Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Pediatric Nephrology 11/2005

01-11-2005 | Original Article

Nephrolithiasis in children

Authors: Mary Ann Cameron, Khashayar Sakhaee, Orson W. Moe

Published in: Pediatric Nephrology | Issue 11/2005

Login to get access

Abstract

A metabolic etiology is the most common cause for pediatric kidney stones. Appropriate evaluation of affected children should include assessment of stone type, if available, and assessment of predisposing factors in all cases. This review discusses the metabolic disorders that lead to nephrolithiasis with respect to the development of calcium, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. Environmental and hereditary factors are summarized to provide a guide in the evaluation of pediatric stone formers.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Pietrow P, Pope JC, Adams MC, Shyr Y, Brock JW (2002) Clinical outcome of pediatric stone disease. J Urol 167:670–673CrossRefPubMed Pietrow P, Pope JC, Adams MC, Shyr Y, Brock JW (2002) Clinical outcome of pediatric stone disease. J Urol 167:670–673CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Coward RJ, Peters CJ, Duffy PG, Corry D, Kellett MJ, Choong S, van’t Hoff WG (2003) Epidemiology of paediatric renal stone disease in the UK. Arch Dis Child 88:962–965CrossRefPubMed Coward RJ, Peters CJ, Duffy PG, Corry D, Kellett MJ, Choong S, van’t Hoff WG (2003) Epidemiology of paediatric renal stone disease in the UK. Arch Dis Child 88:962–965CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Ozokutan BH, Kucukaydin M, Gunduz Z, Kabaklioglu M, Okur H, Turan C (2000) Urolithiasis in childhood. Pediatr Surg Int 16:60–63CrossRefPubMed Ozokutan BH, Kucukaydin M, Gunduz Z, Kabaklioglu M, Okur H, Turan C (2000) Urolithiasis in childhood. Pediatr Surg Int 16:60–63CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Santos-Victoriano M, Brouhard BH, Cunningham RJ III (1998) Renal stone disease in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 37:583–599 Santos-Victoriano M, Brouhard BH, Cunningham RJ III (1998) Renal stone disease in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 37:583–599
6.
go back to reference Alon US, Zimmerman H, Alon M (2004) Evaluation and treatment of pediatric idiopathic urolithiasis-revisited. Pediatr Nephrol 19:516–520CrossRefPubMed Alon US, Zimmerman H, Alon M (2004) Evaluation and treatment of pediatric idiopathic urolithiasis-revisited. Pediatr Nephrol 19:516–520CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Butani L, Kalia A (2004) Idiopathic hypercalciuria in children—how valid are the existing diagnostic criteria? Pediatr Nephrol 19:577–582CrossRefPubMed Butani L, Kalia A (2004) Idiopathic hypercalciuria in children—how valid are the existing diagnostic criteria? Pediatr Nephrol 19:577–582CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Pak CYC, Ohata M, Lawrence EC, Snyder W (1974) The hypercalciurias: causes, parathyroid functions, and diagnostic criteria. J Clin Invest 54:387–400PubMed Pak CYC, Ohata M, Lawrence EC, Snyder W (1974) The hypercalciurias: causes, parathyroid functions, and diagnostic criteria. J Clin Invest 54:387–400PubMed
9.
go back to reference Reed BY, Gitomer WL, Heller HJ, Hsu MC, Lemke M, Padalino P, Pak CY (2002) Identification and characterization of a gene with base substitutions associated with the absorptive hypercalciuria phenotype and low spinal bone density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1476–1485CrossRefPubMed Reed BY, Gitomer WL, Heller HJ, Hsu MC, Lemke M, Padalino P, Pak CY (2002) Identification and characterization of a gene with base substitutions associated with the absorptive hypercalciuria phenotype and low spinal bone density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1476–1485CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Stapleton FB, Langman CB, Bittle J, Miller LA (1987) Increased serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D in children with fasting hypercalciuria. J Pediatr 110:234–237PubMed Stapleton FB, Langman CB, Bittle J, Miller LA (1987) Increased serum concentrations of 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D in children with fasting hypercalciuria. J Pediatr 110:234–237PubMed
11.
