Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology
Published in: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 1/2017

01-01-2017 | Review

Laser flare-cell photometer: principle and significance in clinical and basic ophthalmology

Author: Mitsuru Sawa

Published in: Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

A slit-lamp examination is an indispensable and essential clinical evaluation method in ophthalmology, but, it is qualitative subjective. To complement its weaknesses in making a quantitative evaluation of flare intensity and number of cells in the aqueous humor in the eye, we invented the laser flare-cell photometer in 1988. The instrument enables a non-invasive quantitative evaluation of flare intensity and number of cells in the aqueous with good accuracy and repeatability as well as maneuverability equal to slit-lamp microscopy. The instrument can elucidate the pathophysiology in the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) function in a variety of ocular disorders. The accuracy of the instrument makes it possible to investigate not only the pathophysiology of intraocular disorders but also the effects of various drugs and surgical procedures in BAB. The instrument does not only lighten the burden on patients in clinical examinations and study but it also helps minimize the sacrifice of experimental animals and improves the reliability of the results by minimizing inter-individual variations through its good repeatability. Here I shall relate how the instrument has been applied to clinical and basic studies in ophthalmology and what novel knowledge its application contributed to pathophysiology in ophthalmology.
Literature
1.
Sawa M, Okubo A, Okuno Y, Shimizu H. Determination of aqueous protein concentration by laser slit-lamp microscope. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1987;91:102–6 (in Japanese).PubMed
2.
Sawa M, Tsurimaki Y, Tsuru T, Shimizu H. New quantitative method to determine protein concentration and cell number in aqueous in vivo. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1988;32:132–42.PubMed
3.
Kronfeld PC. The protein content of the aqueous humor in man. Am J Ophthalmol. 1941;24:1121–31.CrossRef
4.
Krause U, Raunio V. The protein of the pathologic human aqueous humor. Ophthalmologica. 1970;16:280–7.CrossRef
5.
Zirm M. Proteins in aqueous humor. Adv Ophthalmol. 1980;40:100–72.PubMed
6.
Shah SM, Spalton DJ, Taylor JC. Correlations between laser flare measurements and anterior chamber protein concentrations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992;33:2878–84.PubMed
7.
Sawa M. Clinical application of laser flare-cell meter. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1990;34:346–63.PubMed
8.
Sawa M. Development of non-invasive clinical examination methods for the anterior segment of the eye and their clinical significance. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2011;115:177–211 (in Japanese).PubMed
9.
Sawa M, Masuda K. Topical indomethacin in soft cataract aspiration. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1976;20:514–9.
10.
Mochizuki M, Sawa M, Masuda K. Topical indomethacin in intracapsular extraction of senile cataract. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1977;21:215–26.
11.
Miyake K, Maekubo K, Miyake Y. Cause and therapy of fibrin reaction after posterior chamber lens implantation. J Ophthalmic Surg (Jpn). 1988;1:153–60 (in Japanese).
12.
Bhattarcherjee P, Eakins KE. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase system in ocular tissue by indomethacin. Br J Ophthalmol. 1974;50:227–30.
13.
Masuda K. Anti-inflammatory agent: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In: Ed Sears MI, editor. Pharmacology of the Eye. Berlin: Springer; 1984. p. 539–51.CrossRef
14.
Oshika T, Kato S. Change in aqueous flare and cell after mydriasis. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1989;33:271–8.PubMed
15.
Onodera T, Gimbel HV, DeBroff BM. Aqueous flare and cell number in healthy eyes of Caucasians. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1993;37:445–51.PubMed
16.
17.
El-Harazi SM, Ruiz RS, Feldman RM, Chuang AZ, Villanueva G. Quantitative assessment of aqueous flare: the effect of age and pupillary dilation. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 2002;33:379–82.PubMed
18.
Oshika T, Araie M, Masuda K. Diurnal variation of aqueous flare in normal human eyes measured with laser flare-cell meter. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1988;32:143–50.PubMed
19.
Hogan MJ, Kimura SJ, Thygeson P. Signs and symptoms of uveitis, I Anterior uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1959;47:155–70.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Ohara K, Okubo A, Miyazawa A, Miyamoto T, Sasaki H, Oshima F. Aqueous flare and cell measurement using laser in endogenous patients. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1989;33:265–70.PubMed
21.
Oshika T, Nishi M, Mochizuki M, Nakamura M, Kawashima H, Iwase K, et al. Quantitative assessment of aqueous flare and cells in uveitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1989;33:279–87.PubMed
22.
Bernasconi O, Papadia M, Herbort CP. Sensitivity of laser flare photometry compared to slit-lamp cell evaluation in monitoring anterior chamber inflammation in uveitis. Int Ophthalmol. 2010;30:495–500.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Agrawal R, Keane PA, Singh J, Saihan Z, Kontos A, Pavesio CE. Comparative analysis of anterior chamber flare grading between clinicians with different levels of experience and semi-automated laser flare photometry. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2014;26:1–10.CrossRef
24.
Shimizu H, Tsurimaki Y, Sawa M, Nakanishi T, Usui M, Osanai T, et al. Clinical comparative study of laser flare meter (FM-500) with laser flare-cell meter (FC-1000). Ganka Rinsyou Iho. 1993;87:63–7 (in Japanese).
25.
Nguyen NX, Martus P, Küchle M. A clinical comparative study of tyndallometry using 2 laser flare meters. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1996;209:89–93 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
26.
Sawa M, Kamura Y, Masuda K, Fujino Y, Merino G, Shimizu H, et al. Clinical evaluation of flare-cell meter Mark II (FC-2000). Ganka Rinsho Iho. 1997;91:1194–8 (in Japanese).
27.
28.
