120.
go back to reference Azevedo CF et al (2010) Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis quantification by histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with severe aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 56(4):278–287PubMedCrossRef Azevedo CF et al (2010) Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis quantification by histopathology and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with severe aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 56(4):278–287PubMedCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Barone-Rochette G et al (2014) Prognostic significance of LGE by CMR in aortic stenosis patients undergoing valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(2):144–154PubMedCrossRef Barone-Rochette G et al (2014) Prognostic significance of LGE by CMR in aortic stenosis patients undergoing valve replacement. J Am Coll Cardiol 64(2):144–154PubMedCrossRef
122.
123.
go back to reference Pons-Llado G et al (1997) Comparison of morphologic assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by magnetic resonance versus echocardiographic imaging. Am J Cardiol 79(12):1651–1656PubMedCrossRef Pons-Llado G et al (1997) Comparison of morphologic assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by magnetic resonance versus echocardiographic imaging. Am J Cardiol 79(12):1651–1656PubMedCrossRef
124.
go back to reference Moon JC et al (2004) Detection of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with non-diagnostic echocardiography. Heart 90(6):645–649PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Moon JC et al (2004) Detection of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with non-diagnostic echocardiography. Heart 90(6):645–649PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
125.
go back to reference Rickers C et al (2005) Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 112(6):855–861PubMedCrossRef Rickers C et al (2005) Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 112(6):855–861PubMedCrossRef
126.
go back to reference Maron MS et al (2008) Prevalence, clinical significance, and natural history of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 118(15):1541–1549PubMedCrossRef Maron MS et al (2008) Prevalence, clinical significance, and natural history of left ventricular apical aneurysms in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 118(15):1541–1549PubMedCrossRef
127.
go back to reference Rudolph A et al (2009) Noninvasive detection of fibrosis applying contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in different forms of left ventricular hypertrophy relation to remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(3):284–291PubMedCrossRef Rudolph A et al (2009) Noninvasive detection of fibrosis applying contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in different forms of left ventricular hypertrophy relation to remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol 53(3):284–291PubMedCrossRef
128.
go back to reference Spirito P et al (2000) Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 342(24):1778–1785PubMedCrossRef Spirito P et al (2000) Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 342(24):1778–1785PubMedCrossRef
129.
go back to reference Kwon DH et al (2008) Abnormal papillary muscle morphology is independently associated with increased left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 94(10):1295–1301PubMedCrossRef Kwon DH et al (2008) Abnormal papillary muscle morphology is independently associated with increased left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart 94(10):1295–1301PubMedCrossRef
130.
go back to reference Chan RH et al (2014) Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 130(6):484–495PubMedCrossRef Chan RH et al (2014) Prognostic value of quantitative contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the evaluation of sudden death risk in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 130(6):484–495PubMedCrossRef
131.
go back to reference Adabag AS et al (2008) Occurrence and frequency of arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in relation to delayed enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(14):1369–1374PubMedCrossRef Adabag AS et al (2008) Occurrence and frequency of arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in relation to delayed enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(14):1369–1374PubMedCrossRef
133.
go back to reference Sachdev B et al (2002) Prevalence of Anderson-Fabry disease in male patients with late onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 105(12):1407–1411PubMedCrossRef Sachdev B et al (2002) Prevalence of Anderson-Fabry disease in male patients with late onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 105(12):1407–1411PubMedCrossRef
134.
go back to reference Frustaci A et al (2001) Improvement in cardiac function in the cardiac variant of Fabry's disease with galactose-infusion therapy. N Engl J Med 345(1):25–32PubMedCrossRef Frustaci A et al (2001) Improvement in cardiac function in the cardiac variant of Fabry's disease with galactose-infusion therapy. N Engl J Med 345(1):25–32PubMedCrossRef
135.
go back to reference De Cobelli F et al (2009) Delayed-enhanced cardiac MRI for differentiation of Fabry's disease from symmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192(3):W97–102PubMedCrossRef De Cobelli F et al (2009) Delayed-enhanced cardiac MRI for differentiation of Fabry's disease from symmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192(3):W97–102PubMedCrossRef
136.
go back to reference Moon JC et al (2003) Gadolinium enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in Anderson-Fabry disease. Evidence for a disease specific abnormality of the myocardial interstitium. Eur Heart J 24(23):2151–2155PubMedCrossRef Moon JC et al (2003) Gadolinium enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in Anderson-Fabry disease. Evidence for a disease specific abnormality of the myocardial interstitium. Eur Heart J 24(23):2151–2155PubMedCrossRef
137.
go back to reference Selvanayagam JB et al (2007) Evaluation and management of the cardiac amyloidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(22):2101–2110PubMedCrossRef Selvanayagam JB et al (2007) Evaluation and management of the cardiac amyloidosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(22):2101–2110PubMedCrossRef
138.
go back to reference Falk RH, Skinner M (2000) The systemic amyloidoses: an overview. Adv Intern Med 45:107–137PubMed Falk RH, Skinner M (2000) The systemic amyloidoses: an overview. Adv Intern Med 45:107–137PubMed
139.
go back to reference Vogelsberg H et al (2008) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in clinically suspected cardiac amyloidosis: noninvasive imaging compared to endomyocardial biopsy. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(10):1022–1030PubMedCrossRef Vogelsberg H et al (2008) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in clinically suspected cardiac amyloidosis: noninvasive imaging compared to endomyocardial biopsy. J Am Coll Cardiol 51(10):1022–1030PubMedCrossRef
140.
