Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Surgery Today
Published in: Surgery Today 10/2015

01-10-2015 | Review Article

Post-hepatectomy liver failure in patients with colorectal liver metastases

Authors: Masato Narita, Elie Oussoultzoglou, Philippe Bachellier, Daniel Jaeck, Shinji Uemoto

Published in: Surgery Today | Issue 10/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Liver resection remains the standard treatment for colorectal liver metastases (CLM). Major hepatic resection is now performed frequently and with relative safety, but postoperative mortality is still reported to occur in up to 6 % of the patients with CLM undergoing liver resection even at high-volume centers. Post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) is a key factor involved in mortality. The frequency of PHLF is reported to be 1–16 %, and has varied greatly among studies since a clear definition of PHLF has been lacking. Recently, the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS) proposed a simple definition of PHLF, which includes the combination of the severity of PHLF and does not use an arbitrary cut-off value for the serum bilirubin concentration and INR. Hence, it may be the most useful definition in the clinical setting. Advanced age, a small future liver remnant volume, preoperative chemotherapy and chemotherapy-induced liver injury may all be associated with PHLF. Once PHLF occurs, it is difficult to reverse, and thus, strategies aimed at prevention are keys to reducing the mortality after liver surgery.
Literature
1.
Simmonds PC, Primrose JN, Colquitt JL, et al. Surgical resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: a systematic review of published studies. Br J Cancer. 2006;94(7):982–99.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
2.
Ribeiro HS, Costa WL Jr, Diniz AL, et al. Extended preoperative chemotherapy, extent of liver resection and blood transfusion are predictive factors of liver failure following resection of colorectal liver metastasis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2013;39(4):380–5.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Lubezky N, Winograd E, Papoulas M, et al. Perioperative complications after neoadjuvant chemotherapy with and without bevacizumab for colorectal liver metastases. J Gastrointest Surg. 2013;17(3):527–32.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Shindoh J, Tzeng CW, Aloia TA, et al. Optimal future liver remnant in patients treated with extensive preoperative chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2013;20(8):2493–500.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Grat M, Holowko W, Lewandowski Z, et al. Early post-operative prediction of morbidity and mortality after a major liver resection for colorectal metastases. HPB Oxf. 2013;15(5):352–8.CrossRef
6.
Narita M, Oussoultzoglou E, Fuchshuber P, et al. What is a safe future liver remnant size in patients undergoing major hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases and treated by intensive preoperative chemotherapy? Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(8):2526–38.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Neeff HP, Drognitz O, Klock A, et al. Impact of preoperative targeted therapy on postoperative complications after resection of colorectal liver metastases. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012;27(5):635–45.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Tamandl D, Gruenberger B, Klinger M, et al. Liver resection remains a safe procedure after neoadjuvant chemotherapy including bevacizumab: a case-controlled study. Ann Surg. 2010;252(1):124–30.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Kostov DV, Kobakov GL. Segmental liver resection for colorectal metastases. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2009;18(4):447–53.PubMed
10.
Pawlik TM, Olino K, Gleisner AL, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases: impact on hepatic histology and postoperative outcome. J Gastrointest Surg. 2007;11(7):860–8.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Nagano Y, Nojiri K, Matsuo K, et al. The impact of advanced age on hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastases. J Am Coll Surg. 2005;201(4):511–6.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Little SA, Jarnagin WR, DeMatteo RP, et al. Diabetes is associated with increased perioperative mortality but equivalent long-term outcome after hepatic resection for colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2002;6(1):88–94.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Balzan S, Belghiti J, Farges O, et al. The “50-50 criteria” on postoperative day 5: an accurate predictor of liver failure and death after hepatectomy. Ann Surg. 2005;242(6):824–8 (discussion 828-9).CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
