Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Brain Structure and Function
Published in: Brain Structure and Function 5-6/2010

Open Access 01-06-2010 | Review

Conscious perception of errors and its relation to the anterior insula

Authors: Markus Ullsperger, Helga A. Harsay, Jan R. Wessel, K. Richard Ridderinkhof

Published in: Brain Structure and Function | Issue 5-6/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

To detect erroneous action outcomes is necessary for flexible adjustments and therefore a prerequisite of adaptive, goal-directed behavior. While performance monitoring has been studied intensively over two decades and a vast amount of knowledge on its functional neuroanatomy has been gathered, much less is known about conscious error perception, often referred to as error awareness. Here, we review and discuss the conditions under which error awareness occurs, its neural correlates and underlying functional neuroanatomy. We focus specifically on the anterior insula, which has been shown to be (a) reliably activated during performance monitoring and (b) modulated by error awareness. Anterior insular activity appears to be closely related to autonomic responses associated with consciously perceived errors, although the causality and directions of these relationships still needs to be unraveled. We discuss the role of the anterior insula in generating versus perceiving autonomic responses and as a key player in balancing effortful task-related and resting-state activity. We suggest that errors elicit reactions highly reminiscent of an orienting response and may thus induce the autonomic arousal needed to recruit the required mental and physical resources. We discuss the role of norepinephrine activity in eliciting sufficiently strong central and autonomic nervous responses enabling the necessary adaptation as well as conscious error perception.
Footnotes
1
Error monitoring is likely to be organized hierarchically and to occur at many levels of the central nervous system. It appears that errors that interfere with achievement of rewards and abstract high-level goals are processed by the pMFC-centered performance monitoring system, independently of stimulus and effector modality. More low-level motor deviations and adjustments seem to be more related to posterior cortical and subcortical motor control areas [e.g., posterior parietal cortex and cerebellum, for manual responses (Desmurget et al. 1999; Krigolson et al. 2008)]. As action execution and on-line motor control networks differ considerably between manual and oculomotor actions, it is likely that the influence of efference copies and proprioceptive feedback from these “low level” systems on the pMFC-centered “high-level” performance monitoring system and the structures underlying error awareness differ as well.
 
