Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Surgery Today 6/2014

01-06-2014 | Review Article

A worldwide trend of increasing primary adenocarcinoma of the lung

Authors: Haruhiko Nakamura, Hisashi Saji

Published in: Surgery Today | Issue 6/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

The four major histological types of lung cancer are adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SQ), large cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma. Over the past few decades, the incidence of lung adenocarcinoma has increased gradually in most countries as the most frequently occurring histological type, displacing SQ. Adenocarcinoma is the predominant type of lung cancer among lifelong non-smokers and among females. Especially in East Asian countries, the cause(s) of the increase in adenocarcinomas are not clear. Several genetic mutations specific to lung adenocarcinomas have been found, representing attractive targets for molecular therapy. Recently, the pathological classification of lung adenocarcinoma was revised by integrating the newer clinical and biological knowledge concerning this prevailing type. Additional epidemiological, pathological and genetic studies are required to better understand this type of lung cancer.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74–108.PubMedCrossRef Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55:74–108.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61:69–90.PubMedCrossRef Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61:69–90.PubMedCrossRef
3.
4.
go back to reference Devesa SS, Bray F, Vizcaino AP, Parkin DM. International lung cancer trends by histologic type: male:female differences diminishing and adenocarcinoma rates rising. Int J Cancer. 2005;117:294–9.PubMedCrossRef Devesa SS, Bray F, Vizcaino AP, Parkin DM. International lung cancer trends by histologic type: male:female differences diminishing and adenocarcinoma rates rising. Int J Cancer. 2005;117:294–9.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Morita T. A statistical study of lung cancer in the annual of pathological autopsy cases in Japan, from 1958 to 1997, with reference to time trends of lung cancer in the world. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2002;93:15–23.PubMedCrossRef Morita T. A statistical study of lung cancer in the annual of pathological autopsy cases in Japan, from 1958 to 1997, with reference to time trends of lung cancer in the world. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2002;93:15–23.PubMedCrossRef
6.
7.
go back to reference Sun Y, Ren Y, Fang Z, Li C, Fang R, Gao B, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma from East Asian never-smokers is a disease largely defined by targetable oncogenic mutant kinases. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4616–20.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Sun Y, Ren Y, Fang Z, Li C, Fang R, Gao B, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma from East Asian never-smokers is a disease largely defined by targetable oncogenic mutant kinases. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4616–20.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Fontham ET, Correa P, Reynolds P, Wu-Williams A, Buffler PA, Greenberg RS, et al. Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in nonsmoking women. A multicenter study. JAMA. 1994;271:1752–9.PubMedCrossRef Fontham ET, Correa P, Reynolds P, Wu-Williams A, Buffler PA, Greenberg RS, et al. Environmental tobacco smoke and lung cancer in nonsmoking women. A multicenter study. JAMA. 1994;271:1752–9.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Sakurai H, Asamura H, Goya T, Eguchi K, Nakanishi Y, Sawabata N, et al. Survival differences by gender for resected non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective analysis of 12,509 cases in a Japanese Lung Cancer Registry study. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5:1594–601.PubMedCrossRef Sakurai H, Asamura H, Goya T, Eguchi K, Nakanishi Y, Sawabata N, et al. Survival differences by gender for resected non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective analysis of 12,509 cases in a Japanese Lung Cancer Registry study. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5:1594–601.