Shah SM, Spalton DJ, Allen RJ, Smith SE. A comparison of the laser flare cell meter and fluorophotometry in assessment of the blood-aqueous barrier. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:3124–30.PubMed
29.
Chiou AG, Florakis GJ, Herbort CP. Correlation between anterior chamber IgG/albumin concentrations and laser flare photometry in eyes with endogenous uveitis. Ophthalmologica. 1998;212:275–7.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Mori M, Inamochi K, Araie M. Evaluation of albumin concentration in rabbit anterior chamber with laser flare-cell meter. Curr Eye Res. 1995;14:593–9.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Schalnus R, Ohrloff C. Quantification of blood-aqueous barrier function using laser flare measurement and fluorophotometry–a comparative study. Lens Eye Toxic Res. 1992;9:309–20.PubMed
32.
Shah SM, McHugh JD, Spalton DJ. The effects of subconjunctival betamethasone on the blood aqueous barrier following cataract surgery: a double-blind randomised prospective study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1992;76:475–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
33.
Hessemer V, Schmitt K. Monotherapy vs combination therapy with topical prednisolone and indomethacin. Ophthalmologe. 1995;92:31–4 (in German).PubMed
34.
Nicolás T, Benítez del Castillo JM, Díaz D, Castillo A, García-Sánchez J. Effects of subconjunctival methylprednisolone on the blood aqueous barrier following cataract surgery. Int Ophthalmol. 1995;19:235–8.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Hessemer V, Schmitt K, Jacobi A. Anti-inflammatory effects and aqueous humor concentration of various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in extracapsular cataract surgery. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1996;208:161–6 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
36.
Chang DF, Wong V. Two clinical trials of an intraocular steroid delivery system for cataract surgery. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1999;97:261–74.PubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Miyake K, Masuda K, Shirato S, Oshika T, Eguchi K, Hoshi H, et al. Comparison of diclofenac and fluorometholone in preventing cystoid macular edema after small incision cataract surgery: a multicentered prospective trial. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2000;44:58–67.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Herbort CP, Jauch A, Othenin-Girard P, Tritten JJ, Fsadni M. Diclofenac drops to treat inflammation after cataract surgery. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2000;78:421–4.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Struck HG, Bariszlovich A. Comparison of 0.1% dexamethasone phosphate eye gel (Dexagel) and 1% prednisolone acetate eye suspension in the treatment of post-operative inflammation after cataract surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2001;239:737–42.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Findl O, Amon M, Petternel V, Kruger A. Early objective assessment of intraocular inflammation after phacoemulsification cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003;29:2143–7.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Wadood AC, Armbrecht AM, Aspinall PA, Dhillon B. Safety and efficacy of a dexamethasone anterior segment drug delivery system in patients after phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2004;30:761–8.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Meacock WR, Spalton DJ, Bender L, Antcliff R, Heatley C, Stanford MR, et al. Steroid prophylaxis in eyes with uveitis undergoing phacoemulsification. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:1122–4.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
Arcieri ES, Santana A, Rocha FN, Guapo GL, Costa VP. Blood-aqueous barrier changes after the use of prostaglandin analogues in patients with pseudophakia and aphakia: a 6-month randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:186–92.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Saari KM, Nelimarkka L, Ahola V, Loftsson T, Stefánsson E. Comparison of topical 0.7% dexamethasone-cyclodextrin with 0.1% dexamethasone sodium phosphate for postcataract inflammation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2006;244:620–6.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Petternel V, Findl O, Kruger A, Schauersberger J, Amon M. Effect of tropicamide on aqueous flare before and after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000;26:382–5.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Laplace O, Goldschild M, De Saint Jean M, Guepratte N, Baudouin C. Evaluation by laser flare meter of the inflammatory response after cataract surgery. J Fr Ophthalmol. 1998;21:265–9 (in French).
47.
Miyake K. Prevention of cystoid macular edema after lens extraction by topical indomethacin. I. A preliminary report. Albrecht Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1977;203:81–8.CrossRef
48.
Sourdille P, Santiago PY. Optical coherence tomography of macular thickness after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:256–61.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Miyake K, Ota I, Maekubo K, Ichihashi S, Miyake S. Latanoprost accelerates disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier and the incidence of angiographic cystoid macular edema in early postoperative pseudophakias. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:34–40.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Ursell PG, Spalton DJ, Whitcup SM, Nussenblatt RB. Cystoid macular edema after phacoemulsification: relationship to blood–aqueous barrier damage and visual acuity. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:1492–7.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Miyake K, Nishimura K, Harino S, Ota I, Asano S, Kondo N, et al. The effect of topical diclofenac on choroidal blood flow in early postoperative pseudophakias with regard to cystoid macular edema formation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:5647–52.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Dieleman M, Wubbels RJ, van Kooten-Noordzij M, de Waard PW. Single perioperative subconjunctival steroid depot versus postoperative steroid eyedrops to prevent intraocular inflammation and macular edema after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011;37:1589–97.