14.
Mullen JT, Ribero D, Reddy SK, et al. Hepatic insufficiency and mortality in 1,059 noncirrhotic patients undergoing major hepatectomy. J Am Coll Surg. 2007;204(5):854–62 (discussion 862-4).CrossRefPubMed
15.
Rahbari NN, Garden OJ, Padbury R, et al. Posthepatectomy liver failure: a definition and grading by the International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS). Surgery. 2011;149(5):713–24.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Rahbari NN, Reissfelder C, Koch M, et al. The predictive value of postoperative clinical risk scores for outcome after hepatic resection: a validation analysis in 807 patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(13):3640–9.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Reissfelder C, Rahbari NN, Koch M, et al. Postoperative course and clinical significance of biochemical blood tests following hepatic resection. Br J Surg. 2011;98(6):836–44.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Iakova P, Awad SS, Timchenko NA. Aging reduces proliferative capacities of liver by switching pathways of C/EBPalpha growth arrest. Cell. 2003;113(4):495–506.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Suttner SW, Surder C, Lang K, et al. Does age affect liver function and the hepatic acute phase response after major abdominal surgery? Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(11):1762–9.CrossRefPubMed
20.
21.
Zacharias T, Jaeck D, Oussoultzoglou E, et al. First and repeat resection of colorectal liver metastases in elderly patients. Ann Surg. 2004;240(5):858–65.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
22.
Adam R, Frilling A, Elias D, et al. Liver resection of colorectal metastases in elderly patients. Br J Surg. 2010;97(3):366–76.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Folprecht G, Seymour MT, Saltz L, et al. Irinotecan/fluorouracil combination in first-line therapy of older and younger patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: combined analysis of 2,691 patients in randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(9):1443–51.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Kishi Y, Abdalla EK, Chun YS, et al. Three hundred and one consecutive extended right hepatectomies: evaluation of outcome based on systematic liver volumetry. Ann Surg. 2009;250(4):540–8.PubMed
25.
Yigitler C, Farges O, Kianmanesh R, et al. The small remnant liver after major liver resection: how common and how relevant? Liver Transpl. 2003;9(9):S18–25.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Schindl MJ, Redhead DN, Fearon KC, et al. The value of residual liver volume as a predictor of hepatic dysfunction and infection after major liver resection. Gut. 2005;54(2):289–96.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
27.
Ferrero A, Vigano L, Polastri R, et al. Postoperative liver dysfunction and future remnant liver: where is the limit? Results of a prospective study. World J Surg. 2007;31(8):1643–51.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Seyama Y, Kubota K, Sano K, et al. Long-term outcome of extended hemihepatectomy for hilar bile duct cancer with no mortality and high survival rate. Ann Surg. 2003;238(1):73–83.PubMedCentralPubMed
29.
Nagino M, Kamiya J, Nishio H, et al. Two hundred forty consecutive portal vein embolizations before extended hepatectomy for biliary cancer: surgical outcome and long-term follow-up. Ann Surg. 2006;243(3):364–72.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
30.
Clavien PA, Petrowsky H, DeOliveira ML, Graf R. Strategies for safer liver surgery and partial liver transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(15):1545–59.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Nordlinger B, Sorbye H, Glimelius B, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC Intergroup trial 40983): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9617):1007–16.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
32.
Rubbia-Brandt L, Audard V, Sartoretti P, et al. Severe hepatic sinusoidal obstruction associated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(3):460–6.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Vauthey JN, Pawlik TM, Ribero D, et al. Chemotherapy regimen predicts steatohepatitis and an increase in 90-day mortality after surgery for hepatic colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(13):2065–72.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Azoulay D, Castaing D, Smail A, et al. Resection of nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer after percutaneous portal vein embolization. Ann Surg. 2000;231(4):480–6.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
