Top

Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery

Published in:

01-11-2009 | Current Concepts in Clinical Surgery

Treatment for colorectal liver metastases: a review

Authors: Hiroshi Shimada, Kuniya Tanaka, Itaru Endou, Yasushi Ichikawa

Published in: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery | Issue 6/2009

Abstract

Introduction

Over the past decade, the emergence of surgical adjuncts such as portal vein embolization, two-stage hepatectomy, and ablative therapies not only decreases mortality and morbidity after an extended hepatectomy but also broadens the indication for surgical treatment of liver metastasis from colorectal cancer. Combination chemotherapeutic regimens, namely 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid with irinotecan or oxaliplatin, and targeted monochromal antibodies can downsize the tumor burden to the extent that formerly unresectable metastases can sometimes be excised.

Discussion

The 5-year survival rate following liver resection ranges between 25% and 58%. During the 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid with oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid with irinotecan treatment period, the patients who were deemed to be resectable should be considered as surgical candidates regardless of the associated adverse predictive factors. The emergence of epidermal growth factor receptor antibody agents, which act effectively in patients with Kras wild-type tumor, fosters treatment individualization.

Conclusion

The efficacy of the perioperative chemotherapy on survival benefit for resectable liver metastases has not been justified. However, the timing and indication of surgical treatment paradigm in colorectal liver metastasis, including for synchronous disease and extrahepatic disease, are dramatically changing with the development of chemotherapeutic agents.

Rastogi T, Hildesheim A, Sinha R (2004) Opportunities for cancer epidemiology in developing countries. Nat Rev Cancer 4:909–917PubMedCrossRef

Bovier AM, Remontet L, Jougla E (2004) Incidence of gastrointestinal cancers in France. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 28:877–881CrossRef

Faivre J, Manfredi S, Bouvier AM (2003) Epidemiology of colorectal cancer liver metastases. Bull Acad Natl Med 187:815–822PubMed

Wagner JS, Adson MA, Van Heerden JA, Adson MH, Ilstrup DM (1984) The natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 199:502–508PubMedCrossRef

Abdalla EK, Vanthey JN, Ellis LM, Ellis V, Pollock R, Bronglio KR, Hess K, Curley SA (2004) Recurrence and outcomes following hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation and combined resection/ablation for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 239:818–825PubMedCrossRef

Rougier P, Milan C, Lazorthes F (1995) Prospective study of prognostic factors in patients with unresected metastases from colorectal cancer. Br J Surg 82:1397–1400PubMedCrossRef

de Gramont A, FIger A, Seymour M, Homerin M, Hmissi A, Cassidy J, Boni C, Cortes-Funes H, Cervantes A, Freyer G, Papamichael D, Le Bail N, Lovet C, Hendler D, de Braud F, Wilson C, Morvan F, Bonetti A (2000) Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 18:2938–2947PubMed

Alberts SR, Horvath WL, Sternfeld WC, Goldberg RM, Mahorey MR, Dakhil SR Rowland K, Nair S, Sargent DJ, Donohue JH (2005) Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil and leucovorin for patients with unresectable liver only metastases from colorectal cancer: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group Phase II Study. J Clin Oncol 23:9243–9249PubMedCrossRef

Benoist S, Pautrat K, Mitry E, Rougier R, Penna C, Nordinger B (2005) Treatment strategy for patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous irresectable liver metastases. Br J Surg 92:1155–1160PubMedCrossRef

10.

Poston GJ, Adam R, Curley S, Figueras J, Haller D, Kunilinger F, Mewtha G, Nordinger B, Patt Y, Premrose J, Roh M, Rougier P (2005) OncoSurge: a strategy for improving resectability with curative intent in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clinic Oncol 23:7125–7134CrossRef

11.

Cunningham O, Humblet Y, Siena S et al (2004) Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 351:337–345PubMedCrossRef

12.

Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacha L, Norotomy W et al (2004) Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 350:2335–2342PubMedCrossRef

13.

Nordinger B, Giuguet M, Vaillant JC et al (1996) Surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver. A prognostic scorning system to improve case selection based on 1568 patients. Cancer 77:1254–1262CrossRef

14.

Smith MD, Parks RW (2008) Prognostic models for predicting death after hepatectomy in individual with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. World J Surg 32:1108–1109PubMedCrossRef

15.

Arru M, Aldrighetti L, Casodi R, DiPoLo S, Orsenigo E, Stella M (2008) Analysis of prognostic factors influencing long-term survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Surg 22:93–103CrossRef

16.

Gayowski TJ, Iwatsuki S, Madariaga JR, Selby R, Todo S, Iris W, Starzl TE (1994) Experience in hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of clinical and pathological risk factors. Surgery 116:703–711PubMed

17.

Tanaka K, Shimada H, Fujii Y, Endo I, Sekido H, Togo S, Ike H (2004) Prehepatectomy prognostic staging to determine treatment strategy for colorectal cancer metastases to the liver. Langenbeck Arch Surg 389:371–379CrossRef

18.

Kanemitsu Y, Kato T (2008) Prognostic models for predicting death after hepatectomy in individuals with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. World J Surg 32:1097–1107PubMedCrossRef

19.

Ree M, Tekkis PP, Welsch FKS et al (2008) Evaluation of long term survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer. A multifactorial model of 929 patients. Ann Surg 247:125–135CrossRef

20.

Tanaka K, Adam R, Shimada H et al (2003) Role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of multiple colorectal metastases to the liver. Br J Surg 90:963–969PubMedCrossRef

21.

Zakaria S, Donohue JH, Que FG et al (2007) Hepatic resection for colorectal metastases: value for risk scoring system? Ann Surg 246:183–191PubMedCrossRef

22.

Fong Y, Fortner J, Sun RL et al (1999) Clinical risk score for predicting recurrence after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of 1001 consecutive case. Ann Surg 230:309–318PubMedCrossRef

23.

Small RM, Lubegky N, Shmueli E, Figer A, Aderka D, Nakache RK, Lausner JM, Ben-Haims M (2009) Response to chemotherapy predicts survival following resection of hepatio colorectal metastases in patients treated with neoadjuvant therapy. J Surg Oncol 99:93–98PubMedCrossRef

24.

Adam R, Pascal G, Cartaign D, Azoley D, Delvart V, Bernard Paule B, Levi F, Bismuth H (2004) Tumor progression while on chemotherapy: a contra indication to liver resection for multiple colorectal metastases? Ann Surg 240(6):1052–1064PubMedCrossRef

25.

Blatzer D, Kishi Y, Maru DM et al (2008) Pathologic response to preoperative chemotherapy: a new outcome end point after resection of hepatic colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol 17:5299. doi:10:1200/JCO

26.

Adam R, Whicherts DA, de Haas RJ, Aloia T, Levi F, Paule B, Guettier C, Kunstinger F, Delvart V, Azouley D, Castaing D (2008) Complete pathologic response after preoperative chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases: myth or reality? J Clin Oncology 26:1635–1641CrossRef

27.

Tan MCB, Linehan DC, Hawkins WG, Siegel BA, Strasberg SM (2009) Chemotherapy-induced normalization of PDG uptake by colorectal liver metastases does not normally indicate complete pathologic response. J Gastrointest Surg 11:1112–1119CrossRef

28.

Bilchik AJ, Poston G, Adam R, Choti MA (2008) Prognostic variables for resection of colorectal cancer hepatic metastases: an evolving paradigm. J Clin Oncol 26:5320–5321PubMedCrossRef

29.

Van Custem E, Nordinger B, Adam R et al (2006) Towards a pan-European consumes on the treatment of patients with colorectal liver metastases. Eur J Cancer 42:2212–2221CrossRef

30.

