Skip to main content
Top
Published in: AIDS and Behavior 1/2009

01-02-2009 | Original Paper

Starting Young: Sexual Initiation and HIV Prevention in Early Adolescence

Author: Ruth Dixon-Mueller

Published in: AIDS and Behavior | Issue 1/2009

Login to get access

Abstract

The rising numbers of new HIV infections among young people ages 15–24 in many developing countries, especially among young women, signal an urgent need to identify and respond programmatically to behaviors and situations that contribute to the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in early adolescence. Quantitative and qualitative studies of the sexual knowledge and practices of adolescents age 14 and younger reveal that substantial numbers of boys and girls in many countries engage in unprotected heterosexual vaginal intercourse––by choice or coercion––before their 15th birthdays. Early initiation into male–male or male–female oral and/or anal sex is also documented in some populations. Educational, health, and social programs must reach 10–14-year-olds as well as older adolescents with the information, skills, services, and supplies (condoms, contraceptives) they need to negotiate their own protection from unwanted and/or unsafe sexual practices and to respect the rights of others.
Literature
go back to reference Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) (2006). Adolescent sexual and reproductive health: Results from the 2004 National Survey of Adolescents [Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Uganda]. Occasional Reports Nos. 21, 22, 24, 25. New York: AGI. Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) (2006). Adolescent sexual and reproductive health: Results from the 2004 National Survey of Adolescents [Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Uganda]. Occasional Reports Nos. 21, 22, 24, 25. New York: AGI.
go back to reference Albert, B., Brown, S., & Flanigan, C. M. (Eds.). (2003). 14 and younger: The sexual behavior of young adolescents. Washington DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Albert, B., Brown, S., & Flanigan, C. M. (Eds.). (2003). 14 and younger: The sexual behavior of young adolescents. Washington DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.
go back to reference Bankole, A., Biddlecom, A., Guiella, G., Singh, W., & Zulu, E. (2007). Sexual behavior, knowledge and information sources of very young adolescents in four Sub-Saharan African countries. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 11, 28–43.PubMedCrossRef Bankole, A., Biddlecom, A., Guiella, G., Singh, W., & Zulu, E. (2007). Sexual behavior, knowledge and information sources of very young adolescents in four Sub-Saharan African countries. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 11, 28–43.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Barker, G. (2000). What about boys? A literature review on the health and development of adolescent boys. Geneva: World Health Organization. Barker, G. (2000). What about boys? A literature review on the health and development of adolescent boys. Geneva: World Health Organization.
go back to reference Blanc, A. K., & Way, A. A. (1998). Sexual behavior and contraceptive knowledge and use among adolescents in developing countries. Studies in Family Planning, 29, 106–116.PubMedCrossRef Blanc, A. K., & Way, A. A. (1998). Sexual behavior and contraceptive knowledge and use among adolescents in developing countries. Studies in Family Planning, 29, 106–116.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Breinbauer, C., & Maddaleno, M. (2005). Youth: Choices and change. Promoting healthy behaviors in adolescents. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization. Breinbauer, C., & Maddaleno, M. (2005). Youth: Choices and change. Promoting healthy behaviors in adolescents. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization.
go back to reference Brody, S., & Potterat, J. J. (2003). Assessing the role of anal intercourse in the epidemiology of AIDS in Africa. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 14, 431–436.PubMedCrossRef Brody, S., & Potterat, J. J. (2003). Assessing the role of anal intercourse in the epidemiology of AIDS in Africa. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 14, 431–436.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Brown, A., Jejeebhoy, S. J., Shah, I., & Yount, K. M. (2001). Sexual relations among young people in developing countries: Evidence from WHO case studies. WHO/RHR/01.8. Geneva: World Health Organization. Brown, A., Jejeebhoy, S. J., Shah, I., & Yount, K. M. (2001). Sexual relations among young people in developing countries: Evidence from WHO case studies. WHO/RHR/01.8. Geneva: World Health Organization.
go back to reference Bruce, J., & Joyce, A. (2006). The girls left behind: the failed reach of current schooling, child health, youth-serving, and livelihoods programs for girls living in the path of HIV. New York: Population Council. Bruce, J., & Joyce, A. (2006). The girls left behind: the failed reach of current schooling, child health, youth-serving, and livelihoods programs for girls living in the path of HIV. New York: Population Council.
