Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy
Published in: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2/2010

01-04-2010 | Review Article

Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae: characteristics of isolates and clinical aspects of community-acquired pneumonia

Authors: Miyuki Morozumi, Takashi Takahashi, Kimiko Ubukata

Published in: Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy | Issue 2/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the main pathogens causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections in children and adults. Macrolide (ML) antibiotics are recognized generally as first-choice agents for M. pneumoniae infections, and these antibiotics were thought to have excellent effectiveness against M. pneumoniae for many years. In 2000, however, M. pneumoniae showing resistance to macrolides was isolated from clinical samples obtained from Japanese pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Since then, prevalence of ML-resistant M. pneumoniae isolates in pediatric patients has increased rapidly. In 2007, ML-resistant M. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from Japanese adults with CAP; numbers of such isolates also have gradually increased in Japan. Recently, similar antimicrobial resistance in M. pneumoniae has begun to emerge worldwide. In this review, we focus on changes of ML-resistant M. pneumoniae from year to year and consider resistance mechanisms as well as clinical features of patients with resistant M. pneumoniae infection.
Literature
1.
Waites KB, Rikihisa Y, Taylor-Robinson D. Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th edn. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 2003. p. 972–90.
2.
3.
Heiskanen-Kosma T, Korppi M, Jokinen C, Kurki S, Heiskanen L, Juvonen H, et al. Etiology of childhood pneumonia: serologic results of a prospective, population-based study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998;17:986–91.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Kashyap B, Kumar S, Sethi GR, Das BC, Saigal SR. Comparison of PCR, culture & serological tests for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in children. Indian J Med Res. 2008;128:134–9.PubMed
5.
6.
Morozumi M, Hasegawa K, Chiba N, Iwata S, Kawamura N, Kuroki H, et al. Application of PCR for Mycoplasma pneumoniae detection in children with community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Chemother. 2004;10:274–9.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Nakayama E, Hasegawa K, Morozumi M, Kobayashi R, Chiba N, Iitsuka T, et al. Rapid optimization of antimicrobial chemotherapy given to pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia using PCR techniques with serology and standard culture. J Infect Chemother. 2007;13:305–13.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Oguz F, Unuvar E, Aydin D, Yilmaz K, Sidal M. Frequency of Mycoplasma pneumoniae among atypical pneumonia of childhood. Turk J Pediatr. 2002;44:283–8.PubMed
9.
Defilippi A, Silvestri M, Tacchella A, Giacchino R, Melioli G, Di Marco E, et al. Epidemiology and clinical features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children. Respir Med. 2008;102:1762–8.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Howard LS, Sillis M, Pasteur MC, Kamath AV, Harrison BD. Microbiological profile of community-acquired pneumonia in adults over the last 20 years. J Infect. 2005;50:107–13.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Ishida T, Hashimoto T, Arita M, Ito I, Osawa M. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients: a 3-year prospective study in Japan. Chest. 1998;114:1588–93.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Martínez MA, Ruiz M, Zunino E, Luchsinger V, Avendaño LF. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adult community-acquired pneumonia by PCR and serology. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57:1491–5.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Miyashita N, Ouchi K, Kawasaki K, Oda K, Kawai Y, Shimizu H, et al. Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in the elderly. Med Sci Monit. 2008;14:387–91.
14.
Porath A, Schlaeffer F, Lieberman D. The epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalized adults. J Infect. 1997;34:41–8.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Takahashi T, Morozumi M, Chiba N, Asami R, Okada T, Murayama SY, et al. Prolonged Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in an elderly patient with community-acquired pneumonia. J Infect Chemother. 2009;15:243–7.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Abele-Horn M, Busch U, Nitschko H, Jacobs E, Bax R, Pfaff F, et al. Molecular approaches to diagnosis of pulmonary diseases due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:548–51.PubMed
17.
Dorjgo-Zetsma JW, Verkooyen RP, Van Helden HP, Van der Nat H, Van den Bosch JM. Molecular detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in adults with community-acquired pneumonia requiring Hospitalization. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:1184–6.CrossRef
18.
Dorigo-Zetsma JW, Zaat SA, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, Spanjaard L, Rijntjes J, van Waveren G, et al. Comparison of PCR, culture, and serological tests for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory tract infection in children. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37:14–7.PubMed
19.
Hardegger D, Nadal D, Bossart W, Altwegg M, Dutly F. Rapid detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in clinical samples by real-time PCR. J Microbiol Methods. 2000;41:45–51.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Ieven M, Ursi D, Van Bever H, Quint W, Niesters HG, Goossens H. Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae by two polymerase chain reactions and role of M. pneumoniae in acute respiratory tract infections in pediatric patients. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:1445–52.PubMed
21.