35.
Adam R, Miller R, Pitombo M, et al. Two-stage hepatectomy approach for initially unresectable colorectal hepatic metastases. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2007;16(3):525–36.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Aloia T, Sebagh M, Plasse M, et al. Liver histology and surgical outcomes after preoperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer liver metastases. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(31):4983–90.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Karoui M, Penna C, Amin-Hashem M, et al. Influence of preoperative chemotherapy on the risk of major hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg. 2006;243(1):1–7.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
38.
Kishi Y, Zorzi D, Contreras CM, et al. Extended preoperative chemotherapy does not improve pathologic response and increases postoperative liver insufficiency after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(11):2870–6.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Nakano H, Oussoultzoglou E, Rosso E, et al. Sinusoidal injury increases morbidity after major hepatectomy in patients with colorectal liver metastases receiving preoperative chemotherapy. Ann Surg. 2008;247(1):118–24.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Narita M, Oussoultzoglou E, Chenard MP, et al. Liver injury due to chemotherapy-induced sinusoidal obstruction syndrome is associated with sinusoidal capillarization. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(7):2230–7.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Narita M, Oussoultzoglou E, Chenard MP, et al. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome compromises liver regeneration in patients undergoing two-stage hepatectomy with portal vein embolization. Surg Today. 2011;41(1):7–17.CrossRefPubMed
42.
de Baere T, Teriitehau C, Deschamps F, et al. Predictive factors for hypertrophy of the future remnant liver after selective portal vein embolization. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(8):2081–9.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Chun YS, Laurent A, Maru D, Vauthey JN. Management of chemotherapy-associated hepatotoxicity in colorectal liver metastases. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(3):278–86.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Day CP, James OF. Hepatic steatosis: innocent bystander or guilty party? Hepatology. 1998;27(6):1463–6.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Vetelainen R, van Vliet AK, van Gulik TM. Severe steatosis increases hepatocellular injury and impairs liver regeneration in a rat model of partial hepatectomy. Ann Surg. 2007;245(1):44–50.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
46.
Saito S, Yamanaka J, Miura K, et al. A novel 3-D hepatectomy simulation based on liver circulation: application to liver resection and transplantation. Hepatology. 2005;41(6):1297–304.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Yamanaka J, Saito S, Fujimoto J. Impact of preoperative planning using virtual segmental volumetry on liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg. 2007;31(6):1249–55.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Giraudo G, Greget M, Oussoultzoglou E, et al. Preoperative contralateral portal vein embolization before major hepatic resection is a safe and efficient procedure: a large single institution experience. Surgery. 2008;143(4):476–82.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Covey AM, Brown KT, Jarnagin WR, et al. Combined portal vein embolization and neoadjuvant chemotherapy as a treatment strategy for resectable hepatic colorectal metastases. Ann Surg. 2008;247(3):451–5.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Capussotti L, Muratore A, Baracchi F, et al. Portal vein ligation as an efficient method of increasing the future liver remnant volume in the surgical treatment of colorectal metastases. Arch Surg. 2008;143(10):978–82 (discussion 982).CrossRefPubMed
51.
Wicherts DA, Miller R, de Haas RJ, et al. Long-term results of two-stage hepatectomy for irresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases. Ann Surg. 2008;248(6):994–1005.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Ribero D, Abdalla EK, Madoff DC, et al. Portal vein embolization before major hepatectomy and its effects on regeneration, resectability and outcome. Br J Surg. 2007;94(11):1386–94.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Jaeck D, Oussoultzoglou E, Rosso E, et al. A two-stage hepatectomy procedure combined with portal vein embolization to achieve curative resection for initially unresectable multiple and bilobar colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg. 2004;240(6):1037–49 (discussion 1049-51).CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
