Skip to main content
Top
Published in: AIDS and Behavior 2/2017

01-11-2017 | Original Paper

Patterns of Alcohol Abuse, Depression, and Intimate Partner Violence Among Township Mothers in South Africa Over 5 Years

Authors: Emily C. Davis, Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus, Thomas W. Weichle, Roxana Rezai, Mark Tomlinson

Published in: AIDS and Behavior | Special Issue 2/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Alcohol is a major contributor to the global burden of disease. In South Africa, alcohol abuse is hypothesized to correlate with women’s HIV status, mental health, and partner relationships over time. All pregnant women in 12 urban, low-income, Cape Town neighborhoods were interviewed at baseline, post-birth, and at 6, 12, 36, and 60 months following delivery with retention rates from 82.5 to 94%. Women were assessed for any alcohol use, problematic drinking, depression, intimate partner violence, and HIV status. Prior to pregnancy discovery and 5 years after giving birth, alcohol use was 25.8 and 24.7%, respectively. Most women decreased their alcohol use during pregnancy. Twenty-one percent reported alcohol use on two or more assessments, and only 15% of the mothers drinking alcohol at 5 years were also drinking at baseline. Mothers with depression had a higher likelihood of drinking alcohol compared to mothers who were not depressed only at baseline and 6 months post-birth. Mothers who experienced IPV had more than twice the likelihood of drinking alcohol compared to non-IPV mothers at all assessments. HIV positive mothers were more likely to drink alcohol compared to mothers without HIV prior to pregnancy discovery and at 5 years post-birth. These longitudinal trends in alcohol use among young women in South Africa represent a large economic, social, and health burden and must be addressed in a comprehensive manner.
Literature
1.
go back to reference World Health Organization. Alcohol in developing societies. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. World Health Organization. Alcohol in developing societies. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
2.
go back to reference Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet. 2009;373(9682):2223–33.PubMedCrossRef Rehm J, Mathers C, Popova S, Thavorncharoensap M, Teerawattananon Y, Patra J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet. 2009;373(9682):2223–33.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
4.
go back to reference World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2015. Geneva: Switzerland; 2015. World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2015. Geneva: Switzerland; 2015.
7.
go back to reference Peer N, Matzopoulos R, Myers JE. The number of motor vehicle crash deaths attributable to alcohol-impaired driving and its cost to the economy between 2002 and 2006 in South Africa. Cape Town: University of Cape Town; 2009. Peer N, Matzopoulos R, Myers JE. The number of motor vehicle crash deaths attributable to alcohol-impaired driving and its cost to the economy between 2002 and 2006 in South Africa. Cape Town: University of Cape Town; 2009.
8.
go back to reference Parry CD, Rehm J, Poznyak V, Room R. Alcohol and infectious diseases: an overlooked causal linkage? Addiction. 2009;104(3):331–42.PubMedCrossRef Parry CD, Rehm J, Poznyak V, Room R. Alcohol and infectious diseases: an overlooked causal linkage? Addiction. 2009;104(3):331–42.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Bradshaw D, Groenewald P, Laubscher R, Nannan N, Nojilana B, Norman R, et al. Initial burden of disease estimates for South Africa, 2000. S Afr Med J. 2003;93(9):682–8.PubMed Bradshaw D, Groenewald P, Laubscher R, Nannan N, Nojilana B, Norman R, et al. Initial burden of disease estimates for South Africa, 2000. S Afr Med J. 2003;93(9):682–8.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Matzopoulos RG, Truen S, Bowman B, Corrigall J. The cost of harmful alcohol use in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2014;104(2):127–32.PubMedCrossRef Matzopoulos RG, Truen S, Bowman B, Corrigall J. The cost of harmful alcohol use in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2014;104(2):127–32.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA]. National HouseholdSurvey on Drug Abuse. 2005. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA]. National HouseholdSurvey on Drug Abuse. 2005.
