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29-04-2022 | Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis | Review Article

[18F]FDG brain PET and clinical symptoms in different autoantibodies of autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review

Authors: Fardin Nabizadeh, Elham Ramezannezhad, Alireza Sardaripour, Seyed Ali Seyedi, Negin Salehi, Nasim Rezaeimanesh, Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi

Published in: Neurological Sciences | Issue 8/2022

Abstract

Introduction

Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is caused by the antibodies that target receptors and intracellular or surface proteins. To achieve the appropriate therapeutic results, early and proper diagnosis is still the most important issue. In this review, we provide an overview of FDG-PET imaging findings in AE patients and possible relation to different subtypes and clinical features.

Methods

PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched in August 2021 using a predefined search strategy.

Results

After two-step reviewing, 22 studies with a total of 332 participants were entered into our qualitative synthesis. In anti-NMDAR encephalitis, decreased activity in the occipital lobe was present, in addition, to an increase in frontal, parietal, and specifically medial temporal activity. Anti-VGKC patients showed altered metabolism in cortical and subcortical regions such as striata and cerebellum. Abnormal metabolism in patients with anti-LGI1 has been reported in diverse areas of the brain including medial temporal, hippocampus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia all of which had hypermetabolism. Hypometabolism in parietal, frontal, occipital lobes, temporal, frontal, and hippocampus was observed in AE patients with anti-GAD antibodies.

Conclusion

Our results indicate huge diversity in metabolic patterns among different AE subtypes and it is hard to draw a firm conclusion. Moreover, the timing of imaging, seizures, and acute treatments can alter the PET patterns strongly. Further prospective investigations with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria should be carried out to identify the metabolic defect in different AE subtypes.

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Title: [18F]FDG brain PET and clinical symptoms in different autoantibodies of autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review
Authors: Fardin Nabizadeh
Elham Ramezannezhad
Alireza Sardaripour
Seyed Ali Seyedi
Negin Salehi
Nasim Rezaeimanesh
Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
Publication date: 29-04-2022
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Keywords: Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis
Positron Emission Tomography
Autoimmune Encephalitis
Encephalitis
Hyponatremia
Published in: Neurological Sciences / Issue 8/2022
Print ISSN: 1590-1874
Electronic ISSN: 1590-3478
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-022-06094-9

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

[18F]FDG brain PET and clinical symptoms in different autoantibodies of autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusion

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusion

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