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Miyake K, Ota I, Miyake G, Numaga J. Nepafenac 0.1% versus fluorometholone 0.1% for preventing cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011;37:1581–8.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Ersoy L, Caramoy A, Ristau T, Kirchhof B, Fauser S. Aqueous flare is increased in patients with clinically significant cystoid macular oedema after cataract surgery. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97:862–5.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Sourdille P. Lensectomy-vitrectomy indications and techniques in cataract surgery. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 1997;8:56–9.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Willwerth AE, Kremer T, Hermeking H, Schmitz P, Gerke E. Disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier after implantation of sclera-fixed posterior chamber lenses. Early postoperative phase and long-term outcome. Ophthalmologe. 1997;94:24–9 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
57.
Laurell CG, Zetterström C, Philipson B, Syrén-Nordqvist S. Randomized study of the blood-aqueous barrier reaction after phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1998;76:573–8.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Chee SP, Ti SE, Sivakumar M, Tan DT. Postoperative inflammation: extracapsular cataract extraction versus phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:1280–5.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Dick HB, Schwenn O, Krummenauer F, Krist R, Pfeiffer N. Inflammation after sclerocorneal versus clear corneal tunnel phacoemulsification. Ophthalmology. 2000;107:241–7.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Amino K, Yamakawa R. Long-term results of out-of-the-bag intraocular lens implantation. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2000;26:266–70.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Stifter E, Menapace R, Kriechbaum K, Vock L, Luksch A. Effect of primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis with and without posterior optic buttonholing on postoperative anterior chamber flare. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2009;35:480–4.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Conrad-Hengerer I, Hengerer FH, Al Juburi M, Schultz T, Dick HB. Femtosecond laser-induced macular changes and anterior segment inflammation in cataract surgery. J Refract Surg. 2014;30:222–6.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Altamirano D, Mermoud A, Pittet N, van Melle G, Herbort CP. Aqueous humor analysis after Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy with the laser flare-cell meter. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1992;18:554–8.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Kruger AJ, Schauersberger J, Abela-Formanek C, Schild G, Kellner C, Kolodjaschna J, et al. Effect of duration of phacoemulsification on postoperative inflammation—a retrospective study. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2001;218:204–8 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
65.
Schauersberger J, Kruger A, Abela C, Müllner-Eidenböck A, Petternel V, Svolba G, et al. Course of postoperative inflammation after implantation of 4 types of foldable intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:1116–20.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Hollick EJ, Spalton DJ, Ursell PG. Surface cytologic features on intraocular lenses: can increased biocompatibility have disadvantages? Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:872–8.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Nguyen NX, Tomida I, Küchle M. Blood-aqueous barrier after phacoemulsification with posterior chamber lens implantation; foldable acrylate lens vs PMMA lens–a clinical study on 46 eyes. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2000;217:215–8 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
68.
Schumacher S, Nguyen NX, Küchle M, Naumann GO. Quantification of aqueous flare after phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;117:733–5.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Abela-Formanek C, Amon M, Schauersberger J, Schild G, Kruger A. Postoperative inflammatory response to phacoemulsification and implantation of 2 types of foldable intraocular lenses in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2000;217:10–4 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
70.
Nguyen NX, Langenbucher A, Huber S, Seitz B, Küchle M, Erlangen Accommodative Intraocular Lens Study Group. Short-term blood-aqueous barrier breakdown after implantation of the 1CU accommodative posterior chamber intraocular lens. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28:1189–94.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Pérez-Santonja JJ, Iradier MT, Benítez del Castillo JM, Serrano JM, Zato MA. Chronic subclinical inflammation in phakic eyes with intraocular lenses to correct myopia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1996;22:183–7.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Kruger A, Amon M, Abela-Formanek C, Schild G, Kolodjaschna J, Schauersberger J. Effect of heparin in the irrigation solution on postoperative inflammation and cellular reaction on the intraocular lens surface. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28:87–92.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Findl O, Amon M, Kruger A, Petternel V, Schauersberger J. Effect of cooled intraocular irrigating solution on the blood-aqueous barrier after cataract surgery. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:566–8.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Pande M, Shah SM, Spalton DJ. Correlations between aqueous flare and cells and lens surface cytology in eyes with poly(methyl methacrylate) and heparin-surface-modified intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1995;21:326–30.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Shah SM, Spalton DJ. Comparison of the postoperative inflammatory response in the normal eye with heparin-surface-modified and poly(methyl methacrylate) intraocular lenses. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1995;21:579–85.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Sakimoto A, Sawa M, Oshida T, Sugaya S, Hirono T, Ishimori A. Minimum endotoxin concentration causing inflammation in the anterior segment of rabbit eyes. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2009;53:425–32.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Davson H. Physiology of the eye. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1980. p. 9–81.