Literature
Allain S, Hasbroucq T, Burle B, Grapperon J, Vidal F (2004) Response monitoring without sensory feedback. Clin Neurophysiol 115:2014–2020PubMedCrossRef
Aston-Jones G, Cohen JD (2005) An integrative theory of locus coeruleus–norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance. Annu Rev Neurosci 28:403–450PubMedCrossRef
Aston-Jones G, Ennis M, Pieribone VA, Nickell WT, Shipley MT (1986) The brain nucleus locus coeruleus: restricted afferent control of a broad efferent network. Science 234:734–737PubMedCrossRef
Aston-Jones G, Shipley MT, Chouvet G, Ennis M, van Bockstaele E, Pieribone V, Shiekhattar R, Akaoka H, Drolet G, Astier B et al (1991) Afferent regulation of locus coeruleus neurons: anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. Prog Brain Res 88:47–75PubMedCrossRef
Augustine JR (1996) Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in primates including humans. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 22:229–244PubMedCrossRef
Bartels A, Zeki S (2004) The neural correlates of maternal and romantic love. Neuroimage 21:1155–1166PubMedCrossRef
Boly M, Balteau E, Schnakers C, Degueldre C, Moonen G, Luxen A, Phillips C, Peigneux P, Maquet P, Laureys S (2007) Baseline brain activity fluctuations predict somatosensory perception in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:12187–12192PubMedCrossRef
Botvinick MM (2007) Conflict monitoring and decision making: reconciling two perspectives on anterior cingulate function. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 7:356–366PubMedCrossRef
Botvinick MM, Braver TS, Barch DM, Carter CS, Cohen JD (2001) Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychol Rev 108:624–652PubMedCrossRef
Botvinick MM, Cohen JD, Carter CS (2004) Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: an update. Trends Cogn Sci 8:539–546PubMedCrossRef
Cohen MX, van Gaal S, Ridderinkhof KR, Lamme VA (2009) Unconscious errors enhance prefrontal-occipital oscillatory synchrony. Front Hum Neurosci 3:54PubMedCrossRef
Coles MG, Scheffers MK, Holroyd CB (2001) Why is there an ERN/Ne on correct trials? Response representations, stimulus-related components, and the theory of error-processing. Biol Psychol 56:173–189PubMedCrossRef
Craig AD (2002) How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:655–666PubMed
Craig AD (2003) Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13:500–505PubMedCrossRef
Craig AD (2009) How do you feel—now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:59–70PubMedCrossRef
Critchley HD (2004) The human cortex responds to an interoceptive challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:6333–6334PubMedCrossRef
Critchley HD (2005) Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration. J Comp Neurol 493:154–166PubMedCrossRef
Critchley HD, Corfield DR, Chandler MP, Mathias CJ, Dolan RJ (2000) Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: a functional neuroimaging investigation in humans. J Physiol 523(Pt 1):259–270PubMedCrossRef
Critchley HD, Tang J, Glaser D, Butterworth B, Dolan RJ (2005a) Anterior cingulate activity during error and autonomic response. Neuroimage 27:885–895PubMedCrossRef
Critchley HD, Rotshtein P, Nagai Y, O’Doherty J, Mathias CJ, Dolan RJ (2005b) Activity in the human brain predicting differential heart rate responses to emotional facial expressions. Neuroimage 24:751–762PubMedCrossRef
Crone EA, van der Veen FM, van der Molen MW, Somsen RJM, van Beek B, Jennings JR (2003) Cardiac concomitants of feedback processing. Biol Psychol 64(1–2):143–156PubMedCrossRef
Croxson PL, Walton ME, O’Reilly JX, Behrens TE, Rushworth MF (2009) Effort-based cost–benefit valuation and the human brain. J Neurosci 29:4531–4541PubMedCrossRef
Danev SG, de Winter CR (1971) Heart rate deceleration after erroneous responses. A phenomenon complicating the use of heart rate variability for assessing mental load. Psychol Forsch 35:27–34PubMed
Dayan P, Yu AJ (2006) Phasic norepinephrine: a neural interrupt signal for unexpected events. Network 17:335–350PubMedCrossRef
De Bruijn ERA, Mars RB, Hulstijn W (2004) It wasn’t me…or was it? How false feedback affects performance. In: Ullsperger M, Falkenstein M (eds) Errors, conflicts, and the brain. Current opinions on performance monitoring. MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, pp 118–124