Poston GJ, Figueres J, Giuliante F, Nuzzo G, Sobrero AF, Gigot J-F, Nordinger B, Adam R, Graenberger T, Choti M, Bilckit AJ, Van Custem JD, Chiang JM, D’Angelica M (2008) Urgent need for a new staging system in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26:4828–4833PubMedCrossRef

31.

Tournigand C, Andre T, Acille E et al (2004) FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized GEROR study. J Clin Oncol 22:229–237PubMedCrossRef

32.

Cals L, Rixe O, Francois E et al (2004) Dose-finding study of weekly 24 h continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil associated with alternating oxaliplatin or irinotecan in advanced colorectal cancer patients. Ann Oncol 15:1018–1024PubMedCrossRef

33.

Cunningham D, Humblet Y, Siena S et al (2004) Cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Eng J Med 351:337–345CrossRef

34.

Saltz LB, Cox JV, Blanke C et al (2000) Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal center, Irinotecan Study Group. N Eng J Med 343:905–914CrossRef

35.

Tabernero J, Van Custem E, Diaz-Rubio E et al (2007) Phase II trial of cetuximab in combination with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin in the first line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 25:5225–5232PubMedCrossRef

36.

Saitz LB, Meropol NJ, Loehrer PJ Sr et al (2004) Phase II trial of cetuximab in patients with refractomy colorectal cancer that express the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Clin Oncol 22:1201–1208CrossRef

37.

Bismuth H, Adam R, Levi F, Farabos C, Waechter F, Castaing D, Majno P, Engerran L (1996) Resection of nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Ann Surg 224:509–522PubMedCrossRef

38.

Adam R, Delvart V, Pascal G, Valeanu A, Castaing D, Azoulay D, Giacchetti S, Paul B, Kumstlinger F, Ghemard O, Levi F, Bismuth H (2004) Rescue surgery for unresectable colorectal liver metastases downstaged by chemotherapy: a model to predict long-term survival. Ann Surg 240:644–657PubMedCrossRef

39.

Adam R, Avisar E, Ariche A, Giachetti S, Azoulay D, Castaing D, Kunstlinger F, Levi F, Bismuth F (2001) Five-year survival following hepatic resection after neoadjuvant therapy for non-resectable colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 8:347–353PubMedCrossRef

40.

Folprecht G, Lutz MP, Schoffski P et al (2006) Cetuximab and irinotecan/5-fluorouracil/folinic acid is a safe combination for the first-line treatment of patients with epidermal growth factor receptor expressing metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Ann Oncol 17:450–456PubMedCrossRef

41.

Abad A, Massuti B, Anton A et al (2007) Colorectal cancer metastases resectability after treatment with the combination of oxaliplatin, irinotecan and 5-fluouracil: final results of a phase II study. Acta Oncol 47:286–292CrossRef

42.

Barone C, Nuzzo G, Casseno A et al (2007) Final analysis of colorectal cancer patients treated with irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid neoadjuvant chemotherapy for unresectable liver metastases. Br J Cancer 97:1035–1039PubMedCrossRef

43.

Kemeny NE, Huitzil Melendez FD, Capanu M, et al (2009) Conversion to resectability using hepatic artery infusion plus systemic chemotherapy for the treatment of unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol (in press). doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.20.1301

44.

Zelck L, Bugat R, Cherqui D et al (2003) Multimodal therapy with intravenous biweekly leucovorin, 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan combined with hepatic arterial infusion pirarubicin in nonresectable hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 14:1537–1542CrossRef

45.

Adam R, Aloia T, Levin F, Wicherts DA, de Hans RJ, Paule B et al (2007) Hepatic resection after rescue cetuximab treatment for colorectal liver metastases previously refractory to conventional systemic therapy. J Clin Oncol 25:4593–4602PubMedCrossRef

46.