12.
go back to reference Desmond K, Milburn N, Richter L, Tomlinson M, Greco E, van Heerden A, et al. Alcohol consumption among HIV-positive pregnant women in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: prevalence and correlates. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;120(1):113–8.PubMedCrossRef Desmond K, Milburn N, Richter L, Tomlinson M, Greco E, van Heerden A, et al. Alcohol consumption among HIV-positive pregnant women in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: prevalence and correlates. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;120(1):113–8.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Vythilingum B, Roos A, Faure SC, Geerts L, Stein DJ. Risk factors for substance use in pregnant women in South Africa. Samj S Afr Med J. 2012;102(11):851–4.PubMedCrossRef Vythilingum B, Roos A, Faure SC, Geerts L, Stein DJ. Risk factors for substance use in pregnant women in South Africa. Samj S Afr Med J. 2012;102(11):851–4.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Burnhams NH, Dada S, Myers B. Social service offices as a point of entry into substance abuse treatment for poor South Africans. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2012;7:22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Burnhams NH, Dada S, Myers B. Social service offices as a point of entry into substance abuse treatment for poor South Africans. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2012;7:22.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Myers B, Vythylingum B. Women and alcohol. Substance Use and Abuse in South Africa: Brain, Behavioural and Other Perspectives. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press; 2012. Myers B, Vythylingum B. Women and alcohol. Substance Use and Abuse in South Africa: Brain, Behavioural and Other Perspectives. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press; 2012.
16.
go back to reference Morojele NK, Brook JS. Sociodemographic, sociocultural, and individual predictors of reported feelings of meaninglessness among South African adolescents. Psychol Rep. 2004;95(3 Pt 2):1271–8.PubMedCrossRef Morojele NK, Brook JS. Sociodemographic, sociocultural, and individual predictors of reported feelings of meaninglessness among South African adolescents. Psychol Rep. 2004;95(3 Pt 2):1271–8.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Naimi TS, Lipscomb LE, Brewer RD, Gilbert BC. Binge drinking in the preconception period and the risk of unintended pregnancy: implications for women and their children. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5 Pt 2):1136–41.PubMed Naimi TS, Lipscomb LE, Brewer RD, Gilbert BC. Binge drinking in the preconception period and the risk of unintended pregnancy: implications for women and their children. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5 Pt 2):1136–41.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Tomlinson M, Grimsrud AT, Stein DJ, Williams DR, Myer L. The epidemiology of major depression in South Africa: results from the South African stress and health study. S Afr Med J. 2009;99(5 Pt 2):367–73.PubMedPubMedCentral Tomlinson M, Grimsrud AT, Stein DJ, Williams DR, Myer L. The epidemiology of major depression in South Africa: results from the South African stress and health study. S Afr Med J. 2009;99(5 Pt 2):367–73.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference Rico E, Fenn B, Abramsky T, Watts C. Associations between maternal experiences of intimate partner violence and child nutrition and mortality: findings from Demographic and Health Surveys in Egypt, Honduras, Kenya, Malawi and Rwanda. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2011;65(4):360–7.CrossRef Rico E, Fenn B, Abramsky T, Watts C. Associations between maternal experiences of intimate partner violence and child nutrition and mortality: findings from Demographic and Health Surveys in Egypt, Honduras, Kenya, Malawi and Rwanda. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2011;65(4):360–7.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Hendershot CS, Stoner SA, Pantalone DW, Simoni JM. Alcohol use and antiretroviral adherence: review and meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52(2):180–202.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hendershot CS, Stoner SA, Pantalone DW, Simoni JM. Alcohol use and antiretroviral adherence: review and meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52(2):180–202.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Li Q, Fisher WW, Peng CZ, Williams AD, Burd L. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a population based study of premature mortality rates in the mothers. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16(6):1332–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Li Q, Fisher WW, Peng CZ, Williams AD, Burd L. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a population based study of premature mortality rates in the mothers. Matern Child Health J. 2012;16(6):1332–7.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
go back to reference UNAIDS. UNAIDS DATA 2017. Switzerland; 2017. UNAIDS. UNAIDS DATA 2017. Switzerland; 2017.
