Skip to main content
Top
Published in: AIDS and Behavior 7/2014

01-07-2014 | Original Paper

A Study of Perceived Racial Discrimination in Black Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) and Its Association with Healthcare Utilization and HIV Testing

Authors: R. Irvin, L. Wilton, H. Scott, G. Beauchamp, L. Wang, J. Betancourt, M. Lubensky, J. Wallace, S. Buchbinder

Published in: AIDS and Behavior | Issue 7/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

In HPTN 061, a study of Black men who have sex with men (MSM), we evaluated the association of healthcare-specific racial discrimination with healthcare utilization and HIV testing among 1167 HIV-negative participants. Median age was 38 years, 41 % were uninsured, and 38 % had an annual household income <$10,000. Overall, 19 % reported healthcare-specific racial discrimination directed toward family, friend, or self; 61 % saw a healthcare provider in the previous 6 months and 81 % HIV tested within the past year. Healthcare-specific racial discrimination was positively associated with seeing a provider [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.4 (1.0, 2.0)] and HIV testing [AOR = 1.6 (1.1, 2.4)] suggesting that barriers other than racial discrimination may be driving health disparities related to access to medical care and HIV testing among Black MSM. These results contrast with previous studies, possibly due to measurement or cohort differences, strategies to overcome discrimination, or because of greater exposure to healthcare.
Literature
5.
go back to reference Millett GA, Flores SA, Peterson JL, Bakeman R. Explaining disparities in HIV infection among black and white men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis of HIV risk behaviors. AIDS Lond Engl. 2007;21(15):2083–91. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282e9a64b.CrossRef Millett GA, Flores SA, Peterson JL, Bakeman R. Explaining disparities in HIV infection among black and white men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis of HIV risk behaviors. AIDS Lond Engl. 2007;21(15):2083–91. doi:10.​1097/​QAD.​0b013e3282e9a64b​.CrossRef
6.
8.
go back to reference Kressin NR, Petersen LA. Racial differences in the use of invasive cardiovascular procedures: review of the literature and prescription for future research. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(5):352–66.PubMedCrossRef Kressin NR, Petersen LA. Racial differences in the use of invasive cardiovascular procedures: review of the literature and prescription for future research. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(5):352–66.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Cohen C. The boundaries of blackness: AIDS and the breakdown of black politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1999. Cohen C. The boundaries of blackness: AIDS and the breakdown of black politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1999.
13.
go back to reference Washington H. Medical apartheid: the dark history of medical experimentation on black Americans from colonial times to the present. New York: Harlem Moon Press; 2008. Washington H. Medical apartheid: the dark history of medical experimentation on black Americans from colonial times to the present. New York: Harlem Moon Press; 2008.
14.
go back to reference Reverby S. Examining tuskegee: the infamous syphilis study and its legacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; 2009. Reverby S. Examining tuskegee: the infamous syphilis study and its legacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; 2009.
15.
go back to reference Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(9 Suppl):S29–37.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(9 Suppl):S29–37.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Wilton L, Herbst JH, Coury-Doniger P, et al. Efficacy of an HIV/STI prevention intervention for black men who have sex with men: findings from the many men, many voices (3MV) project. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(3):532–44. doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9529-y.PubMedCrossRef Wilton L, Herbst JH, Coury-Doniger P, et al. Efficacy of an HIV/STI prevention intervention for black men who have sex with men: findings from the many men, many voices (3MV) project. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(3):532–44. doi:10.​1007/​s10461-009-9529-y.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Johnson RL, Saha S, Arbelaez JJ, Beach MC, Cooper LA. Racial and ethnic differences in patient perceptions of bias and cultural competence in health care. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19(2):101–10.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Johnson RL, Saha S, Arbelaez JJ, Beach MC, Cooper LA. Racial and ethnic differences in patient perceptions of bias and cultural competence in health care. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19(2):101–10.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Wejnert C, Le B, Rose CE, et al. HIV infection and awareness among men who have sex with men-20 cities, United States 2008 and 2011. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e76878. Wejnert C, Le B, Rose CE, et al. HIV infection and awareness among men who have sex with men-20 cities, United States 2008 and 2011. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e76878.
20.