Folprecht G, Grothey A, Alberts S et al (2005) Neoadjuvant treatment of unresectable colorectal liver metastases: correlation between tumor response and resection rate. Ann Oncol 16:1311–1319PubMedCrossRef

47.

Capussotti L, Muratore A, Mulas MM, Massucco P, Agliatta M (2006) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and resection for initially irresectable colorectal liver metastases. Br J Surg 93:1001–1006PubMedCrossRef

48.

Nuzzo G, Giuliante F, Ardito F, Vellone M, Pozzo C, Cassano A, Giovanni I, Barone C (2007) Liver resection for primarily unresectable colorectal metastases downsized by chemotherapy. J Gastrointest Surg 11:318–324PubMedCrossRef

49.

Ducreux M, Ychou M, Laplanche A et al (2005) Hepatic arterial oxaliplatin infusion plus intravenous chemotherapy in colorectal cancer with inoperable hepatic metastases: a trial of the gastrointestinal group of the federation national des centre de butte contre le cancer. J Clin Oncol 23:4881–4887PubMedCrossRef

50.

Mocellin S, Piloti P, Lise M, NiHi D (2007) Meta-analysis of hepatic arterial infusion for unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer: the end of an era? J Clin Oncol 25:5649–5654PubMedCrossRef

51.

Kerr D, McAdrede C, Ledermann J et al (2003) Intrahepatic arterial versus intravenous fluorouracil and folinic acid for colorectal cancer liver metastases: a multicentre randomized trial. Lancet 61:368–373CrossRef

52.

Cohen A, Kemeny N (2003) An update on hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. Oncologist 8:553–566PubMedCrossRef

53.

Nordlinger B, Parc R, Delva E et al (1987) Hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 205:256–263PubMedCrossRef

54.

Parks R, Gonen M, Kemeny N, Jarnagin W et al (2007) Adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival after resection of hepatic colorectal metastases: analysis of data from two continents. J Am Coll Surg 204:753–763PubMedCrossRef

55.

Adam R, Pascal G, Cartaizn D, Azoley D, Delvart V, Bernard Paule B, Levi F, Bismuth H (2004) Tumor progression while on chemotherapy: a contra indication to liver resection for multiple colorectal metastases? Ann Surg 240(6):1052–1064PubMedCrossRef

56.

Tanaka K, Adam R, Shimada H, Azoulay D, Levi F, Bismuth H (2003) Role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of multiple colorectal metastases to the liver. Br J Surg 90:963–969PubMedCrossRef

57.

Benoist S, Brouquet A, Penna C et al (2006) Complete response of colorectal liver metastases after chemotherapy: does it mean cure? J Clin Oncol 24:3939–3945PubMedCrossRef

58.

LeCouter J, Moritz DR, Li B et al (2003) Angiogenesis-independent endothelial protection of liver: role of VEGFR1. Science 299:890–893PubMedCrossRef

59.

Gordon MS, Margolin K, Talpaz M et al (2001) Phase I safety and pharmacokinetic study of recombinant human anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol 19:843–850PubMed

60.

Tyagi P, Grothey A (2006) Commentary on a phase III trial of bevacizumab plus XELOX or FOLFOX4 for first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: the NO16966 trial. Clin Colorectal Cancer 6:261–264PubMedCrossRef

61.

Gruenberger B, Tamandle D, Schuller J, Scheithauer W, Zielinsk C, Hebstand F, Grenberger T (2008) Bevacizumab, Capecitabine, and oxaliplatin as neoadjuvant therapy for patients with potentially curable metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 26(11):1830–1835PubMedCrossRef

62.

Reddy KS, Horse AM, Hurwitz IH, Bendel CJ, Gan JT, Hill ET, Clary MB (2008) Addition of bevacizumab to irinotecan- and oxaliplatin-based preoperative chemotherapy regimens does not increase morbidity after resection of colorectal liver metastases. J Am Coll Surg 206:96–106PubMedCrossRef

63.