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Sawabata N, Miyaoka E, Asamura H, Nakanishi Y, Eguchi K, Mori M, et al. Japanese Joint Committee for Lung Cancer R: Japanese lung cancer registry study of 11,663 surgical cases in 2004: demographic and prognosis changes over decade. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6:1229–35.PubMedCrossRef Sawabata N, Miyaoka E, Asamura H, Nakanishi Y, Eguchi K, Mori M, et al. Japanese Joint Committee for Lung Cancer R: Japanese lung cancer registry study of 11,663 surgical cases in 2004: demographic and prognosis changes over decade. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6:1229–35.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Sagerup CM, Smastuen M, Johannesen TB, Helland A, Brustugun OT. Sex-specific trends in lung cancer incidence and survival: a population study of 40,118 cases. Thorax. 2011;66:301–7.PubMedCrossRef Sagerup CM, Smastuen M, Johannesen TB, Helland A, Brustugun OT. Sex-specific trends in lung cancer incidence and survival: a population study of 40,118 cases. Thorax. 2011;66:301–7.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Jiang X, de Groh M, Liu S, Liang H, Morrison H. Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the lung in Canada. Lung Cancer. 2012;78:16–22.PubMedCrossRef Jiang X, de Groh M, Liu S, Liang H, Morrison H. Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the lung in Canada. Lung Cancer. 2012;78:16–22.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Chen F, Bina WF, Cole P. Declining incidence rate of lung adenocarcinoma in the United States. Chest. 2007;131:1000–5.PubMedCrossRef Chen F, Bina WF, Cole P. Declining incidence rate of lung adenocarcinoma in the United States. Chest. 2007;131:1000–5.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Au JS, Mang OW, Foo W, Law SC. Time trends of lung cancer incidence by histologic types and smoking prevalence in Hong Kong 1983–2000. Lung Cancer. 2004;45:143–52.PubMedCrossRef Au JS, Mang OW, Foo W, Law SC. Time trends of lung cancer incidence by histologic types and smoking prevalence in Hong Kong 1983–2000. Lung Cancer. 2004;45:143–52.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Gao YT, Blot WJ, Zheng W, Ershow AG, Hsu CW, Levin LI, et al. Lung cancer among Chinese women. Int J Cancer. 1987;40:604–9.PubMedCrossRef Gao YT, Blot WJ, Zheng W, Ershow AG, Hsu CW, Levin LI, et al. Lung cancer among Chinese women. Int J Cancer. 1987;40:604–9.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Koo LC, Ho JH. Worldwide epidemiological patterns of lung cancer in nonsmokers. Int J Epidemiol. 1990;19(Suppl 1):S14–23.PubMedCrossRef Koo LC, Ho JH. Worldwide epidemiological patterns of lung cancer in nonsmokers. Int J Epidemiol. 1990;19(Suppl 1):S14–23.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Ko YC, Lee CH, Chen MJ, Huang CC, Chang WY, Lin HJ, et al. Risk factors for primary lung cancer among non-smoking women in Taiwan. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26:24–31.PubMedCrossRef Ko YC, Lee CH, Chen MJ, Huang CC, Chang WY, Lin HJ, et al. Risk factors for primary lung cancer among non-smoking women in Taiwan. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26:24–31.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Yu IT, Chiu YL, Au JS, Wong TW, Tang JL. Dose–response relationship between cooking fumes exposures and lung cancer among Chinese nonsmoking women. Cancer Res. 2006;66:4961–7.PubMedCrossRef Yu IT, Chiu YL, Au JS, Wong TW, Tang JL. Dose–response relationship between cooking fumes exposures and lung cancer among Chinese nonsmoking women. Cancer Res. 2006;66:4961–7.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Wingo PA, Ries LA, Giovino GA, Miller DS, Rosenberg HM, Shopland DR, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973–1996, with a special section on lung cancer and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:675–90.PubMedCrossRef Wingo PA, Ries LA, Giovino GA, Miller DS, Rosenberg HM, Shopland DR, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973–1996, with a special section on lung cancer and tobacco smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:675–90.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Papadopoulos A, Guida F, Cenee S, Cyr D, Schmaus A, Radoi L, et al. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in women: results of the French ICARE case–control study. Lung Cancer. 2011;74:369–77.PubMedCrossRef Papadopoulos A, Guida F, Cenee S, Cyr D, Schmaus A, Radoi L, et al. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer in women: results of the French ICARE case–control study. Lung Cancer. 2011;74:369–77.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Zang EA, Wynder EL. Differences in lung cancer risk between men and women: examination of the evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:183–92.PubMedCrossRef Zang EA, Wynder EL. Differences in lung cancer risk between men and women: examination of the evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:183–92.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Bain C, Feskanich D, Speizer FE, Thun M, Hertzmark E, Rosner BA, et al. Lung cancer rates in men and women with comparable histories of smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:826–34.PubMedCrossRef Bain C, Feskanich D, Speizer FE, Thun M, Hertzmark E, Rosner BA, et al. Lung cancer rates in men and women with comparable histories of smoking. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:826–34.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Kiyohara C, Ohno Y. Sex differences in lung cancer susceptibility: a review. Gend Med. 2010;7:381–401.PubMedCrossRef Kiyohara C, Ohno Y. Sex differences in lung cancer susceptibility: a review. Gend Med. 2010;7:381–401.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Engeland A, Haldorsen T, Andersen A, Tretli S. The impact of smoking habits on lung cancer risk: 28 years’ observation of 26,000 Norwegian men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 1996;7:366–76.PubMedCrossRef Engeland A, Haldorsen T, Andersen A, Tretli S. The impact of smoking habits on lung cancer risk: 28 years’ observation of 26,000 Norwegian men and women. Cancer Causes Control. 1996;7:366–76.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Kreuzer M, Boffetta P, Whitley E, Ahrens W, Gaborieau V, Heinrich J, et al. Gender differences in lung cancer risk by smoking: a multicentre case–control study in Germany and Italy. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:227–33.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kreuzer M, Boffetta P, Whitley E, Ahrens W, Gaborieau V, Heinrich J, et al. Gender differences in lung cancer risk by smoking: a multicentre case–control study in Germany and Italy. Br J Cancer. 2000;82:227–33.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Ryberg D, Hewer A, Phillips DH, Haugen A. Different susceptibility to smoking-induced DNA damage among male and female lung cancer patients. Cancer Res. 1994;54:5801–3.PubMed Ryberg D, Hewer A, Phillips DH, Haugen A. Different susceptibility to smoking-induced DNA damage among male and female lung cancer patients. Cancer Res. 1994;54:5801–3.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Kure EH, Ryberg D, Hewer A, Phillips DH, Skaug V, Baera R, et al. p53 mutations in lung tumours: relationship to gender and lung DNA adduct levels. Carcinogenesis. 1996;17:2201–5.PubMedCrossRef Kure EH, Ryberg D, Hewer A, Phillips DH, Skaug V, Baera R, et al. p53 mutations in lung tumours: relationship to gender and lung DNA adduct levels. Carcinogenesis. 1996;17:2201–5.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Wei Q, Cheng L, Amos CI, Wang LE, Guo Z, Hong WK, et al. Repair of tobacco carcinogen-induced DNA adducts and lung cancer risk: a molecular epidemiologic study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1764–72.PubMedCrossRef Wei Q, Cheng L, Amos CI, Wang LE, Guo Z, Hong WK, et al. Repair of tobacco carcinogen-induced DNA adducts and lung cancer risk: a molecular epidemiologic study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92:1764–72.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Mooney LA, Perera FP, Van Bennekum AM, Blaner WS, Karkoszka J, Covey L, et al. Gender differences in autoantibodies to oxidative DNA base damage in cigarette smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10:641–8.PubMed Mooney LA, Perera FP, Van Bennekum AM, Blaner WS, Karkoszka J, Covey L, et al. Gender differences in autoantibodies to oxidative DNA base damage in cigarette smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10:641–8.PubMed
31.