go back to reference Caceres, C. F., Barin, B. V., Hudes, E. S., Reingold, A. L., & Rosasco, A. M. (1997). Young people and the structure of sexual risks in Lima. AIDS, 11(Suppl. 1), S67–S77.PubMed Caceres, C. F., Barin, B. V., Hudes, E. S., Reingold, A. L., & Rosasco, A. M. (1997). Young people and the structure of sexual risks in Lima. AIDS, 11(Suppl. 1), S67–S77.PubMed
go back to reference Chong, E., Hallman, K., & Brady, M. (2006). Investing when it counts: Generating the evidence base for policies and programmes for very young adolescents. Guide and tool kit. New York: UNFPA and Population Council. Chong, E., Hallman, K., & Brady, M. (2006). Investing when it counts: Generating the evidence base for policies and programmes for very young adolescents. Guide and tool kit. New York: UNFPA and Population Council.
go back to reference Clark, S. (2004). Early marriage and HIV risks in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 35, 149–160.PubMedCrossRef Clark, S. (2004). Early marriage and HIV risks in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 35, 149–160.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Clark, S., Bruce, J., & Dude, A. (2006). Protecting young women from HIV/AIDS: The case against child and adolescent marriage. International Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 79–87.PubMedCrossRef Clark, S., Bruce, J., & Dude, A. (2006). Protecting young women from HIV/AIDS: The case against child and adolescent marriage. International Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 79–87.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Cleland, J., Boerma, J. T., Carael, M., & Weir, S. S. (2004). Monitoring sexual behaviour in general populations: A synthesis of lessons of the past decade. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 80, 1–7.CrossRef Cleland, J., Boerma, J. T., Carael, M., & Weir, S. S. (2004). Monitoring sexual behaviour in general populations: A synthesis of lessons of the past decade. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 80, 1–7.CrossRef
go back to reference Cook, R., & Dickens, B. (2000). Recognizing adolescents’ “evolving capacities” to exercise choice in reproductive health care. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 70, 13–21.PubMedCrossRef Cook, R., & Dickens, B. (2000). Recognizing adolescents’ “evolving capacities” to exercise choice in reproductive health care. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 70, 13–21.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Dehne, K. L., & Riedner, G. (2005). Sexually transmitted infections among adolescents: The need for adequate health services. Geneva: World Health Organization. Dehne, K. L., & Riedner, G. (2005). Sexually transmitted infections among adolescents: The need for adequate health services. Geneva: World Health Organization.
go back to reference Dixon-Mueller, R. (1993). The sexuality connection in reproductive health. Studies in Family Planning, 24, 269–282.PubMedCrossRef Dixon-Mueller, R. (1993). The sexuality connection in reproductive health. Studies in Family Planning, 24, 269–282.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Duncan, M. E., Tibaux, G., Pelzer, A., Reimann, K., Peutherer, J. F., Simmonds P., Young, H., Jamil, Y., & Daroughar, S. (1990). First coitus before menarche and risk of sexually transmitted disease. Lancet, 335, 338–340.PubMedCrossRef Duncan, M. E., Tibaux, G., Pelzer, A., Reimann, K., Peutherer, J. F., Simmonds P., Young, H., Jamil, Y., & Daroughar, S. (1990). First coitus before menarche and risk of sexually transmitted disease. Lancet, 335, 338–340.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Eggleston, E., Jackson, J., & Hardee, K. (1999). Sexual attitudes and behavior among young adolescents in Jamaica. International Family Planning Perspectives, 25, 78–84 and 91.CrossRef Eggleston, E., Jackson, J., & Hardee, K. (1999). Sexual attitudes and behavior among young adolescents in Jamaica. International Family Planning Perspectives, 25, 78–84 and 91.CrossRef
go back to reference Eggleston, E., Leitch, J., & Jackson, J. (2000). Consistency of self-reports of sexual activity among young adolescents in Jamaica. International Family Planning Perspectives, 26, 79–83.CrossRef Eggleston, E., Leitch, J., & Jackson, J. (2000). Consistency of self-reports of sexual activity among young adolescents in Jamaica. International Family Planning Perspectives, 26, 79–83.CrossRef
go back to reference Global Health Council (2007). Girls and HIV: A new epidemic in the women of tomorrow? Global AIDSLink; February. Global Health Council (2007). Girls and HIV: A new epidemic in the women of tomorrow? Global AIDSLink; February.