Khanna M, Fan J, Pehler-Harrington K, Waters C, Douglass P, Stallock J, et al. The pneumoplex assays, a multiplex PCR-enzyme hybridization assay that allows simultaneous detection of five organisms, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Legionella micdadei, and Bordetella pertussis, and its real-time counterpart. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:565–71.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Morozumi M, Nakayama E, Iwata S, Aoki Y, Hasegawa K, Kobayashi R, et al. Simultaneous detection of pathogens in clinical samples from patients with community-acquired pneumonia by real-time PCR with pathogen-specific molecular beacon probes. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:1440–6.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Nadala D, Bossart W, Zucol F, Steiner F, Berger C, Lips U, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in children due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae: diagnostic performance of a seminested 16S rDNA-PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;39:15–9.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Otomo S, Yamamura J, Hayashi E, Nakamura T, Kakinuma H, Nakamoto Y, et al. Analysis of children with Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratoryinfections by real-time PCR assay and serological tests. APMIS. 2008;116:477–83.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Pitcher D, Chalker VJ, Sheppard C, George RC, Harrison TG. Real-time detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory samples with an internal processing control. J Med Microbiol. 2006;55:149–55.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Templeton KE, Scheltinga SA, Graffelman AW, van Schie JM, Crielaard JW, Sillekens P, et al. Comparison and evaluation of real-time PCR, real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, conventional PCR, and serology for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:4366–71.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Tjhie JH, van Kuppeveld FJ, Roosendaal R, Melchers WJ, Gordijn R, MacLaren DM, et al. Direct PCR enables detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in patients with respiratory tract infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:11–6.PubMed
28.
Welti M, Jaton K, Altwegg M, Sahli R, Wenger A, Bille J. Development of a multiplex real-time quantitative PCR assay to detect Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory tract secretions. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;45:85–95.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Felmingham D, Robbins MJ, Sanghrajka M, Leakey A, Ridgway GL. The in vitro activity of some 14-, 15- and 16-membered macrolides against Staphylococcus spp., Legionella spp., Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma urealyticum. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1991;17:91–9.PubMed
30.
Ishida K, Kaku M, Irifune K, Mizukane R, Takemura H, Yoshida R, et al. In vitro and in vivo activities of macrolides against Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994;38:790–8.PubMed
31.
Morozumi M, Hasegawa K, Kobayashi R, Inoue N, Iwata S, Kuroki H, et al. Emergence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae with a 23S rRNA gene mutation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:2302–6.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Rennie KA, Prasad ES, Wenman WM. In vitro activity of dirithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic, against Mycoplasma species. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994;20:57–9.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Waites KB, Cassell GH, Canupp KC, Fernandes PB. In vitro susceptibilities of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas to new macrolides and aryl-fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1988;32:1500–2.PubMed
34.
Okazaki N, Narita M, Yamada S, Izumikawa K, Umetsu M, Kenri T, et al. Characteristics of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains isolated from patients and induced with erythromycin in vitro. Microbiol Immunol. 2001;45:617–20.PubMed
35.
Okazaki N, Ohya H, Sasaki T. Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated from patients with respiratory infection in Kanagawa Prefecture in 1976–2006: emergence of macrolide-resistant strains. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2007;60:325–6.PubMed
36.
Morozumi M, Iwata S, Hasegawa K, Chiba N, Takayanagi R, Matsubara K, et al. Increased macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:348–50.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Li X, Atkinson TP, Hagood J, Makris C, Duffy LB, Waites KB. Emerging macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children: detection and characterization of resistant isolates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:693–6.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Liu Y, Ye X, Zhang H, Xu X, Li W, Zhu D, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates and molecular analysis of macrolide-resistant strains from Shanghai, China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:2160–2.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Pereyre S, Charron A, Renaudin H, Bébéar C, Bébéar CM. First report of macrolide-resistant strains and description of a novel nucleotide sequence variation in the P1 adhesin gene in Mycoplasma pneumoniae clinical strains isolated in France over 12 years. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:3534–9.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Xin D, Mi Z, Han X, Qin L, Li J, Wei T, et al. Molecular mechanisms of macrolide resistance in clinical isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:2158–9.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Wolff BJ, Thacker WL, Schwartz SB, Winchell JM. Detection of macrolide resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae by real-time PCR and high-resolution melt analysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:3542–9.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Alexander ER, Foy HM, Kenny GE, Kronmal RA, McMahan R, Clarke ER, et al. Pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Its incidence in the membership of a co-operative medical group. N Engl J Med. 1966;275:131–6.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Eun BW, Kim NH, Choi EH, Lee HJ. Mycoplasma pneumoniae in Korean children: the epidemiology of pneumonia over an 18-year period. J Infect. 2008;56:326–31.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Feikin DR, Moroney JF, Talkington DF, Thacker WL, Code JE, Schwartz LA, et al. An outbreak of acute respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and adenovirus at a federal service training academy: new implications from an old scenario. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:1545–50.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Hauksdóttir GS, Jónsson T, Sigurdardóttir V, Löve A. Seroepidemiology of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Iceland 1987–96. Scand J Infect Dis. 1998;30:177–80.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Lind K, Benzon MW, Jensen JS, Clyde WA Jr. A seroepidemiological study of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Denmark over the 50-year period 1946–1995. Eur J Epidemiol. 1997;13:581–6.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Beersma MF, Dirven K, van Dam AP, Templeton KE, Claas EC, Goossens H. Evaluation of 12 commercial tests and the complement fixation test for Mycoplasma pneumoniae-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies, with PCR used as the “gold standard”. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:2277–85.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Narita M, Togashi T. Evaluation of a rapid IgM antibody detection kit for diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection during childhood. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 2003;77:310–5.PubMed