Deary IJ, Simonotto E, Meyer M, Marshall A, Marshall I, Goddard N, Wardlaw JM (2004) The functional anatomy of inspection time: an event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 22:1466–1479PubMedCrossRef
Debener S, Ullsperger M, Siegel M, Fiehler K, von Cramon DY, Engel AK (2005) Trial-by-trial coupling of concurrent electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging identifies the dynamics of performance monitoring. J Neurosci 25:11730–11737PubMedCrossRef
Dehaene S, Posner MI, Tucker DM (1994) Localization of a neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychol Sci 5:303–305CrossRef
Dehaene S, Changeux JP, Naccache L, Sackur J, Sergent C (2006) Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: a testable taxonomy. Trends Cogn Sci 10:204–211PubMedCrossRef
Desmurget M, Epstein CM, Turner RS, Prablanc C, Alexander GE, Grafton ST (1999) Role of the posterior parietal cortex in updating reaching movements to a visual target. Nat Neurosci 2:563–567PubMedCrossRef
Dosenbach NU, Visscher KM, Palmer ED, Miezin FM, Wenger KK, Kang HC, Burgund ED, Grimes AL, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE (2006) A core system for the implementation of task sets. Neuron 50:799–812PubMedCrossRef
Dosenbach NU, Fair DA, Miezin FM, Cohen AL, Wenger KK, Dosenbach RA, Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Raichle ME, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE (2007) Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:11073–11078PubMedCrossRef
Downar J, Crawley AP, Mikulis DJ, Davis KD (2000) A multimodal cortical network for the detection of changes in the sensory environment. Nat Neurosci 3:277–283PubMedCrossRef
Downar J, Crawley AP, Mikulis DJ, Davis KD (2002) A cortical network sensitive to stimulus salience in a neutral behavioral context across multiple sensory modalities. J Neurophysiol 87:615–620PubMed
Downar J, Mikulis DJ, Davis KD (2003) Neural correlates of the prolonged salience of painful stimulation. Neuroimage 20:1540–1551PubMedCrossRef
Egner T, Hirsch J (2005) Cognitive control mechanisms resolve conflict through cortical amplification of task-relevant information. Nat Neurosci 8:1784–1790PubMedCrossRef
Eichele T, Debener S, Calhoun VD, Specht K, Engel AK, Hugdahl K, von Cramon DY, Ullsperger M (2008) Prediction of human errors by maladaptive changes in event-related brain networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:6173–6178PubMedCrossRef
Endrass T, Franke C, Kathmann N (2005) Error awareness in a saccade countermanding task. J Psychophysiol 19:275–280CrossRef
Endrass T, Reuter B, Kathmann N (2007) ERP correlates of conscious error recognition: aware and unaware errors in an antisaccade task. Eur J Neurosci 26:1714–1720PubMedCrossRef
Eriksen BA, Eriksen CW (1974) Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Percept Psychophys 16:143–149
Falkenstein M, Hohnsbein J, Hoormann J, Blanke L (1990) Effects of errors in choice reaction tasks on the ERP under focused and divided attention. In: Brunia CHM, Gaillard AWK, Kok A (eds) Psychophysiological brain research. Tilburg University Press, pp 192–195
Fiehler K, Ullsperger M, Grigutsch M, von Cramon D (2004) Cardiac responses to error processing and response conflict. In: Ullsperger M, Falkenstein M (eds) Errors, conflicts, and the brain. Current opinions on performance monitoring. MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, pp 135–140
Fiehler K, Ullsperger M, von Cramon DY (2005) Electrophysiological correlates of error correction. Psychophysiology 42:72–82PubMedCrossRef
Garavan H, Ross TJ, Kaufman J, Stein EA (2003) A midline dissociation between error-processing and response-conflict monitoring. Neuroimage 20:1132–1139PubMedCrossRef
Gehring WJ, Goss B, Coles MG, Meyer DE, Donchin E (1993) A neural system for error detection and compensation. Psychol Sci 4:385–390CrossRef
Gentsch A, Ullsperger P, Ullsperger M (2009) Dissociable medial frontal negativities from a common monitoring system for self- and externally caused failure of goal achievement. Neuroimage 47:2023–2030PubMedCrossRef
Gilzenrat MS, Nieuwenhuis S, Jepma M, Cohen JD (2010) Pupil diameter tracks changes in control state predicted by the adaptive gain theory of locus coeruleus function. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci (in press)