78.
Goodner EK. Aqueous humor studies in uveitis. In: Aronson SB, editor. Clinical Methods in Uveitis. St Louis: Mosby; 1968. p. 197–9.
79.
80.
The Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature (SUN) Working Group. Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:509–16.CrossRef
81.
Ladas JG, Wheeler NC, Morhun PJ, Rimmer SO, Holland GN. Laser flare-cell photometry: methodology and clinical applications. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50:27–47.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Mochizuki M, Sugita S, Kamoi K, Takase H. A new era of uveitis: impact of polymerase chain reaction in intraocular inflammatory diseases. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2016. doi:10.​1007/​s10384-016-0474-9.
83.
Wakefield D, Herbort CP, Tugal-Tutkun I, Zierhut M. Controversies in ocular inflammation and immunology laser flare photometry. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2010;18:334–40.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zierhut M, Heiligenhaus A, deBoer J, Cunningham ET, Tugal-Tutkun I. Controversies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2013;21:167–79.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Yeo TH, Ilangovan S, Keane PA, Paves C, Agrawa R. Discrepancies in assessing anterior chamber activity among uveitis specialists. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2016;60:206–11.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Küchle M, Nguyen NX, Naumann GO. Tyndallometry with the laser flare cell meter in intraocular inflammation. Ophthalmologe. 1994;91:219–23 (in German).PubMed
87.
Herbort CP, Guex-Crosier Y, de Ancos E, Pittet N. Use of laser flare photometry to assess and monitor inflammation in uveitis. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:64–71.PubMedCrossRef
88.
de Ancos E, Pittet N, Herbort CP. Quantitative measurement of inflammation in HLA-B27 acute anterior uveitis using the Kowa FC-100 laser flare-cell meter. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1994;204:330–3 (in French).PubMedCrossRef
89.
Yang P, Fang W, Huang X, Zhou H, Wang L, Jiang B. Alterations of aqueous flare and cells detected by laser flare-cell photometry in patients with Behcet’s disease. Int Ophthalmol. 2010;30:485–9.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Tappeiner C, Heinz C, Roesel M, Heiligenhaus A. Elevated laser flare values correlate with complicated course of anterior uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2011;89:e521–7.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Grajewski RS, Zurek-Imhoff B, Roesel M, Heinz C, Heiligenhaus A. Favourable outcome after cataract surgery with IOL implantation in uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90:657–62.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Ladas JG, Yu F, Loo R, Davis JL, Coleman AL, Levinson RD, et al. Relationship between aqueous humor protein level and outflow facility in patients with uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001;42:2584–8.PubMed
93.
Wenkel H, Nguyen NX, Schönherr U, Küchle M. Laser tyndallometry and monitoring of treatment in 20 children with juvenile uveitis. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2000;217:323–8 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
94.
Tappeiner C, Heinz C, Roesel M, Heiligenhaus A. Elevated laser flare values correlate with complicated course of anterior uveitis in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2000;217:323–8 (in German).CrossRef
95.
Iwahashi C, Okuno K, Hashida N, Nakai K, Ohguro N, Nishida K. Incidence and clinical features of recurrent Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease in Japanese individuals. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2015;59:157–63.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Fang W, Zhou H, Yang P, Huang X, Wang L, Kijlstra A. Longitudinal quantification of aqueous flare and cells in Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:182–5.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Jiang S, Liu X, Luo L, Qu B, Huang X, Xu L, et al. Elevated serum IL-23 correlates with intraocular inflammation after cataract surgery in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2010;94:1078–82.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Yang P, Ren Y, Li B, Fang W, Meng Q, Kijlstra A. Clinical characteristics of Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome in Chinese patients. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:606–14.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Kawaguchi T, Kawazoe Y, Kamoi K, Miyanaga M, Takase H, Sugita S, et al. Clinical course of patients with Behçet’s uveitis following discontinuation of infliximab therapy. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2014;58:75–80.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Kaburaki T, Namba K, Sonoda K, Kezuka T, Keino H, Fukuhara T, et al. The Ocular Behçet’s Disease Research Group of Japan. Behçet’s disease ocular attack score 24: evaluation of ocular disease activity before and after initiation of infliximab. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2014;58:120–30.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Kuroyanagi K, Sakai T, Kohno H, Okano K, Akiyama G, Aoyagi R, et al. Association between the major histocompatibility complex and clinical response to infliximab therapy in patients with Behçet uveitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2015;59:401–8.PubMedCrossRef
102.
Tugal-Tutkun I, Cingü K, Kir N, Yeniad B, Urgancioglu M, Gül A. Use of laser flare-cell photometry to quantify intraocular inflammation in patients with Behçet uveitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008;246:1169–77.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Guex-Crosier Y, Pittet N, Herbort CP. Sensitivity of laser flare photometry to monitor inflammation in uveitis of the posterior segment. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:613–21.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Fang W, Zhou H, Yang P, Huang X, Wang L, Kijlstra A. Aqueous flare and cells in Fuchs syndrome. Eye (Lond). 2009;23:79–84.CrossRef