go back to reference Tang DL, Rundle A, Warburton D, Santella RM, Tsai WY, Chiamprasert S, et al. Associations between both genetic and environmental biomarkers and lung cancer: evidence of a greater risk of lung cancer in women smokers. Carcinogenesis. 1998;19:1949–53.PubMedCrossRef Tang DL, Rundle A, Warburton D, Santella RM, Tsai WY, Chiamprasert S, et al. Associations between both genetic and environmental biomarkers and lung cancer: evidence of a greater risk of lung cancer in women smokers. Carcinogenesis. 1998;19:1949–53.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Guinee DG Jr, Travis WD, Trivers GE, De Benedetti VM, Cawley H, Welsh JA, et al. Gender comparisons in human lung cancer: analysis of p53 mutations, anti-p53 serum antibodies and C-erbB-2 expression. Carcinogenesis. 1995;16:993–1002.PubMedCrossRef Guinee DG Jr, Travis WD, Trivers GE, De Benedetti VM, Cawley H, Welsh JA, et al. Gender comparisons in human lung cancer: analysis of p53 mutations, anti-p53 serum antibodies and C-erbB-2 expression. Carcinogenesis. 1995;16:993–1002.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Nelson HH, Christiani DC, Mark EJ, Wiencke JK, Wain JC, Kelsey KT. Implications and prognostic value of K-ras mutation for early-stage lung cancer in women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:2032–8.PubMedCrossRef Nelson HH, Christiani DC, Mark EJ, Wiencke JK, Wain JC, Kelsey KT. Implications and prognostic value of K-ras mutation for early-stage lung cancer in women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999;91:2032–8.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Shigematsu H, Lin L, Takahashi T, Nomura M, Suzuki M, Wistuba II, et al. Clinical and biological features associated with epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations in lung cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:339–46.PubMedCrossRef Shigematsu H, Lin L, Takahashi T, Nomura M, Suzuki M, Wistuba II, et al. Clinical and biological features associated with epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations in lung cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:339–46.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Scott E, Sharma M, Robert F, Spencer SA, et al. Women with pathologic stage I, II, and III non-small cell lung cancer have better survival than men. Chest. 2006;130:1796–802.PubMedCrossRef Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Scott E, Sharma M, Robert F, Spencer SA, et al. Women with pathologic stage I, II, and III non-small cell lung cancer have better survival than men. Chest. 2006;130:1796–802.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Nakamura H, Ando K, Shinmyo T, Morita K, Mochizuki A, Kurimoto N, et al. Female gender is an independent prognostic factor in non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;17:469–80.PubMedCrossRef Nakamura H, Ando K, Shinmyo T, Morita K, Mochizuki A, Kurimoto N, et al. Female gender is an independent prognostic factor in non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;17:469–80.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Kawaguchi T, Matsumura A, Fukai S, Tamura A, Saito R, Zell JA, et al. Japanese ethnicity compared with Caucasian ethnicity and never-smoking status are independent favorable prognostic factors for overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer: a collaborative epidemiologic study of the National Hospital Organization Study Group for Lung Cancer (NHSGLC) in Japan and a Southern California Regional Cancer Registry databases. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5:1001–10.PubMed Kawaguchi T, Matsumura A, Fukai S, Tamura A, Saito R, Zell JA, et al. Japanese ethnicity compared with Caucasian ethnicity and never-smoking status are independent favorable prognostic factors for overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer: a collaborative epidemiologic study of the National Hospital Organization Study Group for Lung Cancer (NHSGLC) in Japan and a Southern California Regional Cancer Registry databases. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5:1001–10.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Ou SH, Ziogas A, Zell JA. Asian ethnicity is a favorable prognostic factor for overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is independent of smoking status. J Thorac Oncol. 2009;4:1083–93.PubMedCrossRef Ou SH, Ziogas A, Zell JA. Asian ethnicity is a favorable prognostic factor for overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is independent of smoking status. J Thorac Oncol. 2009;4:1083–93.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Nagy-Mignotte H, Guillem P, Vesin A, Toffart AC, Colonna M, Bonneterre V, et al. Primary lung adenocarcinoma: characteristics by smoking habit and sex. Eur Respir J. 2011;38:1412–9.PubMedCrossRef Nagy-Mignotte H, Guillem P, Vesin A, Toffart AC, Colonna M, Bonneterre V, et al. Primary lung adenocarcinoma: characteristics by smoking habit and sex. Eur Respir J. 2011;38:1412–9.