go back to reference Glynn, J. R., Carael, M., Auvert, B., Kahindo, M., Chege, J., Musonda, R. M., Kaona, F., Buvé, A., & the Study Group on the Heterogeneity of HIV Epidemics in African Cities. (2001). Why do young women have a much higher prevalence of HIV than young men? A study in Kisumu, Kenya and Ndola, Zambia. AIDS, 15(Suppl. 4), S51–S60.PubMedCrossRef Glynn, J. R., Carael, M., Auvert, B., Kahindo, M., Chege, J., Musonda, R. M., Kaona, F., Buvé, A., & the Study Group on the Heterogeneity of HIV Epidemics in African Cities. (2001). Why do young women have a much higher prevalence of HIV than young men? A study in Kisumu, Kenya and Ndola, Zambia. AIDS, 15(Suppl. 4), S51–S60.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Godeau, M. D., Gabhainn, S. N., Vignes, C., Ross, J., Boyce, W., & Todd, J. (2008). Contraceptive use by 15-year-old students at their last sexual intercourse: Results from 24 [European] countries. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 162, 66–73.CrossRef Godeau, M. D., Gabhainn, S. N., Vignes, C., Ross, J., Boyce, W., & Todd, J. (2008). Contraceptive use by 15-year-old students at their last sexual intercourse: Results from 24 [European] countries. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 162, 66–73.CrossRef
go back to reference Gueye, M., Castle, S., & Konaté, M. K. (2001). Timing of first intercourse among Malian adolescents: Implications for contraceptive use. International Family Planning Perspectives, 27, 56–62.CrossRef Gueye, M., Castle, S., & Konaté, M. K. (2001). Timing of first intercourse among Malian adolescents: Implications for contraceptive use. International Family Planning Perspectives, 27, 56–62.CrossRef
go back to reference Guttmacher Institute (2007). Proteger la salud sexual y reproductiva de la juventud [guatemalteca, nicaraguense, hondureña]. En Resumen, Serie 2007, nos. 1, 2, 3. New York: Guttmacher. Guttmacher Institute (2007). Proteger la salud sexual y reproductiva de la juventud [guatemalteca, nicaraguense, hondureña]. En Resumen, Serie 2007, nos. 1, 2, 3. New York: Guttmacher.
go back to reference Halcón, L., Blum, R. W., Beuhring, T., Pate, E., Campbell-Forrester, S., & Venema, A. (2003). Adolescent health in the Caribbean: A regional portrait. Adolescent Health, 93, 1851–1857. Halcón, L., Blum, R. W., Beuhring, T., Pate, E., Campbell-Forrester, S., & Venema, A. (2003). Adolescent health in the Caribbean: A regional portrait. Adolescent Health, 93, 1851–1857.
go back to reference Halperin, D. T. (1999). Heterosexual anal intercourse: Prevalence, cultural factors, and HIV infection and other health risks, Part 1. Review. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 13, 717–730.PubMedCrossRef Halperin, D. T. (1999). Heterosexual anal intercourse: Prevalence, cultural factors, and HIV infection and other health risks, Part 1. Review. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 13, 717–730.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Halpern-Felsher, B. L., Cornell, J. L., Kropp, R. Y., & Tschann, J. M. (2005). Oral versus vaginal sex among adolescents: Perceptions, attitudes, and behavior. Pediatrics, 115, 845–851.PubMedCrossRef Halpern-Felsher, B. L., Cornell, J. L., Kropp, R. Y., & Tschann, J. M. (2005). Oral versus vaginal sex among adolescents: Perceptions, attitudes, and behavior. Pediatrics, 115, 845–851.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Helitzer, A. D., Makhambera, M., & Wanel, A. M. (1994). Obtaining sensitive information [from young adolescents]: The need for more than focus groups. Reproductive Health Matters, 3, 75–82.CrossRef Helitzer, A. D., Makhambera, M., & Wanel, A. M. (1994). Obtaining sensitive information [from young adolescents]: The need for more than focus groups. Reproductive Health Matters, 3, 75–82.CrossRef
go back to reference International Center for Research on Women. (2005). Too young to wed: Education and action toward ending child marriage. Washington DC: ICRW. International Center for Research on Women. (2005). Too young to wed: Education and action toward ending child marriage. Washington DC: ICRW.
go back to reference International Planned Parenthood Federation, United Nations Population Fund, Global Coalition on Women, AIDS. (2006). Ending child marriage: A guide for global policy action. London: IPPF. International Planned Parenthood Federation, United Nations Population Fund, Global Coalition on Women, AIDS. (2006). Ending child marriage: A guide for global policy action. London: IPPF.
go back to reference Jejeebhoy, S. J., Shah, I., & Thapa, S. (Eds.). (2005). Sex without consent: Young people in developing countries. New York and London: Zed Books. Jejeebhoy, S. J., Shah, I., & Thapa, S. (Eds.). (2005). Sex without consent: Young people in developing countries. New York and London: Zed Books.