Hajcak G, McDonald N, Simons RF (2003) To err is autonomic: error-related brain potentials, ANS activity, and post-error compensatory behavior. Psychophysiology 40:895–903PubMedCrossRef
Harsay HA, Cohen MX, Spaan M, Weeda WD, Nieuwenhuis S, Ridderinkhof KR (2010) Error awareness: pupil dilation predicts opposing brain network dynamics during error awareness (submitted)
Hauber W, Sommer S (2009) Prefrontostriatal circuitry regulates effort-related decision making. Cereb Cortex 19:2240–2247PubMedCrossRef
Hester R, Foxe JJ, Molholm S, Shpaner M, Garavan H (2005) Neural mechanisms involved in error processing: a comparison of errors made with and without awareness. Neuroimage 27:602–608PubMedCrossRef
Hester R, Simoes-Franklin C, Garavan H (2007) Post-error behavior in active cocaine users: poor awareness of errors in the presence of intact performance adjustments. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:1974–1984PubMedCrossRef
Holroyd CB, Coles MG (2002) The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychol Rev 109:679–709PubMedCrossRef
Jansma JM, Ramsey NF, de Zwart JA, van Gelderen P, Duyn JH (2007) fMRI study of effort and information processing in a working memory task. Hum Brain Mapp 28:431–440PubMedCrossRef
Kelly AM, Uddin LQ, Biswal BB, Castellanos FX, Milham MP (2008) Competition between functional brain networks mediates behavioral variability. Neuroimage 39:527–537PubMedCrossRef
Klein TA, Endrass T, Kathmann N, Neumann J, von Cramon DY, Ullsperger M (2007) Neural correlates of error awareness. Neuroimage 34:1774–1781PubMedCrossRef
Krigolson OE, Holroyd CB, Van Gyn G, Heath M (2008) Electroencephalographic correlates of target and outcome errors. Exp Brain Res 190(4):401–411PubMedCrossRef
Magno E, Foxe JJ, Molholm S, Robertson IH, Garavan H (2006) The anterior cingulate and error avoidance. J Neurosci 26:4769–4773PubMedCrossRef
Maier M, Steinhauser M, Hubner R (2008) Is the error-related negativity amplitude related to error detectability? Evidence from effects of different error types. J Cogn Neurosci 20:2263–2273PubMedCrossRef
Medford N, Critchley HD (2010) Conjoint activity of anterior insular and anterior cingulate cortex: awareness and response. Brain Struc Func 214(5–6). doi:10.​1007/​s00429-010-0265-x (this issue)
Nachev P, Rees G, Parton A, Kennard C, Husain M (2005) Volition and conflict in human medial frontal cortex. Curr Biol 15:122–128PubMedCrossRef
Nelson SM, Dosenbach NUF, Cohen AL, Schlaggar BL, Petersen SE (2010) Role of the anterior insula in task-level control and focal attention. Brain Struc Func 214(5–6). doi:10.​1007/​s00429-010-0260-2 (this issue)
Nieuwenhuis S, Ridderinkhof KR, Blom J, Band GP, Kok A (2001) Error-related brain potentials are differentially related to awareness of response errors: evidence from an antisaccade task. Psychophysiology 38:752–760PubMedCrossRef
Nieuwenhuis S, Aston-Jones G, Cohen JD (2005) Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine system. Psychol Bull 131:510–532PubMedCrossRef
Notebaert W, Houtman F, Opstal FV, Gevers W, Fias W, Verguts T (2009) Post-error slowing: an orienting account. Cognition 111:275–279PubMedCrossRef
O’Connell RG, Dockree PM, Bellgrove MA, Kelly SP, Hester R, Garavan H, Robertson IH, Foxe JJ (2007) The role of cingulate cortex in the detection of errors with and without awareness: a high-density electrical mapping study. Eur J Neurosci 25:2571–2579PubMedCrossRef
O’Connell RG, Dockree PM, Bellgrove MA, Turin A, Ward S, Foxe JJ, Robertson IH (2009a) Two types of action error: electrophysiological evidence for separable inhibitory and sustained attention neural mechanisms producing error on go/no-go tasks. J Cogn Neurosci 21:93–104PubMedCrossRef
O’Connell RG, Bellgrove MA, Dockree PM, Lau A, Hester R, Garavan H, Fitzgerald M, Foxe JJ, Robertson IH (2009b) The neural correlates of deficient error awareness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropsychologia 47:1149–1159PubMedCrossRef
Oliveira FT, McDonald JJ, Goodman D (2007) Performance monitoring in the anterior cingulate is not all error related: expectancy deviation and the representation of action–outcome associations. J Cogn Neurosci 19:1994–2004PubMedCrossRef