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Epplein M, Schwartz SM, Potter JD, Weiss NS. Smoking-adjusted lung cancer incidence among Asian-Americans (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16:1085–90.PubMedCrossRef Epplein M, Schwartz SM, Potter JD, Weiss NS. Smoking-adjusted lung cancer incidence among Asian-Americans (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16:1085–90.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Stellman SD, Takezaki T, Wang L, Chen Y, Citron ML, Djordjevic MV, et al. Smoking and lung cancer risk in American and Japanese men: an international case–control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10:1193–9.PubMed Stellman SD, Takezaki T, Wang L, Chen Y, Citron ML, Djordjevic MV, et al. Smoking and lung cancer risk in American and Japanese men: an international case–control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001;10:1193–9.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Ando M, Wakai K, Seki N, Tamakoshi A, Suzuki K, Ito Y, et al. Attributable and absolute risk of lung cancer death by smoking status: findings from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Int J Cancer. 2003;105:249–54.PubMedCrossRef Ando M, Wakai K, Seki N, Tamakoshi A, Suzuki K, Ito Y, et al. Attributable and absolute risk of lung cancer death by smoking status: findings from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Int J Cancer. 2003;105:249–54.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Akiba S, Hirayama T. Cigarette smoking and cancer mortality risk in Japanese men and women—results from reanalysis of the six-prefecture cohort study data. Environ Health Perspect. 1990;87:19–26.PubMedCentralPubMed Akiba S, Hirayama T. Cigarette smoking and cancer mortality risk in Japanese men and women—results from reanalysis of the six-prefecture cohort study data. Environ Health Perspect. 1990;87:19–26.PubMedCentralPubMed
45.
go back to reference Thun MJ, Lally CA, Flannery JT, Calle EE, Flanders WD, Heath CW Jr. Cigarette smoking and changes in the histopathology of lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:1580–6.PubMedCrossRef Thun MJ, Lally CA, Flannery JT, Calle EE, Flanders WD, Heath CW Jr. Cigarette smoking and changes in the histopathology of lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:1580–6.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference McLaughlin JK, Hrubec Z, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF Jr. Smoking and cancer mortality among US veterans: a 26-year follow-up. Int J Cancer. 1995;60:190–3.PubMedCrossRef McLaughlin JK, Hrubec Z, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF Jr. Smoking and cancer mortality among US veterans: a 26-year follow-up. Int J Cancer. 1995;60:190–3.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 1994;309:901–11.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Doll R, Peto R, Wheatley K, Gray R, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male British doctors. BMJ. 1994;309:901–11.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Marugame T, Sobue T, Satoh H, Komatsu S, Nishino Y, Nakatsuka H, et al. Lung cancer death rates by smoking status: comparison of the Three-Prefecture Cohort study in Japan to the Cancer Prevention Study II in the USA. Cancer Sci. 2005;96:120–6.PubMedCrossRef Marugame T, Sobue T, Satoh H, Komatsu S, Nishino Y, Nakatsuka H, et al. Lung cancer death rates by smoking status: comparison of the Three-Prefecture Cohort study in Japan to the Cancer Prevention Study II in the USA. Cancer Sci. 2005;96:120–6.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Pesch B, Kendzia B, Gustavsson P, Jockel KH, Johnen G, Pohlabeln H, et al. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer-relative risk estimates for the major histological types from a pooled analysis of case–control studies. Int J Cancer. 2012;131:1210–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Pesch B, Kendzia B, Gustavsson P, Jockel KH, Johnen G, Pohlabeln H, et al. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer-relative risk estimates for the major histological types from a pooled analysis of case–control studies. Int J Cancer. 2012;131:1210–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, Gurubhagavatula S, Okimoto RA, Brannigan BW, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2129–39.PubMedCrossRef Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, Gurubhagavatula S, Okimoto RA, Brannigan BW, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2129–39.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Paez JG, Janne PA, Lee JC, Tracy S, Greulich H, Gabriel S, et al. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science. 2004;304:1497–500.PubMedCrossRef Paez JG, Janne PA, Lee JC, Tracy S, Greulich H, Gabriel S, et al. EGFR mutations in lung cancer: correlation with clinical response to gefitinib therapy. Science. 2004;304:1497–500.