go back to reference Garcia-Nieto V, Ferrandez C, Monge M, de Sequera M, Rodrigo MD (1997) Bone mineral density in pediatric patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Pediatr Nephrol 11:578–583CrossRefPubMed Garcia-Nieto V, Ferrandez C, Monge M, de Sequera M, Rodrigo MD (1997) Bone mineral density in pediatric patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. Pediatr Nephrol 11:578–583CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Reddy ST, Wang CY, Sakhaee K, Brinkley L, Pak CYC (2002) Effect of low-carbohydrate high-protein diets on acid-base balance, stone-forming propensity, and calcium metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis 40:265–274CrossRefPubMed Reddy ST, Wang CY, Sakhaee K, Brinkley L, Pak CYC (2002) Effect of low-carbohydrate high-protein diets on acid-base balance, stone-forming propensity, and calcium metabolism. Am J Kidney Dis 40:265–274CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Furth SL, Casey JC, Pyzik PL, Neu AM, Docimo SG, Vining EPG, Freeman JM, Fivush BA (2000) Risk factors for urolithiasis in children on the ketogenic diet. Pediatr Nephrol 15:125–128CrossRefPubMed Furth SL, Casey JC, Pyzik PL, Neu AM, Docimo SG, Vining EPG, Freeman JM, Fivush BA (2000) Risk factors for urolithiasis in children on the ketogenic diet. Pediatr Nephrol 15:125–128CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Bergstrom WH (1978) Hypercalciuria and hypercalcemia complicating immobilization. Am J Dis Child 132:553–554PubMed Bergstrom WH (1978) Hypercalciuria and hypercalcemia complicating immobilization. Am J Dis Child 132:553–554PubMed
16.
go back to reference Stapleton FB, Roy S 3rd, Noe HN, Jerkins G (1984) Hypercalciuria in children with hematuria. N Engl J Med 310:1345–1348PubMed Stapleton FB, Roy S 3rd, Noe HN, Jerkins G (1984) Hypercalciuria in children with hematuria. N Engl J Med 310:1345–1348PubMed
17.
go back to reference Hymes LC, Warshaw BL (1987) Thiazide diuretics for the treatment of children with idiopathic hypercalciuria and hematuria. J Urol 138:1217–1219PubMed Hymes LC, Warshaw BL (1987) Thiazide diuretics for the treatment of children with idiopathic hypercalciuria and hematuria. J Urol 138:1217–1219PubMed
18.
go back to reference Cameron MA, Pak CYC (2004) Approach to the patient with the first episode of nephrolithiasis. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2:265–278CrossRef Cameron MA, Pak CYC (2004) Approach to the patient with the first episode of nephrolithiasis. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2:265–278CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Edin-Liljegren A, Hedelin HH, Grenabo L, Pettersson S (1995) Impact of Escherichia coli on urine citrate and urease-induced crystallization. Scanning Microsc 9:901–905PubMed Edin-Liljegren A, Hedelin HH, Grenabo L, Pettersson S (1995) Impact of Escherichia coli on urine citrate and urease-induced crystallization. Scanning Microsc 9:901–905PubMed
20.
21.
go back to reference Leumann E, Hoppe B (2001) The primary hyperoxalurias. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:1986–1993PubMed Leumann E, Hoppe B (2001) The primary hyperoxalurias. J Am Soc Nephrol 12:1986–1993PubMed
22.
go back to reference Van Woerden C, Groothoff J, Wijburg FA, Annink C, Wanders RJA, Waters O (2004) Clinical implications of mutation analysis in primary hyperoxaluria type I. Kidney Int 66:746–752CrossRefPubMed Van Woerden C, Groothoff J, Wijburg FA, Annink C, Wanders RJA, Waters O (2004) Clinical implications of mutation analysis in primary hyperoxaluria type I. Kidney Int 66:746–752CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Sorensen CM, Chandhoke PS (2002) Hyperuricosuric calcium nephrolithiasis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 31:915–925CrossRefPubMed Sorensen CM, Chandhoke PS (2002) Hyperuricosuric calcium nephrolithiasis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 31:915–925CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Pak CY, Waters O, Arnold L, Holt K, Cox C, Barilla D (1977) Mechanism for calcium urolithiasis among patients with hyperuricosuria. J Clin Invest 59:426–431PubMed Pak CY, Waters O, Arnold L, Holt K, Cox C, Barilla D (1977) Mechanism for calcium urolithiasis among patients with hyperuricosuria. J Clin Invest 59:426–431PubMed
25.
go back to reference Pak CY, Arnold LH (1975) Heterogeneous nucleation of calcium oxalate by seeds of monosodium urate. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 149:930–932PubMed Pak CY, Arnold LH (1975) Heterogeneous nucleation of calcium oxalate by seeds of monosodium urate. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 149:930–932PubMed
26.
go back to reference Zerwekh JE, Holt K, Pak CY (1983) Natural urinary macromolecular inhibitors: Attenuation of inhibitory activity by urate salts. Kidney Int 23:838–841PubMed Zerwekh JE, Holt K, Pak CY (1983) Natural urinary macromolecular inhibitors: Attenuation of inhibitory activity by urate salts. Kidney Int 23:838–841PubMed