49.
Daxboeck F, Kircher K, Krause R, Heinzl H, Wenisch C, Stanek G. Effect of age on antibody titer to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Scand J Infect Dis. 2002;34:577–9.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Sillis M. The limitations of IgM assays in the serological diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. J Med Microbiol. 1990;33:253–8.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Hansen LH, Mauvais P, Douthwaite S. The macrolide-ketolide antibiotic binding site is formed by structures in domain II and V of 23S ribosomal RNA. Mol Microbiol. 1999;31:623–31.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Poehlsgaard J, Douthwaite S. Macrolide antibiotic interaction and resistance on the bacterial ribosome. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2003;4:140–8.PubMed
53.
Vester B, Douthwaite S. Macrolide resistance conferred by base substitutions in 23S rRNA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001;45:1–12.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Bryskier A, Agouridas C, Chantot JF. Ketolides: new semisynthetic 14-membered-ring macrolides. In: Zinner SH, Young LS, Acar JF, Neu HC, editors. Expanding indications for the new macrolides, azalides, and streptogramins. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1997. p. 39–50.
55.
Lucier TS, Heitzman K, Liu SK, Hu PC. Trasition mutations in the 23S rRNA of erythromycin-resistant isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995;39:2770–3.PubMed
56.
Pereyre S, Guyot C, Renaudin H, Charron A, Bébéar C, Bébéar CM. In vitro selection and characterization of resistance to macrolides and related antibiotics in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:460–5.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Ubukata K, Iwata S, Sunakawa K. In vitro activities of new ketolide, telithromycin, and eight other macrolide antibiotics against Strptococcus pneumoniae having mefA and ermB genes that mediate macrolide resistance. J Infect Chemother. 2003;9:221–6.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Cattoir V, Merabet L, Legrand P, Soussy CJ, Leclercq R. Emergence of a Streptococcus pneumoniae isolate resistant to streptogramins by mutation in ribosomal protein L22 during pristinamycin therapy of pneumococcal pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59:1010–2.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Reinert RR, Al-Lahham A. Time-kill study of the activity of telithromycin against macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with 23S rRNA mutations and changes in ribosomal proteins L4 and L22. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:3011–3.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Bébéar CM, Pereyre S. Mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord. 2005;5:263–71.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Gruson D, Pereyre S, Renaudin H, Charron A, Bébéar C, Bébéar CM. In vitro development of resistance to six and four FQ in Mycoplasma pneumoniae and, respectively. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:1190–3.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Anokhina MM, Barta A, Nierhaus KH, Spiridonova VA, Kopylov AM. Mapping of the second tetracycline binding site on the ribosomal small subunit of E. coli. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:2594–7.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Brodersen DE, Clemons WM Jr, Carter AP, Morgan-Warren RJ, Wimberly BT, Ramakrishnan V. The structural basis for the action of the antibiotics tetracycline, pactamycin, and hygromycin B on the 30S ribosomal subunit. Cell. 2000;103:1143–54.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Roberts MC, Koutsky LA, Holmes KK, LeBlanc DJ, Kenny GE. Tetracycline-resistant Mycoplasma hominis strains contain streptococcal tetM sequences. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985;28:141–3.PubMed
65.
Matsuoka M, Narita M, Okazaki N, Ohya H, Yamazaki T, Ouchi K, et al. Characterization and molecular analysis of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae clinical isolates obtained in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:4624–30.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Isozumi R, Yoshimine H, Morozumi M, Ubukata K, Ariyoshi K. Adult case of community-acquired pneumonia caused by macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Respirology. 2009; 14(8):1206–8.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Peuchant O, Ménard A, Renaudin H, Morozumi M, Ubukata K, Bébéar CM, et al. Increased macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in France directly detected in clinical specimens by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:52–8.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Cousin-Allery A, Charron A, Barbeyrac BD, Fremy G, Jensen JS, Renaudin H, et al. Molecular typing of Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains by PCR-based methods and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Application to French and Danish isolates. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;124:103–11.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Numazaki K, Umetsu M, Adachi N. Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and its genotypical characterization in children of Hokkaido, Japan. In Vivo. 2003;17:421–4.PubMed
70.