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Pao W, Miller V, Zakowski M, Doherty J, Politi K, Sarkaria I, et al. EGF receptor gene mutations are common in lung cancers from “never smokers” and are associated with sensitivity of tumors to gefitinib and erlotinib. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:13306–11.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Pao W, Miller V, Zakowski M, Doherty J, Politi K, Sarkaria I, et al. EGF receptor gene mutations are common in lung cancers from “never smokers” and are associated with sensitivity of tumors to gefitinib and erlotinib. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:13306–11.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Yang SH, Mechanic LE, Yang P, Landi MT, Bowman ED, Wampfler J, et al. Mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:2106–10.PubMedCrossRef Yang SH, Mechanic LE, Yang P, Landi MT, Bowman ED, Wampfler J, et al. Mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:2106–10.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Helland A, Skaug HM, Kleinberg L, Iversen ML, Rud AK, Fleischer T, et al. EGFR gene alterations in a Norwegian cohort of lung cancer patients selected for surgery. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6:947–50.PubMedCrossRef Helland A, Skaug HM, Kleinberg L, Iversen ML, Rud AK, Fleischer T, et al. EGFR gene alterations in a Norwegian cohort of lung cancer patients selected for surgery. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6:947–50.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Wu AH, Fontham ET, Reynolds P, Greenberg RS, Buffler P, Liff J, et al. Family history of cancer and risk of lung cancer among lifetime nonsmoking women in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143:535–42.PubMedCrossRef Wu AH, Fontham ET, Reynolds P, Greenberg RS, Buffler P, Liff J, et al. Family history of cancer and risk of lung cancer among lifetime nonsmoking women in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 1996;143:535–42.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Shiraishi K, Kunitoh H, Daigo Y, Takahashi A, Goto K, Sakamoto H, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies two new susceptibility loci for lung adenocarcinoma in the Japanese population. Nat Genet. 2012;44:900–3.PubMedCrossRef Shiraishi K, Kunitoh H, Daigo Y, Takahashi A, Goto K, Sakamoto H, et al. A genome-wide association study identifies two new susceptibility loci for lung adenocarcinoma in the Japanese population. Nat Genet. 2012;44:900–3.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Soo RA, Loh M, Mok TS, Ou SH, Cho BC, Yeo WL, et al. Ethnic differences in survival outcome in patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer: results of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6:1030–8.PubMedCrossRef Soo RA, Loh M, Mok TS, Ou SH, Cho BC, Yeo WL, et al. Ethnic differences in survival outcome in patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer: results of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6:1030–8.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Ginsberg R, Rubinstein L. Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60:615–22.PubMedCrossRef Ginsberg R, Rubinstein L. Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 N0 non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer Study Group. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995;60:615–22.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Whitson BA, Groth SS, Andrade RS, Maddaus MA, Habermann EB, D’Cunha J. Survival after lobectomy versus segmentectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a population-based analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:1943–50.PubMedCrossRef Whitson BA, Groth SS, Andrade RS, Maddaus MA, Habermann EB, D’Cunha J. Survival after lobectomy versus segmentectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: a population-based analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2011;92:1943–50.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Okada M, Yoshikawa K, Hatta T, Tsubota N. Is segmentectomy with lymph node assessment an alternative to lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer of 2 cm or smaller? Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:956–60.PubMedCrossRef Okada M, Yoshikawa K, Hatta T, Tsubota N. Is segmentectomy with lymph node assessment an alternative to lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer of 2 cm or smaller? Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;71:956–60.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Koike T, Yamato Y, Yoshiya K, Shimoyama T, Suzuki R. Intentional limited pulmonary resection for peripheral T1 N0 M0 small-sized lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:924–8.PubMedCrossRef Koike T, Yamato Y, Yoshiya K, Shimoyama T, Suzuki R. Intentional limited pulmonary resection for peripheral T1 N0 M0 small-sized lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125:924–8.