105.
Küchle M, Nguyen NX. Analysis of the blood aqueous barrier by measurement of aqueous flare in 31 eyes with Fuchs’ heterochromic uveitis with and without secondary open-angle glaucoma. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 2000;217:159–62 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
106.
Tugal-Tutkun I, Güney-Tefekli E, Kamaci-Duman F, Corum I. A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of Fuchs uveitis syndrome in Turkish patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148:510–5.PubMedCrossRef
107.
Cellini M, Versura P, Leonetti P, Frigato M, Manfredini E, Malavolta N, et al. Ocular surface and intraocular inflammation are related in SS-I and rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatol Int. 2007;27:853–7.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Nguyen NX, Küchle M, Naumann GO. Tyndallometry in monitoring therapy of sympathetic ophthalmia. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1994;204:33–6 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
109.
Nguyen NX, Amann T, Küchle M. Laser-tyndallometry in eyes with acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Erlanger Laser-tyndallometry study group. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1998;213:197–200 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
110.
Takase H, Okada AA, Goto H, Mizuki N, Namba K, Ohguro N, et al. Development and validation of new diagnostic criteria for acute retinal necrosis. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2015;59:14–20.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Althaus C, Best J, Hintzmann A, Schimkat M, Hudde T, Cepin A, et al. Endothelial precipitates and laser flare photometry in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a screening test for cytomegalovirus retinitis? Ger J Ophthalmol. 1996;5:443–8.PubMed
112.
Magone MT, Nussenblatt RB, Whitcup SM. Elevation of laser flare photometry in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis and AIDS. Am J Ophthalmol. 1997;124:190–8.PubMedCrossRef
113.
Herbort CP, Chave JP. Cicatrization of cytomegalovirus retinitis following introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy: uveitis as a possible indicator of good ocular prognosis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1998;236:795–7.PubMedCrossRef
114.
Kawaguchi T, Sugita S, Shimizu N, Mochizuki M. Kinetics of aqueous flare, intraocular pressure and virus-DNA copies in a patient with cytomegalovirus iridocyclitis without retinitis. Int Ophthalmol. 2007;27:383–6.PubMedCrossRef
115.
Takase H, Kubono R, Terada Y, Imai A, Fukuda S, Tomita M, et al. Comparison of the ocular characteristics of anterior uveitis caused by herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2014;58:473–82.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Balaskas K, Ballabeni P, Guex-Crosier Y. Retinal thickening in HLA-B27-associated acute anterior uveitis: evolution with time and association with severity of inflammatory activity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:6171–7.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Kiuchi Y, Okada K, Ito N, Hayashida Y, Fukui K, Ohnishi T, Ishimoto I, Saitoh Y. Effect of a single drop of latanoprost on intraocular pressure and blood-aqueous barrier permeability in patients with uveitis. Kobe J Med Sci. 2002;48:153–9.PubMed
118.
Sabzevari A, Adibkia K, Hashemi H, Hedayatfar A, Mohsenzadeh N, Atyabi F, et al. Polymeric triamcinolone acetonide nanoparticles as a new alternative in the treatment of uveitis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2013;84:63–71.PubMedCrossRef
119.
Lafranco Dafflon M, Tran VT, Guex-Crosier Y, Herbort CP. Posterior sub-Tenon’s steroid injections for the treatment of posterior ocular inflammation: indications, efficacy and side effects. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1999;237:289–95.PubMedCrossRef
120.
Strobel J, Stoltenberg I. In vivo examination of aqueous humor for cells and protein in clinically silent anterior uveitis before surgical interventions. Fortschr Ophthalmol. 1990;87:305–7 (in German).PubMed
121.
Tran VT, Guex-Crosier Y, Herbort CP. Effect of cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation on inflammation in chronic uveitis: a longitudinal laser flare photometry study. Can J Ophthalmol. 1998;33:264–9.PubMed
122.
Nguyen NX, Kuchle M, Naumann GO. Quantification of blood-aqueous barrier breakdown after phacoemulsification in Fuchs’ heterochromic uveitis. Ophthalmologica. 2005;219:21–5.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Roesel M, Tappeiner C, Heinz C, Koch JM, Heiligenhaus A. Comparison between intravitreal and orbital floor triamcinolone acetonide after phacoemulsification in patients with endogenous uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147:406–12.PubMedCrossRef
124.
Roesel M, Heinz C, Koch JM, Heiligenhaus A. Comparison of orbital floor triamcinolone acetonide and oral prednisolone for cataract surgery management in patients with non-infectious uveitis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248:715–20.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Küchle M, Nguyen NX, Naumann GO. Aqueous flare following penetrating keratoplasty and in corneal graft rejection. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:354–8.PubMedCrossRef
126.
Nguyen NX, Langenbucher A, Seitz B, Graupner M, Cursiefen C, Küchle M, et al. Blood-aqueous barrier breakdown after penetrating keratoplasty with simultaneous extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens implantation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2001;239:114–7.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Vita RC, Campos M, Belfort Jr R, Paiva ER. Alterations in blood-aqueous barrier after corneal refractive surgery. Cornea. 1998;17:158–62.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Sen HN, Uusitalo R, Laatikainen L. Subclinical inflammation after laser in situ keratomileusis in corneal grafts. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002;28:782–7.PubMedCrossRef
129.
El-Harazi SM, Chuang AZ, Yee RW. Assessment of anterior chamber flare and cells after laser in situ keratomileusis. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001;27:693–6.PubMedCrossRef