Overbeek TJM, Nieuwenhuis S, Ridderinkhof KR (2005) Dissociable components of error processing: on the functional significance of the Pe vis-à-vis the ERN/Ne. J Psychophysiol 19:319–329CrossRef
Paine P, Kishor J, Worthen SF, Gregory LJ, Aziz Q (2009) Exploring relationships for visceral and somatic pain with autonomic control and personality. Pain 144:236–244PubMedCrossRef
Persaud N, McLeod P, Cowey A (2007) Post-decision wagering objectively measures awareness. Nat Neurosci 10:257–261PubMedCrossRef
Peyron R, Laurent B, Garcia-Larrea L (2000) Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review, meta-analysis (2000). Neurophysiol Clin 30:263–288PubMedCrossRef
Preuschoff K, Quartz SR, Bossaerts P (2008) Human insula activation reflects risk prediction errors as well as risk. J Neurosci 28:2745–2752PubMedCrossRef
Qiyuan J, Richer F, Wagoner BL, Beatty J (1985) The pupil and stimulus probability. Psychophysiology 22:530–534PubMedCrossRef
Rabbitt PM (1966) Errors and error correction in choice–response tasks. J Exp Psychol 71:264–272PubMedCrossRef
Rabbitt PM (1968) Three kinds of error-signalling responses in a serial choice task. Q J Exp Psychol 20:179–188PubMedCrossRef
Rabbitt P, Rodgers B (1977) What does a man do after he makes an error? An analysis of response programming. Q J Exp Psychol 29:727–743CrossRef
Rajkowski J, Majczynski H, Clayton E, Aston-Jones G (2004) Activation of monkey locus coeruleus neurons varies with difficulty and performance in a target detection task. J Neurophysiol 92:361–371PubMedCrossRef
Ramautar JR, Slagter HA, Kok A, Ridderinkhof KR (2006) Probability effects in the stop-signal paradigm: the insula and the significance of failed inhibition. Brain Res 1105:143–154PubMedCrossRef
Ridderinkhof KR, Ullsperger M, Crone EA, Nieuwenhuis S (2004) The role of the medial frontal cortex in cognitive control. Science 306:443–447PubMedCrossRef
Ridderinkhof KR, Ramautar JR, Wijnen JG (2009) To P(E) or not to P(E): a P3-like ERP component reflecting the processing of response errors. Psychophysiology 46:531–538PubMedCrossRef
Rushworth MFS, Walton ME, Kennerley SW, Bannerman DM (2004) Action sets and decisions in the medial frontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 8:410–417PubMedCrossRef
Sadaghiani S, Hesselmann G, Kleinschmidt A (2009) Distributed and antagonistic contributions of ongoing activity fluctuations to auditory stimulus detection. J Neurosci 29:13410–13417PubMedCrossRef
Scheffers MK, Coles MG (2000) Performance monitoring in a confusing world: error-related brain activity, judgments of response accuracy, and types of errors. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 26:141–151PubMedCrossRef
Seeley WW, Menon V, Schatzberg AF, Keller J, Glover GH, Kenna H, Reiss AL, Greicius MD (2007) Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. J Neurosci 27:2349–2356PubMedCrossRef
Seifert S, von Cramon DY, Imperati D, Tittgemeyer M, Ullsperger M (2010) Thalamo-cingulate interactions in performance monitoring (submitted)
Shalgi S, O’Connell RG, Deouell LY, Robertson IH (2007) Absent minded but accurate: delaying responses increases accuracy but decreases error awareness. Exp Brain Res 182:119–124PubMedCrossRef
Shalgi S, Barkan I, Deouell LY (2009) On the positive side of error processing: error-awareness positivity revisited. Eur J Neurosci 29:1522–1532PubMedCrossRef
Silani G, Bird G, Brindley R, Singer T, Frith C, Frith U (2008) Levels of emotional awareness and autism: an fMRI study. Soc Neurosci 3:97–112PubMedCrossRef
Simon JR, Rudell AP (1967) Auditory S-R compatibility: the effect of an irrelevant cue on information processing. J Appl Psychol 51:300–304PubMedCrossRef
Singer T, Seymour B, O’Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD (2004) Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 303:1157–1162PubMedCrossRef
Sridharan D, Levitin DJ, Menon V (2008) A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:12569–12574PubMedCrossRef
Steinhauser M, Hubner R (2008) How task errors affect subsequent behavior: evidence from distributional analyses of task-switching effects. Mem Cognit 36:979–990PubMedCrossRef
Steinhauser M, Maier M, Hubner R (2008) Modeling behavioral measures of error detection in choice tasks: response monitoring versus conflict monitoring. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 34:158–176PubMedCrossRef