go back to reference Jewkes, R., Dunkle, K., & Koss, M. P. (2006). Rape perpetration by young, rural South African men: Prevalence, patterns and risk factors. Social Science and Medicine, 63, 2949–2961.PubMedCrossRef Jewkes, R., Dunkle, K., & Koss, M. P. (2006). Rape perpetration by young, rural South African men: Prevalence, patterns and risk factors. Social Science and Medicine, 63, 2949–2961.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Juarez, F., & Castro Martín, T. (2006). Partnership dynamics and sexual health risks among male adolescents in the favelas of Recife, Brazil. International Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 62–70.PubMedCrossRef Juarez, F., & Castro Martín, T. (2006). Partnership dynamics and sexual health risks among male adolescents in the favelas of Recife, Brazil. International Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 62–70.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Kaufman, C. E., & Stavrou, S. E. (2004). “Bus fare, please”: The economics of sex and gifts among young people in urban South Africa. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 6, 377–391.CrossRef Kaufman, C. E., & Stavrou, S. E. (2004). “Bus fare, please”: The economics of sex and gifts among young people in urban South Africa. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 6, 377–391.CrossRef
go back to reference Lloyd, C. B. (Eds.). (2005). Growing up global: The changing transitions to adulthood in developing countries. Washington DC: National Academies Press. Lloyd, C. B. (Eds.). (2005). Growing up global: The changing transitions to adulthood in developing countries. Washington DC: National Academies Press.
go back to reference Luke, N. (2003). Age and economic asymmetries in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 34, 67–86.PubMedCrossRef Luke, N. (2003). Age and economic asymmetries in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 34, 67–86.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Lundgren, R. (2000). Research protocols to study sexual and reproductive health of male adolescents and young adults in Latin America. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization. Lundgren, R. (2000). Research protocols to study sexual and reproductive health of male adolescents and young adults in Latin America. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization.
go back to reference Marston, C., & King, E. (2006). Factors that shape young people’s sexual behaviour: A systematic review. Lancet, 368, 1581–1586.PubMedCrossRef Marston, C., & King, E. (2006). Factors that shape young people’s sexual behaviour: A systematic review. Lancet, 368, 1581–1586.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Matasha, E., Ntembelea, T., Mayaud, P., Saidi, W., Todd, J., Muyaya, B., & Tendo-Wambua, L. (1998). Sexual and reproductive health among primary and secondary school pupils in Mwanza, Tanzania: Need for intervention. AIDS Care, 10, 571–582.PubMedCrossRef Matasha, E., Ntembelea, T., Mayaud, P., Saidi, W., Todd, J., Muyaya, B., & Tendo-Wambua, L. (1998). Sexual and reproductive health among primary and secondary school pupils in Mwanza, Tanzania: Need for intervention. AIDS Care, 10, 571–582.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Mensch, B. S., Hewett, P. C., & Erulkar, A. S. (2003). The reporting of sensitive behavior among adolescents: A methodological experiment in Kenya. Demography, 40, 1–22.CrossRef Mensch, B. S., Hewett, P. C., & Erulkar, A. S. (2003). The reporting of sensitive behavior among adolescents: A methodological experiment in Kenya. Demography, 40, 1–22.CrossRef
go back to reference Mgalla, Z., Schapink, D., & Boerma, J. T. (1998). Protecting school girls against sexual exploitation: A guardian programme in Mwanza, Tanzania. Reproductive Health Matters, 6, 19–30.CrossRef Mgalla, Z., Schapink, D., & Boerma, J. T. (1998). Protecting school girls against sexual exploitation: A guardian programme in Mwanza, Tanzania. Reproductive Health Matters, 6, 19–30.CrossRef
go back to reference Mirsky, J. (2003). Beyond victims and villains: Addressing sexual violence in the educational sector. London: Panos. Mirsky, J. (2003). Beyond victims and villains: Addressing sexual violence in the educational sector. London: Panos.