130.
Pisella PJ, Albou-Ganem C, Bourges JL, Debbasch C, Limon S. Evaluation of anterior chamber inflammation after corneal refractive surgery. Cornea. 1999;18:302–5.PubMedCrossRef
131.
Nguyen NX, Seitz B, Langenbucher A, Küchle M. Quantification of blood-aqueous barrier breakdown after photorefractive keratectomy for myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1999;237:113–6.PubMedCrossRef
132.
Oshika T, Sakurai M, Araie MA. study on diurnal fluctuation of blood-aqueous barrier permeability to plasma proteins. Exp Eye Res. 1993;56:129–33.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Mori M, Sakurai M, Araie M. Topical timolol and blood-aqueous barrier permeability to protein in human eyes. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1992;96:1418–22 (in Japanese).PubMed
134.
Mori M, Araie M. Effect of apraclonidine on blood-aqueous barrier permeability to plasma protein in man. Exp Eye Res. 1992;54:555–9.PubMedCrossRef
135.
Mori M, Sakurai M, Araie M. Effect of topical epinephrine on permeability of blood-aqueous barrier in human eyes. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1992;36:342–7.PubMed
136.
Lindén C, Nuija E, Alm A. Effects on IOP restoration and blood-aqueous barrier after long-term treatment with latanoprost in open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81:370–2.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
137.
Diestelhorst M, Roters S, Krieglstein GK. The effect of latanoprost 0.005% once daily versus 0.0015% twice daily on intraocular pressure and aqueous humour protein concentration in glaucoma patients. A randomized, double-masked comparison with timolol 0.5%. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1997;235:20–6.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Martin E, Martinez-de-la-Casa JM, Garcia-Feijoo J, Troyano J, Larrosa JM, Garcia-Sanchez J. A 6-month assessment of bimatoprost 0.03% vs timolol maleate 0.5%: hypotensive efficacy, macular thickness and flare in ocular-hypertensive and glaucoma patients. Eye (Lond). 2007;21:164–8.CrossRef
139.
Arcieri ES, Pierre Filho PT, Wakamatsu TH, Costa VP. The effects of prostaglandin analogues on the blood aqueous barrier and corneal thickness of phakic patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Eye (Lond). 2008;22:179–83.CrossRef
140.
Stevens AM, Kestelyn PA, De Bacquer D, Kestelyn PG. Benzalkonium chloride induces anterior chamber inflammation in previously untreated patients with ocular hypertension as measured by flare meter: a randomized clinical trial. 12. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90:e221–4.PubMedCrossRef
141.
Küchle M, Nguyen NX, Horn F, Naumann GO. Quantitative assessment of aqueous flare and aqueous ‘cells’ in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1992;70:201–8.CrossRef
142.
Küchle M, Nguyen NX, Hannappel E, Beck W, Ho ST, Naumann GO. Tyndallometry with the laser flare cell meter and biochemical protein determination in the aqueous humor of eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Ophthalmologe. 1994;91:578–84 (in German).PubMed
143.
Küchle M, Nguyen NX, Hannappel E, Naumann GO. The blood-aqueous barrier in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Ophthalmic Res. 1995;27(Suppl 1):136–42.PubMedCrossRef
144.
Nguyen NX, Küchle M, Martus P, Naumann GO. Quantification of blood-aqueous barrier breakdown after trabeculectomy: pseudoexfoliation versus primary open-angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 1999;8:18–23.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Ayala M, Chen E. Comparison of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:1469–73.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
146.
Wang L, Yamasita R, Hommura S. Corneal endothelial changes and aqueous flare intensity in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Ophthalmologica. 1999;213:387–91.PubMedCrossRef
147.
Moriarty AP, McHugh JD, Spalton DJ, Ffytche TJ, Shah SM, Marshall J. Comparison of the anterior chamber inflammatory response to diode and argon laser trabeculoplasty using a laser flare meter. Ophthalmology. 1993;100:1263–7.PubMedCrossRef
148.
Chiou AG, Mermoud A, Jewelewicz DA. Post-operative inflammation following deep sclerectomy with collagen implant versus standard trabeculectomy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1998;236:593–6.PubMedCrossRef
149.
Inoue M, Azumi A, Shirabe H, Yamamoto M. Iridopathy in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: detection of early stage of rubeosis iridis. Ophthalmologica. 1998;212:15–8.CrossRef
150.
Küchle M, Schönherr U, Nguyen NX, Steinhäuser B, Naumann GO. Quantitative measurement of aqueous flare and aqueous “cells” in eyes with diabetic retinopathy. Ger J Ophthalmol. 1992;1:164–9.PubMed
151.
Schalnus R, Ohrloff C. The blood-retina barrier and blood-aqueous humor barrier in type I diabetic patients without retinopathy. Determination of permeability using fluorophotometry and laser flare measurements. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1993;202:281–7 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
152.
Moriarty AP, Spalton DJ, Moriarty BJ, Shilling JS, Ffytche TJ, Bulsara M. Studies of the blood-aqueous barrier in diabetes mellitus. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;15(117):768–71.CrossRef
153.
Tost F, Heilmann P, Lautenschläger C. Aqueous flare measurement with a laser flare cellmeter in eyes with diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmologica. 1995;209:56–9.PubMedCrossRef
154.
Nguyen NX, Schönherr U, Küchle M. Aqueous flare and retinal capillary changes in eyes with diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmologica. 1995;209:145–8.PubMedCrossRef
155.
Blum M, Müller UA, Höche A, Hunger-Dathe W, Stein G, Strobel J. Flare measurement and albuminuria in type I diabetics. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1998;212:80–3 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
156.
Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Noma H, Mimura T, Yamashita T, Hori S. Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in the aqueous humor of diabetics with macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;133:70–7.PubMedCrossRef
157.
Jandrasits K, Krepler K, Wedrich A. Aqueous flare and macular edema in eyes with diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmologica. 2003;217:49–52.PubMedCrossRef