23.
go back to reference Bhardwaj S, Barron P, Pillay Y, Treger-Slavin L, Robinson P, Goga A, et al. Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in South Africa: rapid scale-up using quality improvement. S Afr Med J. 2014;104(3 Suppl 1):239–43.PubMedCrossRef Bhardwaj S, Barron P, Pillay Y, Treger-Slavin L, Robinson P, Goga A, et al. Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in South Africa: rapid scale-up using quality improvement. S Afr Med J. 2014;104(3 Suppl 1):239–43.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Sherman GG, Lilian RR, Bhardwaj S, Candy S, Barron P. Laboratory information system data demonstrate successful implementation of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2014;104(3 Suppl 1):235–8.PubMedCrossRef Sherman GG, Lilian RR, Bhardwaj S, Candy S, Barron P. Laboratory information system data demonstrate successful implementation of the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2014;104(3 Suppl 1):235–8.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Kaufman M, Cain D, Jooste S. Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review of empirical findings. Prev Sci. 2007;8(2):141–51.PubMedCrossRef Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Kaufman M, Cain D, Jooste S. Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: systematic review of empirical findings. Prev Sci. 2007;8(2):141–51.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Russell BS, Eaton LA, Petersen-Williams P. Intersecting epidemics among pregnant women: alcohol use, interpersonal violence, and HIV infection in South Africa. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2013;10(1):103–10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Russell BS, Eaton LA, Petersen-Williams P. Intersecting epidemics among pregnant women: alcohol use, interpersonal violence, and HIV infection in South Africa. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2013;10(1):103–10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Probst C, Simbayi LC, Parry CDH, Shuper PA, Rehm J. Alcohol use, socioeconomic status and risk of HIV infections. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(7):1926–37.PubMedCrossRef Probst C, Simbayi LC, Parry CDH, Shuper PA, Rehm J. Alcohol use, socioeconomic status and risk of HIV infections. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(7):1926–37.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference NIAAA. Alcohol Alert. Rockville: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2002. NIAAA. Alcohol Alert. Rockville: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2002.
30.
go back to reference Schuckit MA. Comorbidity between substance use disorders and psychiatric conditions. Addiction. 2006;101(Suppl 1):76–88.PubMedCrossRef Schuckit MA. Comorbidity between substance use disorders and psychiatric conditions. Addiction. 2006;101(Suppl 1):76–88.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Boschloo L, Vogelzangs N, Smit JH, van den Brink W, Veltman DJ, Beekman AT, et al. Comorbidity and risk indicators for alcohol use disorders among persons with anxiety and/or depressive disorders: findings from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). J Affect Disord. 2011;131(1–3):233–42.PubMedCrossRef Boschloo L, Vogelzangs N, Smit JH, van den Brink W, Veltman DJ, Beekman AT, et al. Comorbidity and risk indicators for alcohol use disorders among persons with anxiety and/or depressive disorders: findings from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). J Affect Disord. 2011;131(1–3):233–42.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Gadermann AM, Alonso J, Vilagut G, Zaslavsky AM, Kessler RC. Comorbidity and disease burden in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Depress Anxiety. 2012;29(9):797–806.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gadermann AM, Alonso J, Vilagut G, Zaslavsky AM, Kessler RC. Comorbidity and disease burden in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Depress Anxiety. 2012;29(9):797–806.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Blanco C, Alegria AA, Liu SM, Secades-Villa R, Sugaya L, Davies C, et al. Differences among major depressive disorder with and without co-occurring substance use disorders and substance-induced depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatr. 2012;73(6):865–73.CrossRef Blanco C, Alegria AA, Liu SM, Secades-Villa R, Sugaya L, Davies C, et al. Differences among major depressive disorder with and without co-occurring substance use disorders and substance-induced depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatr. 2012;73(6):865–73.CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Briere FN, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Klein D, Lewinsohn PM. Comorbidity between major depression and alcohol use disorder from adolescence to adulthood. Compr Psychiatr. 2014;55(3):526–33.CrossRef Briere FN, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Klein D, Lewinsohn PM. Comorbidity between major depression and alcohol use disorder from adolescence to adulthood. Compr Psychiatr. 2014;55(3):526–33.CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Vesga-Lopez O, Blanco C, Keyes K, Olfson M, Grant BF, Hasin DS. Psychiatric disorders in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatr. 2008;65(7):805–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Vesga-Lopez O, Blanco C, Keyes K, Olfson M, Grant BF, Hasin DS. Psychiatric disorders in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatr. 2008;65(7):805–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Bennett HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, Koren G, Einarson TR. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):698–709.PubMedCrossRef Bennett HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, Koren G, Einarson TR. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103(4):698–709.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Cooper PJ, Tomlinson M, Swartz L, Landman M, Molteno C, Stein A, et al. Improving quality of mother-infant relationship and infant attachment in socioeconomically deprived community in South Africa: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009;338:b974.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Cooper PJ, Tomlinson M, Swartz L, Landman M, Molteno C, Stein A, et al. Improving quality of mother-infant relationship and infant attachment in socioeconomically deprived community in South Africa: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2009;338:b974.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Madu SN, Idemudia SE, Jegede AS. Perceived parental disorders as risk factors for child sexual, physical and emotional abuse among high school students in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. J Soc Sci. 2002;2:103–12. Madu SN, Idemudia SE, Jegede AS. Perceived parental disorders as risk factors for child sexual, physical and emotional abuse among high school students in the Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. J Soc Sci. 2002;2:103–12.