go back to reference Obermeyer, C. M. (2005). Reframing research on sexual behavior and HIV. Studies in Family Planning, 36, 1–12.PubMedCrossRef Obermeyer, C. M. (2005). Reframing research on sexual behavior and HIV. Studies in Family Planning, 36, 1–12.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Patton, G. C., & Viner, R. (2007). Adolescent health 1: Pubertal transitions in health. Lancet, 369, 1130–1139.PubMedCrossRef Patton, G. C., & Viner, R. (2007). Adolescent health 1: Pubertal transitions in health. Lancet, 369, 1130–1139.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Plummer, M. L., Ross, D. A., Wight, D., et al. (2004). “A bit more truthful”: The validity of adolescent sexual behaviour data collected in rural northern Tanzania using five methods. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 80(Suppl. 2), ii49–ii56.PubMedCrossRef Plummer, M. L., Ross, D. A., Wight, D., et al. (2004). “A bit more truthful”: The validity of adolescent sexual behaviour data collected in rural northern Tanzania using five methods. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 80(Suppl. 2), ii49–ii56.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rajani, R., & Kudrati, M. (1996). The varieties of sexual experience of the street children of Mwanza, Tanzania. In S. Zeidenstein & K. Moore (Eds.), Learning about sexuality: A practical beginning (pp. 301–323). New York: Population Council. Rajani, R., & Kudrati, M. (1996). The varieties of sexual experience of the street children of Mwanza, Tanzania. In S. Zeidenstein & K. Moore (Eds.), Learning about sexuality: A practical beginning (pp. 301–323). New York: Population Council.
go back to reference Ramakrishna, J., Karott, M., & Murthy, R. S. (2003). Experiences of sexual coercion among street boys in Bangalore, India. In S. Bott, S. J. Jejeebhoy, I. Shah & C. Puri (Eds.), Towards adulthood: Exploring the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in Asia (pp. 95–98). Geneva: World Health Organization. Ramakrishna, J., Karott, M., & Murthy, R. S. (2003). Experiences of sexual coercion among street boys in Bangalore, India. In S. Bott, S. J. Jejeebhoy, I. Shah & C. Puri (Eds.), Towards adulthood: Exploring the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents in Asia (pp. 95–98). Geneva: World Health Organization.
go back to reference Remez, L. (2000). Oral sex among adolescents: Is it sex or is it abstinence? Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 298–304.PubMedCrossRef Remez, L. (2000). Oral sex among adolescents: Is it sex or is it abstinence? Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 298–304.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Ringheim, K. (2007) Ethical and human rights perspectives on providers’ obligation to ensure adolescents’ rights to privacy. Studies in Family Planning, 38, 245–252.PubMedCrossRef Ringheim, K. (2007) Ethical and human rights perspectives on providers’ obligation to ensure adolescents’ rights to privacy. Studies in Family Planning, 38, 245–252.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Rogow, D., & Haberland, N. (2005). Sexuality and relationships education: Toward a social studies approach. Sex Education, 5, 333–344. Rogow, D., & Haberland, N. (2005). Sexuality and relationships education: Toward a social studies approach. Sex Education, 5, 333–344.
go back to reference Ross, D. A., Dick, B., & Ferguson, J. (2006). Preventing HIV/AIDS in young people: A systematic review of the evidence from developing countries. UNAIDS Inter-agency Task Team on Young People. Geneva: World Health Organization. Ross, D. A., Dick, B., & Ferguson, J. (2006). Preventing HIV/AIDS in young people: A systematic review of the evidence from developing countries. UNAIDS Inter-agency Task Team on Young People. Geneva: World Health Organization.
go back to reference Schuster, M. A., Bell, R. M., & Kanouse, D. E. (1996). The sexual practices of adolescent virgins: Genital sexual activities of high school students who have never had vaginal intercourse. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1570–1576.PubMedCrossRef Schuster, M. A., Bell, R. M., & Kanouse, D. E. (1996). The sexual practices of adolescent virgins: Genital sexual activities of high school students who have never had vaginal intercourse. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1570–1576.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Singh, S., Bankole, A., & Woog, V. (2005). Evaluating the need for sex education in developing countries: Sexual behavior, knowledge of preventing sexually transmitted infections/HIV and unplanned pregnancy. Sex Education, 5, 307–331. Singh, S., Bankole, A., & Woog, V. (2005). Evaluating the need for sex education in developing countries: Sexual behavior, knowledge of preventing sexually transmitted infections/HIV and unplanned pregnancy. Sex Education, 5, 307–331.