158.
Noma H, Mimura T, Yasuda K, Shimura M. Role of inflammation in diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmologica. 2014;232:127–35.PubMedCrossRef
159.
Moriarty AP, Spalton DJ, Shilling JS, Ffytche TJ, Bulsara M. Breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier after argon laser panretinal photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:833–8.PubMedCrossRef
160.
Kruger AJ, Schauersberger J, Petternel V, Amon M. Inflammation after phacoemulsification in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without retinopathy: prospective study. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1999;25:227–32.PubMedCrossRef
161.
Gatinel D, Lebrun T, Le Toumelin P, Chaine G. Aqueous flare induced by heparin-surface-modified poly(methyl methacrylate) and acrylic lenses implanted through the same-size incision in patients with diabetes. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001;27:855–60.PubMedCrossRef
162.
Sakamoto T, Miyazaki M, Hisatomi T, Nakamura T, Ueno A, Itaya K, et al. Triamcinolone-assisted pars plana vitrectomy improves the surgical procedures and decreases the postoperative blood-ocular barrier breakdown. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2002;240:423–9.PubMedCrossRef
163.
Chalam KV, Malkani S, Shah VA. Intravitreal dexamethasone effectively reduces postoperative inflammation after vitreoretinal surgery. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 2003;34:188–92.PubMed
164.
Kiss C, Michels S, Prager F, Weigert G, Geitzenauer W, Schmidt-Erfurth U. Evaluation of anterior chamber inflammatory activity in eyes treated with intravitreal bevacizumab. Retina. 2006;26:877–81.PubMedCrossRef
165.
Nguyen NX, Küchle M. Aqueous flare and cells in eyes with retinal vein occlusion–correlation with retinal fluorescein angiographic findings. Br J Ophthalmol. 1993;77:280–3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
166.
Asano S, Miyake K, Miyake S, Ota I. Relationship between blood-aqueous barrier disruption and ischemic macular edema in patients with branch or central retinal vein occlusion: effects of sub-tenon triamcinolone acetonide injection. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2007;23:577–84.PubMedCrossRef
167.
Noma H, Mimura T, Tatsugawa M, Shimada K. Aqueous flare and inflammatory factors in macular edema with central retinal vein occlusion: a case series. BMC Ophthalmol. 2013;11(13):78. doi:10.​1186/​1471-2415-13-78.CrossRef
168.
Noma H, Mimura T, Shimada K. Role of inflammation in previously untreated macular edema with branch retinal vein occlusion. BMC Ophthalmol. 2014;18(14):67.CrossRef
169.
Veckeneer M, Van Overdam K, Bouwens D, Feron E, Mertens D, Peperkamp E, et al. Randomized clinical trial of cryotherapy versus laser photocoagulation for retinopexy in conventional retinal detachment surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132:343–7.PubMedCrossRef
170.
Amann T, Nguyen NX, Küchle M. Tyndallometry and cell count in the anterior chamber in retinal detachment. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1997;210:43–7 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
171.
Chen MS, Chang CC, Ho TC, Tsai TH, Fan IM, Hou PK. Blood-aqueous barrier function in a patient with choroideremia. J Formos Med Assoc. 2010;109:167–71.PubMedCrossRef
172.
Chen MS, Chang CC, Tsai TH, Fan IM, Hou PK. Reticular dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. J Formos Med Assoc. 2007;106:490–4.PubMedCrossRef
173.
Küchle M, Nguyen NX, Schalnus R, Freissler K, Lüchtenberg M, Müller M. Quantification of disorders of the blood-aqueous humor barrier in retinitis pigmentosa–initial results. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1994;204:211–6 (in German).PubMedCrossRef
174.
Küchle M, Nguyen NX, Martus P, Freissler K, Schalnus R. Aqueous flare in retinitis pigmentosa. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1998;236:426–33.PubMedCrossRef
175.
Murakami Y, Yoshida N, Ikeda Y, Nakatake S, Fujiwara K, Notomi S, et al. Relationship between aqueous flare and visual function in retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015;159:958–63.PubMedCrossRef
176.
177.
Küchle M, Nguyen NX, Naumann GO. Quantitative assessment of the blood-aqueous barrier in human eyes with malignant or benign uveal tumors. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994;15(117):521–8.CrossRef
178.
Sanchez E, Klainguti G, Herbort CP. Surgery of strabismus and rupture of the blood-aqueous barrier (ischemia of the anterior segment). Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1998;212:296–8 (in French).PubMedCrossRef
179.
Neugebauer A, Kaszli FA, Diestelhorst M, Rüssmann W. Do standard procedures in squint surgery influence the blood-aqueous barrier? Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1997;28:570–3.PubMed
180.
Kaszli FA, Diestelhorst M, Esser P, Rüssmann W. Disorder of the blood-aqueous barrier after eye muscle operation in children. Ophthalmologe. 1996;93:325–7 (in German).PubMed
181.
Abe RY, Zacchia RS, Santana PR, Costa VP. Effects of benzalkonium chloride on the blood-aqueous and blood-retinal barriers of pseudophakic eyes. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2014;30:413–8.PubMedCrossRef
182.
Okamoto F, Sato T, Umebayashi Y, Ohtsuka F, Hommura S. Quantitative evaluation of aqueous flare in psoriasis using a laser flare-cell meter. Nihon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 1997;101:487–91 (in Japanese).PubMed
183.
Kłysik A, Kozakiewicz M. Blood-aqueous barrier integrity in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), before and after rehabilitative surgery. Eye (Lond). 2015;29:542–51.CrossRef
184.
Szepessy Z, Barsi A, Németh J. Macular Changes Correlate with the Degree of Acute Anterior Uveitis in Patients with Spondyloarthropathy. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2014;20:1–6.CrossRef
185.
Strobbe E, Cellini M, Campos EC. Aqueous flare and choroidal thickness in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a pilot study. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:2258–63.PubMedCrossRef
186.
Verbraak FD, Schreinemachers MC, Tiller A, van Deventer SJ, de Smet MD. Prevalence of subclinical anterior uveitis in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85:219–21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