39.
go back to reference Rochat TJ, Tomlinson M, Newell ML, Stein A. Detection of antenatal depression in rural HIV-affected populations with short and ultrashort versions of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Arch Womens Ment Health. 2013;16(5):401–10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rochat TJ, Tomlinson M, Newell ML, Stein A. Detection of antenatal depression in rural HIV-affected populations with short and ultrashort versions of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Arch Womens Ment Health. 2013;16(5):401–10.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Pajuloa M, Savonlahtia E, Sourandera A, Heleniusb H, Pihaa J. Antenatal depression, substance dependency and social support. J Affect Disord. 2001;65:9–17.CrossRef Pajuloa M, Savonlahtia E, Sourandera A, Heleniusb H, Pihaa J. Antenatal depression, substance dependency and social support. J Affect Disord. 2001;65:9–17.CrossRef
41.
go back to reference Tomlinson M, Swartz L, Cooper PJ, Molteno C. Social factors and postpartum depression in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. S Afr J Psychol. 2004;34(3):409–20. Tomlinson M, Swartz L, Cooper PJ, Molteno C. Social factors and postpartum depression in Khayelitsha, Cape Town. S Afr J Psychol. 2004;34(3):409–20.
42.
go back to reference Lovisi GM, Lopez JR, Coutinho ES, Patel V. Poverty, violence and depression during pregnancy: a survey of mothers attending a public hospital in Brazil. Psychol Med. 2005;35(10):1485–92.PubMedCrossRef Lovisi GM, Lopez JR, Coutinho ES, Patel V. Poverty, violence and depression during pregnancy: a survey of mothers attending a public hospital in Brazil. Psychol Med. 2005;35(10):1485–92.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Horrigan TJ, Schroeder AV, Schaffer RM. The triad of substance abuse, violence, and depression are interrelated in pregnancy. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2000;18(1):55–8.PubMedCrossRef Horrigan TJ, Schroeder AV, Schaffer RM. The triad of substance abuse, violence, and depression are interrelated in pregnancy. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2000;18(1):55–8.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Patel V, Rodrigues M, DeSouza N. Gender, poverty, and postnatal depression: a study of mothers in Goa, India. Am J Psychiatr. 2002;159(1):43–7.PubMedCrossRef Patel V, Rodrigues M, DeSouza N. Gender, poverty, and postnatal depression: a study of mothers in Goa, India. Am J Psychiatr. 2002;159(1):43–7.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Ramchandani PG, Richter LM, Stein A, Norris SA. Predictors of postnatal depression in an urban South African cohort. J Affect Disord. 2009;113(3):279–84.PubMedCrossRef Ramchandani PG, Richter LM, Stein A, Norris SA. Predictors of postnatal depression in an urban South African cohort. J Affect Disord. 2009;113(3):279–84.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Devries KM, Child JC, Bacchus LJ, Mak J, Falder G, Graham K, et al. Intimate partner violence victimization and alcohol consumption in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2014;109(3):379–91.PubMedCrossRef Devries KM, Child JC, Bacchus LJ, Mak J, Falder G, Graham K, et al. Intimate partner violence victimization and alcohol consumption in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2014;109(3):379–91.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Jewkes R, Dunkle K, Nduna M, Shai N. Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: a cohort study. Lancet. 2010;376(9734):41–8.PubMedCrossRef Jewkes R, Dunkle K, Nduna M, Shai N. Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: a cohort study. Lancet. 2010;376(9734):41–8.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Jewkes R, Levin J, Penn-Kekana L. Risk factors for domestic violence: findings from a South African cross-sectional study. Soc Sci Med. 2002;55(9):1603–17.PubMedCrossRef Jewkes R, Levin J, Penn-Kekana L. Risk factors for domestic violence: findings from a South African cross-sectional study. Soc Sci Med. 2002;55(9):1603–17.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Devries KM, Mak JY, Bacchus LJ, Child JC, Falder G, Petzold M, et al. Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS Med. 2013;10(5):e1001439.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Devries KM, Mak JY, Bacchus LJ, Child JC, Falder G, Petzold M, et al. Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. PLoS Med. 2013;10(5):e1001439.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Coker AL. Does physical intimate partner violence affect sexual health? A systematic review. Trauma Viol Abus. 2007;8(2):149–77.CrossRef Coker AL. Does physical intimate partner violence affect sexual health? A systematic review. Trauma Viol Abus. 2007;8(2):149–77.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Campbell C, Williams B, Gilgen D. Is social capital a useful conceptual tool for exploring community level influences on HIV infection? An exploratory case study from South Africa. Aids Care. 2002;14(1):41–54.PubMedCrossRef Campbell C, Williams B, Gilgen D. Is social capital a useful conceptual tool for exploring community level influences on HIV infection? An exploratory case study from South Africa. Aids Care. 2002;14(1):41–54.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Bonomi AE, Thompson RS, Anderson M, Reid RJ, Carrell D, Dimer JA, et al. Intimate partner violence and women’s physical, mental, and social functioning. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30(6):458–66.PubMedCrossRef Bonomi AE, Thompson RS, Anderson M, Reid RJ, Carrell D, Dimer JA, et al. Intimate partner violence and women’s physical, mental, and social functioning. Am J Prev Med. 2006;30(6):458–66.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Seedat S, Stein MB, Forde DR. Association between physical partner violence, posttraumatic stress, childhood trauma, and suicide attempts in a community sample of women. Viol Vict. 2005;20(1):87–98.CrossRef Seedat S, Stein MB, Forde DR. Association between physical partner violence, posttraumatic stress, childhood trauma, and suicide attempts in a community sample of women. Viol Vict. 2005;20(1):87–98.CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Dunkle KL, Jewkes RK, Brown HC, Gray GE, McIntryre JA, Harlow SD. Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa. Lancet. 2004;363(9419):1415–21.PubMedCrossRef Dunkle KL, Jewkes RK, Brown HC, Gray GE, McIntryre JA, Harlow SD. Gender-based violence, relationship power, and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa. Lancet. 2004;363(9419):1415–21.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Rotheram-Borus MJ, Roux IM, Tomlinson M, Mbewu N, Comulada WS, le Roux K, et al. Philani Plus (+): a Mentor Mother community health worker home visiting program to improve maternal and infants’ outcomes. Prev Sci. 2011;12(4):372.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rotheram-Borus MJ, Roux IM, Tomlinson M, Mbewu N, Comulada WS, le Roux K, et al. Philani Plus (+): a Mentor Mother community health worker home visiting program to improve maternal and infants’ outcomes. Prev Sci. 2011;12(4):372.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Rotheram-Borus MJ, Tomlinson M, le Roux IM, Harwood JM, Comulada S, O’Connor MJ, et al. A cluster randomised controlled effectiveness trial evaluating perinatal home visiting among South African Mothers/Infants. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e105934.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rotheram-Borus MJ, Tomlinson M, le Roux IM, Harwood JM, Comulada S, O’Connor MJ, et al. A cluster randomised controlled effectiveness trial evaluating perinatal home visiting among South African Mothers/Infants. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e105934.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791.PubMedCrossRef Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Dawson DA, Grant BF, Stinson FS. The AUDIT-C: screening for alcohol use disorders and risk drinking in the presence of other psychiatric disorders. Compr Psychiatr. 2005;46(6):405–16.CrossRef Dawson DA, Grant BF, Stinson FS. The AUDIT-C: screening for alcohol use disorders and risk drinking in the presence of other psychiatric disorders. Compr Psychiatr. 2005;46(6):405–16.CrossRef
59.
go back to reference Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression—Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatr. 1987;150:782–6.CrossRef Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression—Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatr. 1987;150:782–6.CrossRef
60.
go back to reference StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station: StataCorp LP.; 2015. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 14. College Station: StataCorp LP.; 2015.