54.
Narita M, Oussoultzoglou E, Jaeck D, et al. Two-stage hepatectomy for multiple bilobar colorectal liver metastases. Br J Surg. 2011;98(10):1463–75.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Narita M, Oussoultzoglou E, Bachellier P, et al. Two-stage hepatectomy procedure to treat initially unresectable multiple bilobar colorectal liver metastases: technical aspects. Dig Surg. 2011;28(2):121–6.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Schnitzbauer AA, Lang SA, Goessmann H, et al. Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings. Ann Surg. 2013;255(3):405–14.CrossRef
57.
Narita M, Oussoultzoglou E, Ikai I, et al. Right portal vein ligation combined with in situ splitting induces rapid left lateral liver lobe hypertrophy enabling 2-staged extended right hepatic resection in small-for-size settings. Ann Surg. 2013;256(3):e7–8 (author reply e16-7).CrossRef
58.
Oussoultzoglou E, Jaeck D, Addeo P, et al. Prediction of mortality rate after major hepatectomy in patients without cirrhosis. Arch Surg. 2010;145(11):1075–81.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Yokoyama Y, Nishio H, Ebata T, et al. Value of indocyanine green clearance of the future liver remnant in predicting outcome after resection for biliary cancer. Br J Surg. 2010;97(8):1260–8.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Imamura H, Seyama Y, Kokudo N, et al. One thousand fifty-six hepatectomies without mortality in 8 years. Arch Surg. 2003;138(11):1198–206 (discussion 1206).CrossRefPubMed
61.
Levesque E, Saliba F, Benhamida S, et al. Plasma disappearance rate of indocyanine green: a tool to evaluate early graft outcome after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2009;15(10):1358–64.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Poon RT, Fan ST. Assessment of hepatic reserve for indication of hepatic resection: how I do it. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2005;12(1):31–7.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Hemming AW, Scudamore CH, Shackleton CR, et al. Indocyanine green clearance as a predictor of successful hepatic resection in cirrhotic patients. Am J Surg. 1992;163(5):515–8.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Krieger PM, Tamandl D, Herberger B, et al. Evaluation of chemotherapy-associated liver injury in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases using indocyanine green clearance testing. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(6):1644–50.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Takamoto T, Hashimoto T, Sano K, et al. Recovery of liver function after the cessation of preoperative chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;17(10):2747–55.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Welsh FK, Tilney HS, Tekkis PP, et al. Safe liver resection following chemotherapy for colorectal metastases is a matter of timing. Br J Cancer. 2007;96(7):1037–42.CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMed
67.
Kooby DA, Stockman J, Ben-Porat L, et al. Influence of transfusions on perioperative and long-term outcome in patients following hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. Ann Surg. 2003;237(6):860–9 (discussion 869-70).PubMedCentralPubMed
68.
Poon RT, Fan ST, Lo CM, et al. Improving perioperative outcome expands the role of hepatectomy in management of benign and malignant hepatobiliary diseases: analysis of 1222 consecutive patients from a prospective database. Ann Surg. 2004;240(4):698–708 (discussion 708-10).PubMedCentralPubMed
69.
Luyer MD, Buurman WA, Hadfoune M, et al. Pretreatment with high-fat enteral nutrition reduces endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and preserves gut barrier function early after hemorrhagic shock. Shock. 2004;21(1):65–71.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Jensen LS, Andersen AJ, Christiansen PM, et al. Postoperative infection and natural killer cell function following blood transfusion in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 1992;79(6):513–6.CrossRefPubMed
71.
Jones RM, Moulton CE, Hardy KJ. Central venous pressure and its effect on blood loss during liver resection. Br J Surg. 1998;85(8):1058–60.CrossRefPubMed
72.
Rahbari NN, Koch M, Zimmermann JB, et al. Infrahepatic inferior vena cava clamping for reduction of central venous pressure and blood loss during hepatic resection: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2011;253(6):1102–10.CrossRefPubMed