Van Custem E, Lang I, D’Laens G et al (2008) KRAS status and efficacy in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with FOLFILI or without cetuximab: the CRYSTAL experience. J Clin Oncol 26(Suppl):5s Abstr 2

64.

Bokemeyer C, Bandarenko I, Mahkson A, Jartmann Jt (2009) Fluorouracil leucovorin and oxaliplatin with or without cetuximab in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 27:663–671PubMedCrossRef

65.

Fakih M (2008) Anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in metastatic colorectal cancer: time for an individualized approach? Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 8:1471–1480PubMedCrossRef

66.

Nordlinger B (2008) Preoperative chemotherapy with FOLFOX4 and surgery versus surgery alone for respectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC 40983): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371:1007–1016PubMedCrossRef

67.

Pawlik TM, Olino K, Gleisner AL, Torbenson M et al (2007) Preoperative chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases: impact on hepatic histology and postoperative outcome. J Gastrointest Surg 11:860–868PubMedCrossRef

68.

Rubbia-Brandt L, Audard V, Roth SP, AD BC et al (2004) Severe hepatic sinusoidal obstruction associated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 15:460–466PubMedCrossRef

69.

Fernandez FG, Ritter J, Goodwin JW, Linehan DC et al (2005) Effect of steatohepatitis associated with irinotecan or oxaliplatin pretreatment on resectability of hepatic colorectal metastases. J Am Coll Surg 200:845–853PubMedCrossRef

70.

Nakano H, Oussultzoglou E, Rosso E, Casnedi S et al (2008) Sinusoidal injury increases morbidity after major hepatectomy in patients with colorectal metastases receiving preoperative chemotherapy. Ann Surg 247:118–124PubMedCrossRef

71.

Zorzi D, Laurent A, Pawlik TM, Laumes GY, Vauthey JN, Abdalla EK (2007) Chemotherapy-associated hepatotoxicity and surgery for colorectal liver metastases. Br J Surg 97:274–286CrossRef

72.

Washington K, Lane KL, Mayers WC (1993) Nodular regenerative hyperplasia in partial hepatectomy specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 17:1151–1158PubMedCrossRef

73.

Vauthey JN, Pawlik TM, Ribero D, Wu TT, Hoff PM et al (2006) Chemotherapy regimen predicts steatohepatitis and an increase in 90 days mortality after resection of hepatic colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol 24:2065–2072PubMedCrossRef

74.

Aloia T, Sebagh M, Plasse M et al (2006) Liver histology and surgical outcomes after preoperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin in colorectal cancer liver metastases. J Clin Oncol 24:4983–4990PubMedCrossRef

75.

Tanaka K, Shimada H, Ueda M, Matsuo K, Endo I et al (2008) Role of hepatectomy in treating multiple bilobar colorectal cancer metastases. Surgery 143:259–270PubMedCrossRef

76.

Hughes KS, Rosenstain RB, Songhorabodi S et al (1988) Resection of the liver for colorectal carcinoma metastases. A multi-institutional study of long-term survivors. Dos Colon Rectum 31:1–4CrossRef

77.

Sheele J, Stangle R, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Gall FP (1991) Indicators of prognosis after hepatic resection for colorectal secondaries. Surgery 110:13–29

78.

Sheele J, Stangle R, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Paul M (1995) Resection of colorectal metastases. World J Surg 19:59–71CrossRef

79.

Choti MA, Sitzmann JV, Tiburi MF, Sumetchotimetha W et al (2002) Trends in long-term survival following liver resection for hepatic colorectal metastases. Ann Surg 235:759–766PubMedCrossRef

80.

Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN, Ellis LM et al (2004) Recurrence and outcomes following hepatic resection, radiofrequency ablation, and combined resection/ablation for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 239:818–825PubMedCrossRef

81.