187.
Stjernschantz J, Uusitalo R, Palkama A. The aqueous proteins of the rat in normal eye and after aqueous withdrawal. Exp Eye Res. 1973;16:215–21.PubMedCrossRef
188.
Unger WG, Cole DF, Hammond B. Disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier following paracentesis in the rabbit. Exp Eye Res. 1975;20:255–70.PubMedCrossRef
189.
Nussenblatt RB, Calogero D, Buchen SY, Leder HA, Goodkin M, Eydelman MB. Rabbit intraocular reactivity to endotoxin measured by slit-lamp biomicroscopy and laser flare photometry. Ophthalmology. 2012;119:e19–23.PubMedCrossRef
190.
Hayasaka Y, Hayasaka S, Zhang XY, Nagaki Y. Effects of topical corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin e2-induced aqueous flare elevation in pigmented rabbits. Ophthalmic Res. 2003;35:341–4.PubMedCrossRef
191.
Abe T, Hayasaka Y, Zhang XY, Hayasaka S. Effects of intravenous administration of FR122047 (a selective cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor) and FR188582 (a selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor) on prostaglandin-E2-induced aqueous flare elevation in pigmented rabbits. Ophthalmic Res. 2004;36:321–6.PubMedCrossRef
192.
Ogawa T, Ohara K, Shimizu H, Terai T, Watanabe N. Effects of a combined use of steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on E. coli endotoxin-induced uveitis in pigmented rabbits. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1995;39:353–9.PubMed
193.
Yanagisawa S, Hayasaka S, Zhang XY, Hayasaka Y, Nagaki Y, Kitagawa K. Effect of topical betaxolol on the acute rise of aqueous flare induced by highly selective agonists for prostaglandin E2 receptor subtypes in pigmented rabbits. Ophthalmic Res. 2002;34:48–50.PubMedCrossRef
194.
Chen MS, Chang CC, Lin CP, Wang PC, Lin LR, Hou PK, et al. Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier after retinal laser photocoagulation in pigmented rabbits. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2012;28:83–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
195.
Watanabe K, Hayasaka S, Hiraki S, Matsumoto M, Kadoi C, Nagaki Y. Effects of alpha(2)-adrenergic agonists on lipopolysaccharide-induced aqueous flare elevation in pigmented rabbits. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2001;45:221–6.PubMedCrossRef
196.
Zhang XY, Hayasaka S, Hayasaka Y, Yanagisawa S, Nagaki Y. Effects of isopropyl unoprostone, latanoprost, and prostaglandin E(2) on acute rise of aqueous flare in pigmented rabbits. Ophthalmic Res. 2002;34:90–3.PubMedCrossRef
197.
Hayasaka Y, Hayasaka S, Zhang XY, Nagaki Y. Effects of topical antiglaucoma eye drops on prostaglandin E(2)-induced aqueous flare elevation in pigmented rabbits. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:1142–5.PubMed
198.
Kitagawa K, Hayasaka S, Watanabe K, Nagaki Y. Aqueous flare elevation induced by transcorneal application of highly selective agonists for prostaglandin E2 receptor subtypes in pigmented rabbits: effect of tetramethylpyrazine. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2001;65:189–98.PubMedCrossRef
199.
Hiraki S, Zhang XY, Hayasaka S. Effects of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on prostaglandin-induced aqueous flare elevation in pigmented rabbits. Ophthalmic Res. 1996;28:260–4.PubMedCrossRef
200.
Kosaka T, Mishima HK, Kiuchi Y, Kataoka K. The effects of prostaglandins on the blood-ocular barrier. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1995;39:368–76.PubMed
201.
Nagaki Y, Hayasaka S, Zhang XY, Hayasaka Y, Nakamura N, Terasawa K. Effects of topical instillation of traditional herbal medicines, herbal extracts, and their components on prostaglandin E2-induced aqueous flare elevation in pigmented rabbits. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2003;47:249–53.PubMedCrossRef
202.
Kitagawa K, Hayasaka S, Nagaki Y, Watanabe K. Effects of tetramethylpyrazine on prostaglandin E(2)- and prostaglandin E(2) receptor agonist-induced disruption of blood-aqueous barrier in pigmented rabbits. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2001;45:227–32.PubMedCrossRef
203.
Nakamura-Shibasaki M, Latief MA, Ko JA, Funaishi K, Kiuchi Y. Effects of topical adrenergic agents on prostaglandin E2-induced aqueous flare and intraocular pressure elevation in pigmented rabbits. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2016;60:95–102.PubMedCrossRef
204.
Chen J, Fujino Y, Takahashi T. Experimental uveitis induced by intravitreal or intravenous lipoteichoic acid in rabbits. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 1999;43:368–74.PubMedCrossRef
205.
Inoue M, Shirabe H, Yamamoto M. Blood-aqueous barrier disruption in experimental anterior segment ischemia in rabbit eyes. Ophthalmic Res. 1999;31:213–9.CrossRef
206.
Inoue M, Tsukahara Y, Shirabe H, Yamamoto M. Disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier following retinal laser photocoagulation and cryopexy in pigmented rabbits. Ophthalmic Res. 2001;33:37–41.PubMedCrossRef
207.
Sawa M, et al. Ganka Rinsho Iho. 1993; 87: 2648–59. (in Japanese).
208.
Zeng L, Sawa M, et al. Rinshoganka. 1990; 44: 1997–2001. (in Japanese).
Metadata
Title
Laser flare-cell photometer: principle and significance in clinical and basic ophthalmology
Author
Mitsuru Sawa
Publication date
01-01-2017
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology / Issue 1/2017
Print ISSN: 0021-5155
Electronic ISSN: 1613-2246
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-016-0488-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 1/2017 Go to the issue

Clinical Investigation

Wound stability and surgically induced corneal astigmatism after transconjunctival single-plane sclerocorneal incision cataract surgery

Clinical Investigation

In vivo imaging of a cone mosaic in a patient with achromatopsia associated with a GNAT2 variant

Clinical Investigation

The effect of the extent of the incision in the Schlemm canal on the surgical outcomes of suture trabeculotomy for open-angle glaucoma

Clinical Investigation

Retreatment of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy after photodynamic therapy combined with intravitreal ranibizumab

Review

A new era of uveitis: impact of polymerase chain reaction in intraocular inflammatory diseases

Clinical Investigation

Longitudinal change in choroidal thickness after trabeculectomy in primary open-angle glaucoma patients