61.
go back to reference Simbayi LC, Kalichman SC, Jooste S, Mathiti V, Cain D, Cherry C. Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV infection among men and women receiving sexually transmitted infection clinic services in Cape Town, South Africa. J Stud Alcohol. 2004;65(4):434–42.PubMedCrossRef Simbayi LC, Kalichman SC, Jooste S, Mathiti V, Cain D, Cherry C. Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV infection among men and women receiving sexually transmitted infection clinic services in Cape Town, South Africa. J Stud Alcohol. 2004;65(4):434–42.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Wong FY, Huang ZJ, DiGangi JA, Thompson EE, Smith BD. Gender differences in intimate partner violence on substance abuse, sexual risks, and depression among a sample of South Africans in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Educ Prev. 2008;20(1):56–64.PubMedCrossRef Wong FY, Huang ZJ, DiGangi JA, Thompson EE, Smith BD. Gender differences in intimate partner violence on substance abuse, sexual risks, and depression among a sample of South Africans in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Educ Prev. 2008;20(1):56–64.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Rotheram-Borus MD, Tomlinson M, Le Roux I, Stein JA. Alcohol use, partner violence, and depression a cluster randomized controlled trial among urban South African mothers over 3 years. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(5):715–25.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rotheram-Borus MD, Tomlinson M, Le Roux I, Stein JA. Alcohol use, partner violence, and depression a cluster randomized controlled trial among urban South African mothers over 3 years. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(5):715–25.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Choi KW, Abler LA, Watt MH, Eaton LA, Kalichman SC, Skinner D, et al. Drinking before and after pregnancy recognition among South African women: the moderating role of traumatic experiences. BMC Preg Childbirth. 2014;14:97.CrossRef Choi KW, Abler LA, Watt MH, Eaton LA, Kalichman SC, Skinner D, et al. Drinking before and after pregnancy recognition among South African women: the moderating role of traumatic experiences. BMC Preg Childbirth. 2014;14:97.CrossRef
65.
go back to reference Urban MF, Olivier L, Louw JG, Lombard C, Viljoen DL, Scorgie F, et al. Changes in drinking patterns during and after pregnancy among mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome: a study in three districts of South Africa. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;168:13–21.PubMedCrossRef Urban MF, Olivier L, Louw JG, Lombard C, Viljoen DL, Scorgie F, et al. Changes in drinking patterns during and after pregnancy among mothers of children with fetal alcohol syndrome: a study in three districts of South Africa. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;168:13–21.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Rubio DM, Kraemer KL, Farrell MH, Day NL. Factors associated with alcohol use, depression, and their co-occurrence during pregnancy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(9):1543–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rubio DM, Kraemer KL, Farrell MH, Day NL. Factors associated with alcohol use, depression, and their co-occurrence during pregnancy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(9):1543–51.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Rochat TJ, Tomlinson M, Barnighausen T, Newell ML, Stein A. The prevalence and clinical presentation of antenatal depression in rural South Africa. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1–3):362–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rochat TJ, Tomlinson M, Barnighausen T, Newell ML, Stein A. The prevalence and clinical presentation of antenatal depression in rural South Africa. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1–3):362–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
69.
go back to reference World Health Organization. Understanding and addressing violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012. World Health Organization. Understanding and addressing violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
70.
go back to reference Townsend L, Jewkes R, Mathews C, Johnston LG, Flisher AJ, Zembe Y, et al. HIV risk behaviours and their relationship to intimate partner violence (IPV) among men who have multiple female sexual partners in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(1):132–41.PubMedCrossRef Townsend L, Jewkes R, Mathews C, Johnston LG, Flisher AJ, Zembe Y, et al. HIV risk behaviours and their relationship to intimate partner violence (IPV) among men who have multiple female sexual partners in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(1):132–41.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Gass JD, Stein DJ, Williams DR, Seedat S. Gender differences in risk for intimate partner violence among South African adults. J Interpers Viol. 2011;26(14):2764–89.CrossRef Gass JD, Stein DJ, Williams DR, Seedat S. Gender differences in risk for intimate partner violence among South African adults. J Interpers Viol. 2011;26(14):2764–89.CrossRef
72.