Schwartz SB, Thurman KA, Mitchell SL, Wolff BJ, Winchell JM. Genotyping of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates using real-time PCR and high-resolution melt analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15:756–62.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Suzuki S, Yamazaki T, Narita M, Okazaki N, Suzuki I, Andoh T, et al. Clinical evaluation of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:709–12.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Matsubara K, Morozumi M, Okada T, Matsushima T, Komiyama O, Shoji M, et al. A comparative clinical study of macrolide-sensitive and macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in pediatric patients. J Infect Chemother. 2009; 15(6):380–3.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Denny FW, Clyde WA Jr, Glezen WP. Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease: clinical spectrum, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and control. J Infect Dis. 1971;123:74–92.PubMed
74.
Smith CB, Friedewald WT, Chanock RM. Shedding of Mycoplasma pneumoniae after tetracycline and erythromycin therapy. N Engl J Med. 1967;276:1172–5.PubMed
75.
Lu YJ, Chen TH, Lin LH, Shen CM, Huang CH. Macrolide use shortens fever duration in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in children: a 2-year experience. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2008;41:307–10.PubMed
76.
John SD, Ramanathan J, Swischuk LE. Spectrum of clinical and radiographic findings in pediatric mycoplasma pneumonia. Radiographics. 2001;21:121–31.PubMed
77.
Wieslander A, Boyer MJ, Wroblewski H. Membrane protein structure. In: Maniloff J, McElhaney RN, Finch LR, Baseman JB, editors. Mycoplasmas: molecular biology, pathogenesis. Washington: American Society for Microbiology; 1992. p. 93–112.
78.
Chmura K, Bai X, Nakamura M, Kandasamy P, McGibney M, Kuronuma K, et al. Induction of IL-8 by Mycoplasma pneumoniae membrane in BEAS-2B cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008;295:220–30.CrossRef
79.
Broaders SA, Hooper WC, Phillips DJ, Talkington DF. Mycoplasma pneumoniae subtype-independent induction of proinflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells. Microb Pathog. 2006;40:286–92.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Chaudhry R, Varshney AK, Malhotra P. Adhesion proteins of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Front Biosci. 2007;12:690–9.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Layh-Schmitt G, Podtelejnikov A, Mann M. Proteins complexed to the P1 adhesin of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Microbiology. 2000;146:741–7.PubMed
82.
Seto S, Miyata M. Attachment organelle formation represented by localization of cytadherence proteins and formation of the electron-dense core in wild-type and mutant strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. J Bacteriol. 2003;185:1082–91.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Waites KB, Talkington DF. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its role as a human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:697–728.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Yang J, Hooper WC, Phillips DJ, Talkington DF. Regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in human lung epithelial cells infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun. 2002;70:3649–55.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Yang J, Hooper WC, Phillips DJ, Talkington DF. Cytokines in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2004;15:157–68.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Narita M, Tanaka H, Yamada S, Abe S, Ariga T, Sakiyama Y. Significant role of interleukin-8 in pathogenesis of pulmonary disease due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2001;8:1028–30.PubMed
87.
Narita M, Tanaka H, Abe S, Yamada S, Kubota M, Togashi T. Close association between pulmonary disease manifestation in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and enhanced local production of interleukin-18 in the lung, independent of gamma interferon. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2000;7:909–14.PubMed
88.
Narita M, Tanaka H. Cytokines involved in the severe manifestations of pulmonary diseases caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42:397.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Tanaka H, Narita M, Teramoto S, Saikai T, Oashi K, Igarashi T, et al. Role of interleukin-18 and T-helper type 1 cytokines in the development of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in adults. Chest. 2002;121:1493–7.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Abe S, Nakamura H, Inoue S, Takeda H, Saito H, Kato S, et al. Interleukin-8 gene repression by clarithromycin is mediated by the activator protein-1 binding site in human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000;22:51–60.PubMed
91.
Beović B, Bonac B, Kese D, Avsic-Zupanc T, Kreft S, Lesnicar G, et al. Aetiology and clinical presentation of mild community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;22:584–91.CrossRefPubMed
92.
Marrie TJ. Epidemiology of mild pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect. 1998;13:3–7.PubMed
93.
Waites KB. New concepts of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003;36:267–78.CrossRefPubMed
94.
Miyashita N, Obase Y, Ouchi K, Kawasaki K, Kawai Y, Kobashi Y, et al. Clinical features of severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in adults admitted to an intensive care unit. J Med Microbiol. 2007;56:1625–9.CrossRefPubMed
95.
Kim DH, Lee KY, Kim MS, Youn YS, Hwang JY, Rhim JW, et al. Corticosteroid treatment in siblings affected with severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Infect Chemother. 2009;41(3):190–5.CrossRef
96.
Tagliabue C, Salvatore CM, Techasaensiri C, Mejias A, Torres JP, Katz K, et al. The impact of steroids given with macrolide therapy on experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory infection. J Infect Dis. 2008;198:1180–8.CrossRefPubMed
97.
Radisic M, Torn A, Gutierrez P, Defranchi HA, Pardo P. Severe acute lung injury caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae: potential role for steroid pulses in treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:1507–11.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae: characteristics of isolates and clinical aspects of community-acquired pneumonia
Authors
Miyuki Morozumi
Takashi Takahashi
Kimiko Ubukata
Publication date
01-04-2010
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy / Issue 2/2010
Print ISSN: 1341-321X
Electronic ISSN: 1437-7780
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10156-009-0021-4