go back to reference Burgess DJ, Ding Y, Hargreaves M, van Ryn M, Phelan S. The association between perceived discrimination and underutilization of needed medical and mental health care in a multi-ethnic community sample. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2008;19(3):894–911. doi:10.1353/hpu.0.0063.PubMedCrossRef Burgess DJ, Ding Y, Hargreaves M, van Ryn M, Phelan S. The association between perceived discrimination and underutilization of needed medical and mental health care in a multi-ethnic community sample. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2008;19(3):894–911. doi:10.​1353/​hpu.​0.​0063.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Bird ST, Bogart LM. Perceived race-based and socioeconomic status (SES)-based discrimination in interactions with health care providers. Ethn Dis. 2001;11(3):554–63.PubMed Bird ST, Bogart LM. Perceived race-based and socioeconomic status (SES)-based discrimination in interactions with health care providers. Ethn Dis. 2001;11(3):554–63.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Kessler RC, Mickelson KD, Williams DR. The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40(3):208–30.PubMedCrossRef Kessler RC, Mickelson KD, Williams DR. The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40(3):208–30.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Malebranche DJ, Peterson JL, Fullilove RE, Stackhouse RW. Race and sexual identity: perceptions about medical culture and healthcare among black men who have sex with men. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(1):97–107.PubMedCentralPubMed Malebranche DJ, Peterson JL, Fullilove RE, Stackhouse RW. Race and sexual identity: perceptions about medical culture and healthcare among black men who have sex with men. J Natl Med Assoc. 2004;96(1):97–107.PubMedCentralPubMed
26.
go back to reference Blanchard J, Lurie N. R-E-S-P-E-C-T: patient reports of disrespect in the health care setting and its impact on care. J Fam Pract. 2004;53(9):721–30.PubMed Blanchard J, Lurie N. R-E-S-P-E-C-T: patient reports of disrespect in the health care setting and its impact on care. J Fam Pract. 2004;53(9):721–30.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Utsey SO, Belvet B, Hubbard RR, Fischer NL, Opare-Henaku A, Gladney LL. Development and Validation of the Prolonged Activation and Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale. J Black Psychol. 2012;. doi:10.1177/0095798412461808. Utsey SO, Belvet B, Hubbard RR, Fischer NL, Opare-Henaku A, Gladney LL. Development and Validation of the Prolonged Activation and Anticipatory Race-Related Stress Scale. J Black Psychol. 2012;. doi:10.​1177/​0095798412461808​.
34.
go back to reference Mannheimer S, Wang L, Tieu H. Non adherence to HIV testing guidelines and late HIV testing is common among US black men who have sex with men (MSM). XIX International AIDS Conference, Washington, DC; 2012 (Conference abstract). Mannheimer S, Wang L, Tieu H. Non adherence to HIV testing guidelines and late HIV testing is common among US black men who have sex with men (MSM). XIX International AIDS Conference, Washington, DC; 2012 (Conference abstract).
35.
go back to reference Stanton MV, Jonassaint CR, Bartholomew FB, et al. The association of optimism and perceived discrimination with health care utilization in adults with sickle cell disease. J Natl Med Assoc. 2010;102(11):1056–63.PubMedCentralPubMed Stanton MV, Jonassaint CR, Bartholomew FB, et al. The association of optimism and perceived discrimination with health care utilization in adults with sickle cell disease. J Natl Med Assoc. 2010;102(11):1056–63.PubMedCentralPubMed
41.
go back to reference Krieger N. Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. Int J Heal Serv. 1999;29(2):295–352.CrossRef Krieger N. Embodying inequality: a review of concepts, measures, and methods for studying health consequences of discrimination. Int J Heal Serv. 1999;29(2):295–352.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Jeffries WL 4th, Marks G, Lauby J, Murrill CS, Millett GA. Homophobia is associated with sexual behavior that increases risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV infection among black men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(4):1442–53. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0189-y.PubMedCrossRef Jeffries WL 4th, Marks G, Lauby J, Murrill CS, Millett GA. Homophobia is associated with sexual behavior that increases risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV infection among black men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(4):1442–53. doi:10.​1007/​s10461-012-0189-y.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Bowleg L, Teti M, Malebranche DJ, Tschann JM. “It’s an uphill battle everyday”: intersectionality, low-income Black heterosexual men, and implications for HIV prevention research and interventions. Psychol Men Masc. 2013;14(1):25–34. doi:10.1037/a0028392.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Bowleg L, Teti M, Malebranche DJ, Tschann JM. “It’s an uphill battle everyday”: intersectionality, low-income Black heterosexual men, and implications for HIV prevention research and interventions. Psychol Men Masc. 2013;14(1):25–34. doi:10.​1037/​a0028392.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
A Study of Perceived Racial Discrimination in Black Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) and Its Association with Healthcare Utilization and HIV Testing
Authors
R. Irvin
L. Wilton
H. Scott
G. Beauchamp
L. Wang
J. Betancourt
M. Lubensky
J. Wallace
S. Buchbinder
Publication date
01-07-2014
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
AIDS and Behavior / Issue 7/2014
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0734-y

Other articles of this Issue 7/2014

AIDS and Behavior 7/2014 Go to the issue