Sterzer P, Kleinschmidt A (2010) Anterior insula activations in perceptual paradigms – often observed but barely understood. Brain Struc Func 214(5–6). doi:10.​1007/​s00429-010-0252-2 (this issue)
Taylor SF, Stern ER, Gehring WJ (2007) Neural systems for error monitoring: recent findings and theoretical perspectives. Neuroscientist 13:160–172PubMedCrossRef
Turkeltaub PE, Eden GF, Jones KM, Zeffiro TA (2002) Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: method and validation. Neuroimage 16:765–780PubMedCrossRef
Ullsperger M, von Cramon DY (2001) Subprocesses of performance monitoring: a dissociation of error processing and response competition revealed by event-related fMRI and ERPs. Neuroimage 14:1387–1401PubMedCrossRef
Ullsperger M, von Cramon DY (2006) How does error correction differ from error signaling? An event-related potential study. Brain Res 1105:102–109PubMedCrossRef
Ullsperger M, Volz KG, von Cramon DY (2004) A common neural system signaling the need for behavioral changes. Trends Cogn Sci 8:445–446PubMedCrossRef
Ullsperger M, Bylsma LM, Botvinick MM (2005) The conflict adaptation effect: It’s not just priming. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 5:467–472PubMedCrossRef
Ullsperger M, Nittono H, von Cramon DY (2007) When goals are missed: dealing with self-generated and externally induced failure. Neuroimage 35:1356–1364PubMedCrossRef
Usher M, Cohen JD, Servan-Schreiber D, Rajkowski J, Aston-Jones G (1999) The role of locus coeruleus in the regulation of cognitive performance. Science 283:549–554PubMedCrossRef
van der Veen FM, Nieuwenhuis S, Crone EA, van der Molen MW (2004) Cardiac and electro-cortical responses to performance feedback reflect different aspects of feedback processing. In: Ullsperger M, Falkenstein M (eds) Errors, conflicts, and the brain. Current opinions on performance monitoring. MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, pp 140–147
Vlamings PH, Jonkman LM, Hoeksma MR, van Engeland H, Kemner C (2008) Reduced error monitoring in children with autism spectrum disorder: an ERP study. Eur J Neurosci 28:399–406PubMedCrossRef
Vogt BA, Hof PR, Vogt LJ (2004) Cingulate cortex. In: Paxinos G, Mai JK (eds) The human nervous system. Elsevier, pp 915–948
Volz KG, Schubotz RI, von Cramon DY (2003) Predicting events of varying probability: uncertainty investigated by fMRI. Neuroimage 19:271–280PubMedCrossRef
Walton ME, Bannerman DM, Alterescu K, Rushworth MF (2003) Functional specialization within medial frontal cortex of the anterior cingulate for evaluating effort-related decisions. J Neurosci 23:6475–6479PubMed
Walton M, Rudebeck PH, Bannerman D, Rushworth M (2007) Calculating the cost of acting in prefrontal cortex. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1104:340–356PubMedCrossRef
Weissman DH, Roberts KC, Visscher KM, Woldorff MG (2006) The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention. Nat Neurosci 9:971–978PubMedCrossRef
Wessel JR, Danielmeier C, Ullsperger M (2010) Error awareness revisited: the ERN, the Pe, and the autonomous nervous system (submitted)
Yeung N, Cohen JD, Botvinick MM (2004) The neural basis of error detection: conflict monitoring and the error-related negativity. Psychol Rev 111:931–959PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Conscious perception of errors and its relation to the anterior insula
Authors
Markus Ullsperger
Helga A. Harsay
Jan R. Wessel
K. Richard Ridderinkhof
Publication date
01-06-2010
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Brain Structure and Function / Issue 5-6/2010
Print ISSN: 1863-2653
Electronic ISSN: 1863-2661
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-010-0261-1

Other articles of this Issue 5-6/2010

Brain Structure and Function 5-6/2010 Go to the issue

Review

Insula and drug cravings

Review

The insula and drug addiction: an interoceptive view of pleasure, urges, and decision-making

Review

Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function

Review

The contribution(s) of the insula to speech production: a review of the clinical and functional imaging literature

Original article

A link between the systems: functional differentiation and integration within the human insula revealed by meta-analysis

Review

Risk and risk prediction error signals in anterior insula