Fernandez FG, Dnebin JA, Linehan DC et al (2004) Five-year survival after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer in patients screened by positron emission tomography with F-18 FDG. Ann Surg 240:438–447PubMedCrossRef

82.

Pawlik TM, Scogins CR, Zorzi D, Abdalla EK et al (2005) Effect of surgical margin status on survival and site of recurrence after hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. Ann Surg 241:715–722PubMedCrossRef

83.

Lorenz M, Muller HH, Sharmann H et al (1998) Randomized trial of surgery versus surgery followed by adjuvant hepatic arterial infusion with 5-fluouracil and folinic acid for liver metastases of colorectal cancer German Cooperative on Liver Metastases. Ann Surg 228:756–762PubMedCrossRef

84.

Vauthey JN, Pawlik TM, Abdalla EK, Arens JF, Nemr RA et al (2004) Is extended hepatectomy for hepatobiliary malignancy justified? Ann Surg 239:722–730PubMedCrossRef

85.

Shoup M, Gonen MD, Angelica M et al (2003) Volumetric analysis predicts hepatic dysfunction in patients undergoing major liver resection. J Gastrointest Surg 7:325–330PubMedCrossRef

86.

Akita H, Sasaki Y, Yamada T, Gotoh K, Ohigashi H et al (2008) Real-time intraoperative assessment of residual liver functional reserve using pulse Dye Densitometry. World J Surg 32:2668–2674PubMedCrossRef

87.

Abdalla EK, Hicks ME, Vauthey JN (2001) Portal vein embolization: rationale, technique and future prospects. Br J Surg 88:165–175PubMedCrossRef

88.

Tanaka K, Shimada H, Matsuo M, Ueda I, Endo I, Togo S (2007) Remnant liver regeneration after two-stage hepatectomy for multiple bilobar colorectal metastases. EJSO 33:329–335PubMedCrossRef

89.

Zacherl J, Scheuba C, Imhof M, Zacherl M et al (2002) Current value of intraoperative sonography during surgery for hepatic neoplasms. World J Surg 26:550–554PubMedCrossRef

90.

Yasui K, Shimizu Y (2005) Surgical treatment for metastatic malignancies. Anatomical resection of liver metastasis: indications and outcomes. Int J Clin Oncol 10:86–96PubMedCrossRef

91.

Kokudo N, Miki Y, Sugai S, Yanagisawa A, Kato Y et al (2002) Genetic and histological assessment of surgical margins in resected liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma: minimum surgical margins for successful resection. Arch Surg 137:833–840PubMedCrossRef

92.

Finch RJB, Malik HZ, Hamady ZZR, Al-Mukhatar A et al (2007) Effect of type of resection on outcome of hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. Br J Surg 94:1242–1248PubMedCrossRef

93.

Zorzi D, Mullen JT, Abdalla EK, Pawlik TM, Andre A et al (2006) Comparison between hepatic wedge resection and anatomic resection for colorectal liver metastases. J Gastrointest Surg 10:86–94PubMedCrossRef

94.

Cady B, Jenkis RL, Steele GD, Lewis WD, Stone HD et al (1998) Surgical margin in hepatic resection for colorectal metastases: a critical and improvable determinant of outcome. Ann Surg 227:566–571PubMedCrossRef

95.

Are C, Gonen M, Zazzali K et al (2007) The impact of margins on outcome after hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis. Ann Surg 246:295–300PubMedCrossRef

96.

Nuzzo G, Giuliante F, Ardio F, Vellone M, Giovanni I, Fiderico B, Vecchio FM (2008) Influence of surgical margin on type of recurrence after liver resection for colorectal metastases: single-center experience. Surgery 143:384–393PubMedCrossRef

97.

Altendorf-Hofmann A, Sheele J (2003) A critical review of the major indicator of prognosis after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 12:165–192PubMedCrossRef

98.