go back to reference Singh, S., Wulf, D., Samara, R., & Cuca, Y. P. (2000). Gender differences in the timing of first intercourse: Data from 14 countries. International Family Planning Perspectives, 26, 21–28 and 43.CrossRef Singh, S., Wulf, D., Samara, R., & Cuca, Y. P. (2000). Gender differences in the timing of first intercourse: Data from 14 countries. International Family Planning Perspectives, 26, 21–28 and 43.CrossRef
go back to reference Speizer, I., Magnani, R. J., & Colvin, C. E. (2003). The effectiveness of adolescent reproductive health interventions in developing countries: A review of the evidence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33, 324–348.PubMedCrossRef Speizer, I., Magnani, R. J., & Colvin, C. E. (2003). The effectiveness of adolescent reproductive health interventions in developing countries: A review of the evidence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 33, 324–348.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Szasz, I. (1998). Masculine identity and the meanings of sexuality: A review of research in Mexico. Reproductive Health Matters, 6, 97–104.CrossRef Szasz, I. (1998). Masculine identity and the meanings of sexuality: A review of research in Mexico. Reproductive Health Matters, 6, 97–104.CrossRef
go back to reference Temin, M. J., Okonofua, F. E., Omorodion, F. O., Renne, E. P., Coplan, P., & Hennenhougen, H. K. (1999). Perceptions of sexual behavior and knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents in Benin City, Nigeria. International Family Planning Perspectives, 25, 186–190 and 196.CrossRef Temin, M. J., Okonofua, F. E., Omorodion, F. O., Renne, E. P., Coplan, P., & Hennenhougen, H. K. (1999). Perceptions of sexual behavior and knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents in Benin City, Nigeria. International Family Planning Perspectives, 25, 186–190 and 196.CrossRef
go back to reference UNAIDS (1999). Sex and youth: Contextual factors affecting risk for HIV/AIDS. Geneva: UNAIDS. UNAIDS (1999). Sex and youth: Contextual factors affecting risk for HIV/AIDS. Geneva: UNAIDS.
go back to reference UNICEF, UNAIDS, WHO. (2002). Young people and HIV/AIDS: Opportunity in crisis. New York: UNICEF. UNICEF, UNAIDS, WHO. (2002). Young people and HIV/AIDS: Opportunity in crisis. New York: UNICEF.
go back to reference United Nations, Committee on the Rights of the Child (2003). HIVAIDS and the rights of the child. General Comment No. 3, CRC/GC.20003/3. United Nations, Committee on the Rights of the Child (2003). HIVAIDS and the rights of the child. General Comment No. 3, CRC/GC.20003/3.
go back to reference Verma, R. K., & Collumbien, M. (2004). Homosexual activity among rural Indian men: Implications for HIV intervention. AIDS, 18, 1845–1856.PubMedCrossRef Verma, R. K., & Collumbien, M. (2004). Homosexual activity among rural Indian men: Implications for HIV intervention. AIDS, 18, 1845–1856.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference Vuttanont, U., Greenhalgh, T., Griffin, M. N., et al. (2006). “Smart boys” and “sweet girls”—sex education needs in Thai teenagers: A mixed-method study. Lancet, 368, 2068–2080.PubMedCrossRef Vuttanont, U., Greenhalgh, T., Griffin, M. N., et al. (2006). “Smart boys” and “sweet girls”—sex education needs in Thai teenagers: A mixed-method study. Lancet, 368, 2068–2080.PubMedCrossRef
go back to reference World Health Organization (WHO) (2003). Adolescent friendly health services: An agenda for change. Geneva: WHO. World Health Organization (WHO) (2003). Adolescent friendly health services: An agenda for change. Geneva: WHO.
go back to reference World Health Organization (WHO) (2004). Protecting young people from HIV and AIDS: The role of health services. Geneva: WHO. World Health Organization (WHO) (2004). Protecting young people from HIV and AIDS: The role of health services. Geneva: WHO.
go back to reference World Health Organization (WHO) (2005). WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women. Summary Report. Geneva: WHO. World Health Organization (WHO) (2005). WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women. Summary Report. Geneva: WHO.
go back to reference World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). Married adolescents: No place of safety. Geneva: WHO. World Health Organization (WHO) (2006). Married adolescents: No place of safety. Geneva: WHO.
go back to reference Zabin, L. S., & Kiragu, K. (1998). Health consequences of adolescent sexuality and fertility behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 29, 210–232.PubMedCrossRef Zabin, L. S., & Kiragu, K. (1998). Health consequences of adolescent sexuality and fertility behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 29, 210–232.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Starting Young: Sexual Initiation and HIV Prevention in Early Adolescence
Author
Ruth Dixon-Mueller
Publication date
01-02-2009
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
AIDS and Behavior / Issue 1/2009
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Electronic ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9376-2

Other articles of this Issue 1/2009

AIDS and Behavior 1/2009 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discusses last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.