go back to reference Maceira AM et al (2005) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac amyloidosis. Circulation 111(2):186–193PubMedCrossRef Maceira AM et al (2005) Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac amyloidosis. Circulation 111(2):186–193PubMedCrossRef
141.
go back to reference Cheng AS et al (2006) Cardiac changes in systemic amyloidosis: visualisation by magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiol 113(1):E21–E23PubMedCrossRef Cheng AS et al (2006) Cardiac changes in systemic amyloidosis: visualisation by magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiol 113(1):E21–E23PubMedCrossRef
142.
go back to reference Kwong RY et al (2015) Characterization of cardiac amyloidosis by atrial late gadolinium enhancement using contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with left atrial conduit and contractile function. Am J Cardiol 116(4):622–629PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kwong RY et al (2015) Characterization of cardiac amyloidosis by atrial late gadolinium enhancement using contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with left atrial conduit and contractile function. Am J Cardiol 116(4):622–629PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
143.
go back to reference Ruberg FL et al (2009) Diagnostic and prognostic utility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in light-chain cardiac amyloidosis. Am J Cardiol 103(4):544–549PubMedCrossRef Ruberg FL et al (2009) Diagnostic and prognostic utility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in light-chain cardiac amyloidosis. Am J Cardiol 103(4):544–549PubMedCrossRef
145.
go back to reference Wang ZJ et al (2003) CT and MR imaging of pericardial disease. Radiographics 23 :S167–S180Spec No PubMedCrossRef Wang ZJ et al (2003) CT and MR imaging of pericardial disease. Radiographics 23 :S167–S180Spec No PubMedCrossRef
146.
go back to reference Francone M et al (2006) Assessment of ventricular coupling with real-time cine MRI and its value to differentiate constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy. Eur Radiol 16(4):944–951PubMedCrossRef Francone M et al (2006) Assessment of ventricular coupling with real-time cine MRI and its value to differentiate constrictive pericarditis from restrictive cardiomyopathy. Eur Radiol 16(4):944–951PubMedCrossRef
147.
go back to reference Masui T, Finck S, Higgins CB (1992) Constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 182(2):369–373PubMedCrossRef Masui T, Finck S, Higgins CB (1992) Constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 182(2):369–373PubMedCrossRef
148.
149.
go back to reference Marcus FI et al (2010) Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the task force criteria. Circulation 121(13):1533–1541PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Marcus FI et al (2010) Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: proposed modification of the task force criteria. Circulation 121(13):1533–1541PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
150.
go back to reference Tandri H et al (2006) Magnetic resonance imaging of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: sensitivity, specificity, and observer variability of fat detection versus functional analysis of the right ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(11):2277–2284PubMedCrossRef Tandri H et al (2006) Magnetic resonance imaging of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: sensitivity, specificity, and observer variability of fat detection versus functional analysis of the right ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(11):2277–2284PubMedCrossRef
151.
go back to reference Hunold P et al (2005) Late enhancement: a new feature in MRI of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy? J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 7(4):649–655PubMedCrossRef Hunold P et al (2005) Late enhancement: a new feature in MRI of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy? J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 7(4):649–655PubMedCrossRef
152.
go back to reference White JA et al (2006) Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with intraventricular dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(10):1953–1960PubMedCrossRef White JA et al (2006) Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with intraventricular dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol 48(10):1953–1960PubMedCrossRef
153.
go back to reference Ypenburg C et al (2007) Impact of viability and scar tissue on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischaemic heart failure patients. Eur Heart J 28(1):33–41PubMedCrossRef Ypenburg C et al (2007) Impact of viability and scar tissue on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischaemic heart failure patients. Eur Heart J 28(1):33–41PubMedCrossRef
154.
go back to reference Reuter S et al (2002) Comparison of characteristics in responders versus nonresponders with biventricular pacing for drug-resistant congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 89(3):346–350PubMedCrossRef Reuter S et al (2002) Comparison of characteristics in responders versus nonresponders with biventricular pacing for drug-resistant congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 89(3):346–350PubMedCrossRef
155.
go back to reference Bleeker GB et al (2006) Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocardiographic improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 113(7):969–976PubMedCrossRef Bleeker GB et al (2006) Effect of posterolateral scar tissue on clinical and echocardiographic improvement after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 113(7):969–976PubMedCrossRef
156.
go back to reference Usman AA et al (2012) Cardiac magnetic resonance T2 mapping in the monitoring and follow-up of acute cardiac transplant rejection: a pilot study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5(6):782–790PubMedCrossRef Usman AA et al (2012) Cardiac magnetic resonance T2 mapping in the monitoring and follow-up of acute cardiac transplant rejection: a pilot study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5(6):782–790PubMedCrossRef
157.
go back to reference Marwick TH, Schwaiger M (2008) The future of cardiovascular imaging in the diagnosis and management of heart failure, part 2: clinical applications. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 1(2):162–170PubMedCrossRef Marwick TH, Schwaiger M (2008) The future of cardiovascular imaging in the diagnosis and management of heart failure, part 2: clinical applications. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 1(2):162–170PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in heart failure: where the alphabet begins!
Authors
Ahmed Aljizeeri
Abdulbaset Sulaiman
Naji Alhulaimi
Ahmed Alsaileek
Mouaz H. Al-Mallah
Publication date
01-07-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Heart Failure Reviews / Issue 4/2017
Print ISSN: 1382-4147
Electronic ISSN: 1573-7322
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-017-9609-4

Other articles of this Issue 4/2017

Heart Failure Reviews 4/2017 Go to the issue