Evidence of infection with avian, human, and swine influenza viruses in pigs in Cairo, Egypt

go back to reference Abdelwhab EM, Abdel-Moneim AS (2015) Epidemiology, ecology and gene pool of influenza A virus in Egypt: will Egypt be the epicentre of the next influenza pandemic? Virulence 6:6–18CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Abdelwhab EM, Abdel-Moneim AS (2015) Epidemiology, ecology and gene pool of influenza A virus in Egypt: will Egypt be the epicentre of the next influenza pandemic? Virulence 6:6–18CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference El-Sayed A, Awad W, Fayed A, Hamann HP, Zschock M (2010) Avian influenza prevalence in pigs, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 16:726–727CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral El-Sayed A, Awad W, Fayed A, Hamann HP, Zschock M (2010) Avian influenza prevalence in pigs, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 16:726–727CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference El-Shesheny R, Kandeil A, Bagato O, Maatouq AM, Moatasim Y, Rubrum A, Song MS, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G (2014) Molecular characterization of avian influenza H5N1 virus in Egypt and the emergence of a novel endemic subclade. J Gen Virol 95:1444–1463CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral El-Shesheny R, Kandeil A, Bagato O, Maatouq AM, Moatasim Y, Rubrum A, Song MS, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G (2014) Molecular characterization of avian influenza H5N1 virus in Egypt and the emergence of a novel endemic subclade. J Gen Virol 95:1444–1463CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Fuller TL, Gilbert M, Martin V, Cappelle J, Hosseini P, Njabo KY, Aziz SA, Xiao X, Daszak P, Smith TB (2013) Predicting hotspots for influenza virus reassortment. Emerg Infect Dis 19:581–588CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fuller TL, Gilbert M, Martin V, Cappelle J, Hosseini P, Njabo KY, Aziz SA, Xiao X, Daszak P, Smith TB (2013) Predicting hotspots for influenza virus reassortment. Emerg Infect Dis 19:581–588CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, Shu B, Lindstrom S, Balish A, Sessions WM, Xu X, Skepner E, Deyde V, Okomo-Adhiambo M, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Smith CB, Emery SL, Hillman MJ, Rivailler P, Smagala J, de Graaf M, Burke DF, Fouchier RA, Pappas C, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Lopez-Gatell H, Olivera H, Lopez I, Myers CA, Faix D, Blair PJ, Yu C, Keene KM, Dotson PD Jr, Boxrud D, Sambol AR, Abid SH, St George K, Bannerman T, Moore AL, Stringer DJ, Blevins P, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Ginsberg M, Kriner P, Waterman S, Smole S, Guevara HF, Belongia EA, Clark PA, Beatrice ST, Donis R, Katz J, Finelli L, Bridges CB, Shaw M, Jernigan DB, Uyeki TM, Smith DJ, Klimov AI, Cox NJ (2009) Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 325:197–201CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, Shu B, Lindstrom S, Balish A, Sessions WM, Xu X, Skepner E, Deyde V, Okomo-Adhiambo M, Gubareva L, Barnes J, Smith CB, Emery SL, Hillman MJ, Rivailler P, Smagala J, de Graaf M, Burke DF, Fouchier RA, Pappas C, Alpuche-Aranda CM, Lopez-Gatell H, Olivera H, Lopez I, Myers CA, Faix D, Blair PJ, Yu C, Keene KM, Dotson PD Jr, Boxrud D, Sambol AR, Abid SH, St George K, Bannerman T, Moore AL, Stringer DJ, Blevins P, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Ginsberg M, Kriner P, Waterman S, Smole S, Guevara HF, Belongia EA, Clark PA, Beatrice ST, Donis R, Katz J, Finelli L, Bridges CB, Shaw M, Jernigan DB, Uyeki TM, Smith DJ, Klimov AI, Cox NJ (2009) Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science 325:197–201CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Hoffmann E, Stech J, Guan Y, Webster RG, Perez DR (2001) Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza A viruses. Arch Virol 146:2275–2289CrossRefPubMed Hoffmann E, Stech J, Guan Y, Webster RG, Perez DR (2001) Universal primer set for the full-length amplification of all influenza A viruses. Arch Virol 146:2275–2289CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Kandeil A, El-Shesheny R, Maatouq AM, Moatasim Y, Shehata MM, Bagato O, Rubrum A, Shanmuganatham K, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G (2014) Genetic and antigenic evolution of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Egypt between 2011 and 2013. Arch Virol 159:2861–2876CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kandeil A, El-Shesheny R, Maatouq AM, Moatasim Y, Shehata MM, Bagato O, Rubrum A, Shanmuganatham K, Webby RJ, Ali MA, Kayali G (2014) Genetic and antigenic evolution of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Egypt between 2011 and 2013. Arch Virol 159:2861–2876CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Kayali G, Kandeil A, El-Shesheny R, Kayed AS, Gomaa MM, Maatouq AM, Shehata MM, Moatasim Y, Bagato O, Cai Z, Rubrum A, Kutkat MA, McKenzie PP, Webster RG, Webby RJ, Ali MA (2014) Active surveillance for avian influenza virus, Egypt, 2010–2012. Emerg Infect Dis 20:542–551CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kayali G, Kandeil A, El-Shesheny R, Kayed AS, Gomaa MM, Maatouq AM, Shehata MM, Moatasim Y, Bagato O, Cai Z, Rubrum A, Kutkat MA, McKenzie PP, Webster RG, Webby RJ, Ali MA (2014) Active surveillance for avian influenza virus, Egypt, 2010–2012. Emerg Infect Dis 20:542–551CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Lee MS, Chang PC, Shien JH, Cheng MC, Shieh HK (2001) Identification and subtyping of avian influenza viruses by reverse transcription-PCR. J Virol Methods 97:13–22CrossRefPubMed Lee MS, Chang PC, Shien JH, Cheng MC, Shieh HK (2001) Identification and subtyping of avian influenza viruses by reverse transcription-PCR. J Virol Methods 97:13–22CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Ma W, Kahn RE, Richt JA (2008) The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: human and veterinary implications. J Mol Genet Med 3:158–166PubMedPubMedCentral Ma W, Kahn RE, Richt JA (2008) The pig as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses: human and veterinary implications. J Mol Genet Med 3:158–166PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Meseko C, Olaleye D, Capua I, Cattoli G (2014) Swine influenza in sub-saharan Africa–current knowledge and emerging insights. Zoonoses Public Health 61:229–237CrossRefPubMed Meseko C, Olaleye D, Capua I, Cattoli G (2014) Swine influenza in sub-saharan Africa–current knowledge and emerging insights. Zoonoses Public Health 61:229–237CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Nelson MI, Vincent AL (2015) Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human-animal interface. Trends Microbiol 23:142–153CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Nelson MI, Vincent AL (2015) Reverse zoonosis of influenza to swine: new perspectives on the human-animal interface. Trends Microbiol 23:142–153CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Seef S, Jeppsson A (2013) Is it a policy crisis or it is a health crisis? The Egyptian context-analysis of the Egyptian health policy for the H1N1 flu pandemic control. Pan Afr Med J 14:59PubMedPubMedCentral Seef S, Jeppsson A (2013) Is it a policy crisis or it is a health crisis? The Egyptian context-analysis of the Egyptian health policy for the H1N1 flu pandemic control. Pan Afr Med J 14:59PubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Shalaby MA, Nafi BM, Saber MS, Hosny AH (1981) Serological studies on swine influenza in Egypt. Int J Zoonoses 8:100–106PubMed Shalaby MA, Nafi BM, Saber MS, Hosny AH (1981) Serological studies on swine influenza in Egypt. Int J Zoonoses 8:100–106PubMed

go back to reference Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30:2725–2729CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, Kumar S (2013) MEGA6: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol 30:2725–2729CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference WHO (2002) WHO manual on animal influenza diagnosis and surveillance. WHO, Geneva. http://www.wpro.who.int/emerging_diseases/documents/docs/manualonanimalaidiagnosisandsurveillance.pdf?ua=1 WHO (2002) WHO manual on animal influenza diagnosis and surveillance. WHO, Geneva. http://​www.​wpro.​who.​int/​emerging_​diseases/​documents/​docs/​manualonanimalai​diagnosisandsurv​eillance.​pdf?​ua=​1

go back to reference WHO (2010) Serological diagnosis of influenza by microneutralization assay WHO (2010) Serological diagnosis of influenza by microneutralization assay