go back to reference Mayosi BM, Lawn JE, van Niekerk A, Bradshaw D, Abdool Karim SS, Coovadia HM. Health in South Africa: changes and challenges since 2009. Lancet. 2012;380(9858):2029–43.PubMedCrossRef Mayosi BM, Lawn JE, van Niekerk A, Bradshaw D, Abdool Karim SS, Coovadia HM. Health in South Africa: changes and challenges since 2009. Lancet. 2012;380(9858):2029–43.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Lewin S, Munabi-Babigumira S, Glenton C, Daniels K, Bosch-Capblanch X, van Wyk BE, et al. Lay health workers in primary and community health care for maternal and child health and the management of infectious diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;3:CD004015. Lewin S, Munabi-Babigumira S, Glenton C, Daniels K, Bosch-Capblanch X, van Wyk BE, et al. Lay health workers in primary and community health care for maternal and child health and the management of infectious diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;3:CD004015.
74.
go back to reference Patel V, Araya R, Chatterjee S, Chisholm D, Cohen A, De Silva M, et al. Treatment and prevention of mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9591):991–1005.PubMedCrossRef Patel V, Araya R, Chatterjee S, Chisholm D, Cohen A, De Silva M, et al. Treatment and prevention of mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9591):991–1005.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Alderman H. Improving nutrition through community growth promotion: longitudinal study of the nutrition and early child development program in Uganda. World Dev. 2007;35(8):1376–89.CrossRef Alderman H. Improving nutrition through community growth promotion: longitudinal study of the nutrition and early child development program in Uganda. World Dev. 2007;35(8):1376–89.CrossRef
76.
go back to reference Alderman H, Hoogeveen H, Rossi M. Preschool nutrition and subsequent schooling attainment: longitudinal evidence from Tanzania. Econ Dev Cult Change. 2009;57(2):239–60.CrossRef Alderman H, Hoogeveen H, Rossi M. Preschool nutrition and subsequent schooling attainment: longitudinal evidence from Tanzania. Econ Dev Cult Change. 2009;57(2):239–60.CrossRef
77.
go back to reference Alderman H, Ndiaye B, Linnemayr S, Ka A, Rokx C, Dieng K, et al. Effectiveness of a community-based intervention to improve nutrition in young children in Senegal: a difference in difference analysis. Public Health Nutrition. 2009;12(5):667–73.PubMedCrossRef Alderman H, Ndiaye B, Linnemayr S, Ka A, Rokx C, Dieng K, et al. Effectiveness of a community-based intervention to improve nutrition in young children in Senegal: a difference in difference analysis. Public Health Nutrition. 2009;12(5):667–73.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference le Roux IM, Tomlinson M, Harwood JM, O’Connor M, Worthman CM, Mbewu N, et al. Outcomes of home visits for pregnant mothers and their infants: a cluster randomised controlled trial. AIDS. 2013;27(9):1461.PubMedCrossRef le Roux IM, Tomlinson M, Harwood JM, O’Connor M, Worthman CM, Mbewu N, et al. Outcomes of home visits for pregnant mothers and their infants: a cluster randomised controlled trial. AIDS. 2013;27(9):1461.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Richter L, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Van Heerden A, Stein A, Tomlinson M, Harwood JM, et al. Pregnant women living with HIV (WLH) supported at clinics by peer WLH: a cluster randomized controlled trial. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(4):706–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Richter L, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Van Heerden A, Stein A, Tomlinson M, Harwood JM, et al. Pregnant women living with HIV (WLH) supported at clinics by peer WLH: a cluster randomized controlled trial. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(4):706–15.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Tyllekar T, Jackson D, Meda N, Engebretsen IM, Chopra M, Diallo AH, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in sub-Saharan Africa (PROMISE-EBF): a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9789):420–7.CrossRef Tyllekar T, Jackson D, Meda N, Engebretsen IM, Chopra M, Diallo AH, et al. Exclusive breastfeeding promotion by peer counsellors in sub-Saharan Africa (PROMISE-EBF): a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9789):420–7.CrossRef
82.
go back to reference le Roux IM, le Roux K, Mbeutu K, Comulada WS, Desmond KA, Rotheram-Borus MJ. A randomized controlled trial of home visits by neighborhood mentor mothers to improve children’s nutrition in South Africa. Vulnerab Child Youth Stud. 2011;6(2):91–102.CrossRef le Roux IM, le Roux K, Mbeutu K, Comulada WS, Desmond KA, Rotheram-Borus MJ. A randomized controlled trial of home visits by neighborhood mentor mothers to improve children’s nutrition in South Africa. Vulnerab Child Youth Stud. 2011;6(2):91–102.CrossRef
83.