73.
Dixon E, Vollmer CM Jr, Bathe OF, Sutherland F. Vascular occlusion to decrease blood loss during hepatic resection. Am J Surg. 2005;190(1):75–86.CrossRefPubMed
74.
Narita M, Oussoultzoglou E, Fuchshuber P, et al. Prolonged portal triad clamping increases postoperative sepsis after major hepatectomy in patients with sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and/or steatohepatitis. World J Surg. 2012;36(8):1848–57.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Allard MA, Adam R, Bucur PO, et al. Posthepatectomy portal vein pressure predicts liver failure and mortality after major liver resection on noncirrhotic liver. Ann Surg. 2013;258(5):822–9 (discussion 829-30).CrossRefPubMed
76.
Ito T, Kiuchi T, Yamamoto H, et al. Changes in portal venous pressure in the early phase after living donor liver transplantation: pathogenesis and clinical implications. Transplantation. 2003;75(8):1313–7.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Ogura Y, Hori T, El Moghazy WM, et al. Portal pressure < 15 mm Hg is a key for successful adult living donor liver transplantation utilizing smaller grafts than before. Liver Transpl. 2010;16(6):718–28.PubMed
78.
Yagi S, Iida T, Taniguchi K, et al. Impact of portal venous pressure on regeneration and graft damage after living-donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2005;11(1):68–75.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Yamanaka K, Hatano E, Narita M, et al. Olprinone attenuates excessive shear stress through up-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in a rat excessive hepatectomy model. Liver Transpl. 2011;17(1):60–9.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Narita M, Hatano E, Ikai I, et al. A phosphodiesterase III inhibitor protects rat liver from sinusoidal obstruction syndrome through heme oxygenase-1 induction. Ann Surg. 2009;249(5):806–13.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Capussotti L, Vigano L, Giuliante F, et al. Liver dysfunction and sepsis determine operative mortality after liver resection. Br J Surg. 2009;96(1):88–94.CrossRefPubMed
82.
McCuskey RS, McCuskey PA, Urbaschek R, Urbaschek B. Kupffer cell function in host defense. Rev Infect Dis. 1987;9(Suppl 5):S616–9.PubMed
83.
Garcea G, Maddern GJ. Liver failure after major hepatic resection. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2009;16(2):145–55.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Gross K, Katz S, Dunn SP, et al. Bacterial clearance in the intact and regenerating liver. J Pediatr Surg. 1985;20(4):320–3.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Gold JS, Are C, Kornprat P, et al. Increased use of parenchymal-sparing surgery for bilateral liver metastases from colorectal cancer is associated with improved mortality without change in oncologic outcome: trends in treatment over time in 440 patients. Ann Surg. 2008;247(1):109–17.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Torzilli G, Procopio F, Botea F, et al. One-stage ultrasonographically guided hepatectomy for multiple bilobar colorectal metastases: a feasible and effective alternative to the 2-stage approach. Surgery. 2009;146(1):60–71.CrossRefPubMed
87.
de Haas RJ, Wicherts DA, Flores E, et al. R1 resection by necessity for colorectal liver metastases: is it still a contraindication to surgery? Ann Surg. 2008;248(4):626–37.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Post-hepatectomy liver failure in patients with colorectal liver metastases
Authors
Masato Narita
Elie Oussoultzoglou
Philippe Bachellier
Daniel Jaeck
Shinji Uemoto
Publication date
01-10-2015
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Surgery Today / Issue 10/2015
Print ISSN: 0941-1291
Electronic ISSN: 1436-2813
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-015-1113-7

Other articles of this Issue 10/2015

Surgery Today 10/2015 Go to the issue

Original Article

Efficacy of transumbilical laparoscopic-assisted appendectomy for appendicitis: a four-year experience at a single center

Original Article

Asymptomatic dissecting intimal lesions of common carotid arteries after carotid endarterectomy

Original Article

Surgical risk model for acute diffuse peritonitis based on a Japanese nationwide database: an initial report on the surgical and 30-day mortality

Review Article

Valve-related complications after mechanical heart valve implantation

Original Article

Poor prognosis of common-type invasive ductal carcinomas that originate in the branching pancreatic duct

Case Report

Recurrent pneumothorax associated with bronchial atresia: report of a case