Weber JC, Nakano H, Bachellier P et al (2001) Is a proliferation index of cancer cells a reliable prognostic factor after hepatectomy in patients with colorectal liver metastases? Am J Surg 182:81–88PubMedCrossRef

99.

Jonas S, Thelen A, Benckert C, Spinell A et al (2007) Extended resections of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. World J Surg 31:511–521PubMedCrossRef

100.

Yasui K, Hirai T, Kato T, Torii A et al (1997) A new macroscopic classification predicts prognosis for patients with liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 226:582–586PubMedCrossRef

101.

Jaeck D, Nakano H, Bachellier P, Inoue K et al (2002) Significance of hepatic pedicle lymph node involvement in patients with colorectal liver metastases: a prospective study. Ann Surg Oncol 9:430–438PubMedCrossRef

102.

Adam R, Laurent A, Azouley D, Castaing D, Bismuth H (2000) Two stage hepatectomy: a planned strategy to treat irresectable liver tumors. Ann Surg 232:777–785PubMedCrossRef

103.

Jaeck D, Oussoutzoglou E, Rosso E et al (2004) A two-stage hepatectomy procedure combined with PVE to achieve curative resection for initially unresectable multiple and bilobar colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 240:1037–1051PubMedCrossRef

104.

Dennis AW, Miller R, de Haas RJ et al (2008) Long-term results of two-stage hepatectomy for irresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases. Ann Surg 248:994–1005CrossRef

105.

Pamecha V, Nedjat-Shokouchi B, Burusamy K et al (2008) Prospective evaluation of two-stage hepatectomy combined with selective portal vein embolization and systemic chemotherapy for patients with unresectable bilobar colorectal liver metastases. Dig Surg 25:387–393PubMedCrossRef

106.

Pawlik TM, Izzo F, Cohen DS et al (2003) Combined resection and radio frequency ablation for advanced hepatic malignancies: results in 172 patients. Ann Surg Oncol 10:1059–1069PubMedCrossRef

107.

El-gendi AM, Khorsandi SE, Pai M et al (2008) Repeat hepatic resection using a Rf-assisted technique. Dig Surg 25:293–299PubMedCrossRef

108.

Curley SA (2003) Radiofrequency ablation of malignant liver tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 10:338–347PubMedCrossRef

109.

Siperstein AE, Barber E, Ballem N, Parikh T (2007) Survival after radiofrequency ablation of colorectal liver metastases—10 year experience. Ann Surg 246:559–567PubMedCrossRef

110.

Bilchik AJ, Wood TF, Allegra DP (2001) Radiofrequency ablation of unresectable hepatic malignancies: lesson learned. Oncologist 6:24–33PubMedCrossRef

111.

Berber E, Tsinberg M, Tellioglu G et al (2008) Resection versus laparoscopic radio frequency thermal ablation of solitary colorectal liver metastasis. J Gastrointest Surg 12:1967–1972PubMedCrossRef

112.

Martin R, Paty P, Fong Y et al (2003) Simultaneous live and colorectal resections are safe for synchronous colorectal liver metastases. J Am Coll Surg 197:233–241PubMedCrossRef

113.

Tanaka K, Shimada H, Matsuo K, Nagano Y, Endo I, Sekido H (2004) Outcome after simultaneous colorectal and hepatic resection for colorectal cancer with synchronous metastases. Surgery 136:650–659PubMedCrossRef

114.

Capussotti L, Ferrero A, Vigano L et al (2007) Major liver resection synchronous with colorectal surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 14:195–201PubMedCrossRef

115.

Weber JC, Bachellier P, Oussoultzoglow E, Jaeck D (2003) Simultaneous resection of colorectal primary tumor and synchronous liver metastases. Br J Surg 90:956PubMedCrossRef

116.

Fong Y, Cohen AM, Fortner JG et al (1997) Liver resection for colorectal metastases. J Clin Oncol 15:938–946PubMed

117.