go back to reference Pitpitan EV, Kalichman SC, Eaton LA, Sikkema KJ, Watt MH, Skinner D. Gender-based violence and HIV sexual risk behavior: alcohol use and mental health problems as mediators among women in drinking venues, Cape Town. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(8):1417–25.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Pitpitan EV, Kalichman SC, Eaton LA, Sikkema KJ, Watt MH, Skinner D. Gender-based violence and HIV sexual risk behavior: alcohol use and mental health problems as mediators among women in drinking venues, Cape Town. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(8):1417–25.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Shamu S, Abrahams N, Temmerman M, Musekiwa A, Zarowsky C. A systematic review of African studies on intimate partner violence against pregnant women: prevalence and risk factors. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(3):e17591.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Shamu S, Abrahams N, Temmerman M, Musekiwa A, Zarowsky C. A systematic review of African studies on intimate partner violence against pregnant women: prevalence and risk factors. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(3):e17591.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Jina R, Jewkes R, Hoffman S, Dunkle KL, Nduna M, Shai NJ. Adverse mental health outcomes associated with emotional abuse in young rural South African women: a cross-sectional study. J Interpers Viol. 2012;27(5):862–80.CrossRef Jina R, Jewkes R, Hoffman S, Dunkle KL, Nduna M, Shai NJ. Adverse mental health outcomes associated with emotional abuse in young rural South African women: a cross-sectional study. J Interpers Viol. 2012;27(5):862–80.CrossRef
86.
go back to reference Hartley M, Tomlinson M, Greco E, Comulada S, Stewart J, Le Roux I, et al. Depressed mood in pregnancy: Prevalence and correlates in two Cape Town per-urban settlements. BMC Reproductive Health. 2011;8(1):9.CrossRef Hartley M, Tomlinson M, Greco E, Comulada S, Stewart J, Le Roux I, et al. Depressed mood in pregnancy: Prevalence and correlates in two Cape Town per-urban settlements. BMC Reproductive Health. 2011;8(1):9.CrossRef
87.
go back to reference World Health Organization. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. World Health Organization. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
88.
go back to reference Makoae M, Dawes A, Loffell J, Ward CL. Children’s court inquiries in the Western Cape. Western Cape: Human Sciences Research Council; 2008. Makoae M, Dawes A, Loffell J, Ward CL. Children’s court inquiries in the Western Cape. Western Cape: Human Sciences Research Council; 2008.
89.
go back to reference Meinck F, Cluver LD, Boyes ME, Ndhlovu LD. Risk and protective factors for physical and emotional abuse victimisation amongst vulnerable children in South Africa. Child Abuse Rev. 2015;24(3):182–97.CrossRef Meinck F, Cluver LD, Boyes ME, Ndhlovu LD. Risk and protective factors for physical and emotional abuse victimisation amongst vulnerable children in South Africa. Child Abuse Rev. 2015;24(3):182–97.CrossRef
90.
go back to reference Widom CS, Hiller-Sturmhofel S. Alcohol abuse as a risk factor for and consequence of child abuse. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(1):52–7.PubMed Widom CS, Hiller-Sturmhofel S. Alcohol abuse as a risk factor for and consequence of child abuse. Alcohol Res Health. 2001;25(1):52–7.PubMed
91.
go back to reference Hoque M, Ghuman S. Do parents still matter regarding adolescents’ alcohol drinking? Experience from South Africa. Int J Env Res Pub He. 2012;9(1):110–22.CrossRef Hoque M, Ghuman S. Do parents still matter regarding adolescents’ alcohol drinking? Experience from South Africa. Int J Env Res Pub He. 2012;9(1):110–22.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Patterns of Alcohol Abuse, Depression, and Intimate Partner Violence Among Township Mothers in South Africa Over 5 Years
Authors
Emily C. Davis
Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus
Thomas W. Weichle
Roxana Rezai
Mark Tomlinson
Publication date
01-11-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
AIDS and Behavior / Issue Special Issue 2/2017
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1927-y

Other articles of this Special Issue 2/2017

AIDS and Behavior 2/2017 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.