27.
go back to reference Perrone HC, Ajzen H, Toporovski J, Schor N (1991) Metabolic disturbance as a cause of recurrent hematuria in children. Kidney Int 39:707–710PubMed Perrone HC, Ajzen H, Toporovski J, Schor N (1991) Metabolic disturbance as a cause of recurrent hematuria in children. Kidney Int 39:707–710PubMed
28.
go back to reference La Manna A, Polito C, Marte A, Iovene A, Di Toro R (2001) Hyperuricosuria in children: clinical presentation and natural history. Pediatrics 107:86–90CrossRefPubMed La Manna A, Polito C, Marte A, Iovene A, Di Toro R (2001) Hyperuricosuria in children: clinical presentation and natural history. Pediatrics 107:86–90CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Praga M, Martinez MA, Andres A, Alegre R, Vara J, Morales E, Herrero JC, Novo O, Rodicio JL (1998) Association of thin basement membrane nephropathy with hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, and nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 54:915–920CrossRefPubMed Praga M, Martinez MA, Andres A, Alegre R, Vara J, Morales E, Herrero JC, Novo O, Rodicio JL (1998) Association of thin basement membrane nephropathy with hypercalciuria, hyperuricosuria, and nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 54:915–920CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Cameron JS, Moro F, Simmonds HA (1993) Gout, uric acid and purine metabolism in paediatric nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol 7:105–118CrossRefPubMed Cameron JS, Moro F, Simmonds HA (1993) Gout, uric acid and purine metabolism in paediatric nephrology. Pediatr Nephrol 7:105–118CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Maalouf N, Sakhaee K, Parks JH, Coe FL, Adams-Huet B, Pak CYC (2004) Association of urinary pH with body weight in nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 65:386–392CrossRefPubMed Maalouf N, Sakhaee K, Parks JH, Coe FL, Adams-Huet B, Pak CYC (2004) Association of urinary pH with body weight in nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 65:386–392CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Enomoto A, Kimura H, Chairoungdua A, Shigeta Y, Jutabha P, Cha SH, Hosoyamada M, Takeda M, Sekine T, Igarashi T, Matsuo H, Kikuchi Y, Oda T, Ichida K, Hosoya T, Shimokata K, Niwa T, Kanai Y, Endou H (2002) Molecular identification of a renal urate anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels. Nature 417:447–452PubMed Enomoto A, Kimura H, Chairoungdua A, Shigeta Y, Jutabha P, Cha SH, Hosoyamada M, Takeda M, Sekine T, Igarashi T, Matsuo H, Kikuchi Y, Oda T, Ichida K, Hosoya T, Shimokata K, Niwa T, Kanai Y, Endou H (2002) Molecular identification of a renal urate anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels. Nature 417:447–452PubMed
33.
go back to reference Abate N, Chandalia M, Cabo-Chan AV, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (2004) The metabolic syndrome and uric acid nephrolithiasis: novel features of renal manifestation of insulin resistance. Kidney Int 65:386–392CrossRefPubMed Abate N, Chandalia M, Cabo-Chan AV, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (2004) The metabolic syndrome and uric acid nephrolithiasis: novel features of renal manifestation of insulin resistance. Kidney Int 65:386–392CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Jungers P, Joly D, Barbey F, Choukroun G, Daudon M (2004) ESRD caused by nephrolithiasis: prevalence, mechanisms, and prevention. Am J Kidney Dis 44:799–805PubMed Jungers P, Joly D, Barbey F, Choukroun G, Daudon M (2004) ESRD caused by nephrolithiasis: prevalence, mechanisms, and prevention. Am J Kidney Dis 44:799–805PubMed
35.
go back to reference Shekarriz B, Stoller ML (2002) Cystinuria and other noncalcareous calculi. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 31:951–977CrossRefPubMed Shekarriz B, Stoller ML (2002) Cystinuria and other noncalcareous calculi. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 31:951–977CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Nephrolithiasis in children
Authors
Mary Ann Cameron
Khashayar Sakhaee
Orson W. Moe
Publication date
01-11-2005
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Pediatric Nephrology / Issue 11/2005
Print ISSN: 0931-041X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-198X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-005-1883-z

Other articles of this Issue 11/2005

Pediatric Nephrology 11/2005 Go to the issue

Announcements

November 2005