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, Nicholson AG, Geisinger KR, Yatabe Y, et al. International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. International multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6:244–85.PubMedCrossRef Travis WD, Brambilla E, Noguchi M, Nicholson AG, Geisinger KR, Yatabe Y, et al. International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. International multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6:244–85.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Gealy R, Zhang L, Siegfried JM, Luketich JD, Keohavong P. Comparison of mutations in the p53 and K-ras genes in lung carcinomas from smoking and nonsmoking women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8:297–302.PubMed Gealy R, Zhang L, Siegfried JM, Luketich JD, Keohavong P. Comparison of mutations in the p53 and K-ras genes in lung carcinomas from smoking and nonsmoking women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8:297–302.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Thu KL, Vucic EA, Chari R, Zhang W, Lockwood WW, English JC, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma of never smokers and smokers harbor differential regions of genetic alteration and exhibit different levels of genomic instability. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e33003.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Thu KL, Vucic EA, Chari R, Zhang W, Lockwood WW, English JC, et al. Lung adenocarcinoma of never smokers and smokers harbor differential regions of genetic alteration and exhibit different levels of genomic instability. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e33003.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco smoke and involantary smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2004;83:1431–8. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco smoke and involantary smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2004;83:1431–8.
66.
go back to reference Vineis P, Alavanja M, Buffler P, Fontham E, Franceschi S, Gao YT, et al. Tobacco and cancer: recent epidemiological evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:99–106.PubMedCrossRef Vineis P, Alavanja M, Buffler P, Fontham E, Franceschi S, Gao YT, et al. Tobacco and cancer: recent epidemiological evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:99–106.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Lee YJ, Cho BC, Jee SH, Moon JW, Kim SK, Chang J, et al. Impact of environmental tobacco smoke on the incidence of mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor gene in never-smoker patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:487–92.PubMedCrossRef Lee YJ, Cho BC, Jee SH, Moon JW, Kim SK, Chang J, et al. Impact of environmental tobacco smoke on the incidence of mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor gene in never-smoker patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:487–92.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Zhang Y, Sun Y, Pan Y, Li C, Shen L, Li Y, et al. Frequency of driver mutations in lung adenocarcinoma from female never-smokers varies with histologic subtypes and age at diagnosis. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:1947–53.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Zhang Y, Sun Y, Pan Y, Li C, Shen L, Li Y, et al. Frequency of driver mutations in lung adenocarcinoma from female never-smokers varies with histologic subtypes and age at diagnosis. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:1947–53.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Liaw YP, Ting TF, Ho KK, Yang CF. Cell type specificity of lung cancer associated with air pollution. Sci Total Environ. 2008;395:23–7.PubMedCrossRef Liaw YP, Ting TF, Ho KK, Yang CF. Cell type specificity of lung cancer associated with air pollution. Sci Total Environ. 2008;395:23–7.PubMedCrossRef
70.
71.
go back to reference Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, Fagerstrom RM, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:395–409.PubMedCrossRef Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, Fagerstrom RM, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:395–409.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Bach PB, Mirkin JN, Oliver TK, Azzoli CG, Berry DA, Brawley OW, et al. Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review. JAMA. 2012;307:2418–29.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Bach PB, Mirkin JN, Oliver TK, Azzoli CG, Berry DA, Brawley OW, et al. Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review. JAMA. 2012;307:2418–29.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
A worldwide trend of increasing primary adenocarcinoma of the lung
Authors
Haruhiko Nakamura
Hisashi Saji
Publication date
01-06-2014
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Surgery Today / Issue 6/2014
Print ISSN: 0941-1291
Electronic ISSN: 1436-2813
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-013-0636-z

Other articles of this Issue 6/2014

Surgery Today 6/2014 Go to the issue