Other articles of this Issue 2/2010

Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2/2010 Go to the issue

Original Article

Effect of linezolid on cytokine production capacity and plasma endotoxin levels in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation of whole blood

Case Report

High-intensity signals in the basal ganglia from gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI as an early change in toxoplasma encephalitis in an AIDS patient

Original Article

Decrease in incidence of surgical site infections in contemporary series of patients with radical cystectomy

Case Report

Fatal cytomegalovirus infection with CD4+ T-lymphocytopenia during corticosteroid therapy for bronchial asthma

Letter to the Editor

An experience at an ambulatory pediatric clinic during the first week of a confirmed H1N1 influenza outbreak in Kobe, Japan

Original Article

Structural problems of medical news reports in newspapers: a verification of news reports on an incident of mass nosocomial Serratia infection
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Highlights from the ACC 2024 Congress

Year in Review: Pediatric cardiology

Pediatric Cardiology Video

Watch Dr. Anne Marie Valente present the last year's highlights in pediatric and congenital heart disease in the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Pulmonary vascular disease

Cardiopulmonary Comorbidity Video

The last year's highlights in pulmonary vascular disease are presented by Dr. Jane Leopold in this official video from ACC.24.

Year in Review: Valvular heart disease

Valvular Heart Disease Video

Watch Prof. William Zoghbi present the last year's highlights in valvular heart disease from the official ACC.24 Year in Review session.

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Heart Failure Video

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

ACC 2024 Congress Coverage

Heart Failure Video

Year in Review: Heart failure and cardiomyopathies

Watch now

Watch this official video from ACC.24. Dr. Biykem Bozkurt discuss last year's major advances in heart failure and cardiomyopathies.

Semaglutide benefits people with type 2 diabetes and obesity-related heart failure

16-04-2024 Type 2 Diabetes News

Incentivised to exercise

11-04-2024 Lifestyle Modifications News

New intervention for STEMI-related cardiogenic shock

10-04-2024 Myocardial Infarction News

» View more highlights on the ACC 2024 congress hub page

Image Credits