Elias D, Ouellet JF, Bellon N et al (2003) Extrahepatic disease does not contraindicate hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. Br J Surg 90:567–574PubMedCrossRef

118.

Jaeck D, Oussoultzoglou E, Rosso E (2007) Hepatectomy for colorectal metastases in the presence of extrahepatic disease. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 16:507–523PubMedCrossRef

119.

Inoue M, Ohta M, Iuchi K et al (2004) Benefits of surgery for patients with pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 78:238–244PubMedCrossRef

120.

Miller G, Biernacki P, Kemeny NE et al (2007) Outcomes after resection of synchronous or metachronous hepatic and pulmonary metastases. J Am Coll Surg 205:231–238PubMedCrossRef

121.

Adam R, Bismuth H, Castaing D et al (1997) Repeat hepatectomy for colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg 225:51–60PubMedCrossRef

122.

Antonion A, Lovegrove RE, Tilney HS et al (2007) Meta analysis of clinical outcome after first and second liver resection for colorectal metastases. Surgery 141:9–18CrossRef

123.

Minagawa M, Makuuchi M, Torzilli G et al (2000) Extension of the frontiers of surgical indication in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: long-term results. Ann Surg 231:487–499PubMedCrossRef

124.

Douillard JY, Cumingham D, Roth AD et al (2000) Irinotecan combined with fluororacil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-live treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicenter randomized trial. Lancet 355:1041–1047PubMedCrossRef

125.

Goldberg RM, Sargent DJ, Morant RS et al (2004) A randomized controlled trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin combinations in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 22:23–30PubMedCrossRef

126.

Ychou M, Viret F, Kramar A, Desseigne F, Mitry E et al (2008) A tritherapy with fluorouracil/leucovorin, irinotecan and oxaliplatin (FOLFILINOX): a phase II study in colorectal cancer patients with nonresectable liver metastases. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 62:195–201PubMedCrossRef

127.

Quenet F, Nordinger B, Rivoire M (2004) Resection of previously unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer after chemotherapy CPT11/L-OHP/LV5FU (Fol firinox): a prospective II trial. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol Abstr3613

128.

Hurwitz H, Fehrevbacher L, Novotny W et al (2004) Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 350:2335–2342PubMedCrossRef

129.

Falcone A, Ricci S, Brunetti I et al (2007) Phase III trial of infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) compared with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIR) as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 25:1670–1676PubMedCrossRef

130.

Okano Y, Yamamoto J, Kosuge T, Ymamamoto S, Sakamoto M, Nakanishi Y, Hirohashi S (2000) Fibrous pseudocapsule of metastatic liver tumors from colorectal carcinoma. Clinicopathological study of 152 first resection cases. Cancer 89:267–275PubMedCrossRef

131.

Grothey A, Sargent D, Goldberg RM et al (2004) Survival of patients with advanced colorectal cancer improves with the availability of fluorouracil–leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin in the course of treatment. J Clin Oncol 22:1209–1214PubMedCrossRef

132.

Pozzo C, Basso M, Cassano A et al (2004) Neoadjuvant treatment of unresectable liver disease with irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid in colorectal cancer patients. Ann Oncol 15:933–939PubMedCrossRef

133.

Van Custem E, Nowacki M, Long I et al (2007) Randomized phase III study of irinotecan and 5FU/FA with or without cetuximab in the first-live treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer the crystal trial. ASCO Annual Meeting, 2007; abst

Title: Treatment for colorectal liver metastases: a review
Authors: Hiroshi Shimada
Kuniya Tanaka
Itaru Endou
Yasushi Ichikawa
Publication date: 01-11-2009
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery / Issue 6/2009
Print ISSN: 1435-2443
Electronic ISSN: 1435-2451
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-009-0530-8

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Treatment for colorectal liver metastases: a review

Abstract

Introduction

Discussion

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Introduction

Discussion

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 6/2009

Expression of receptors tyrosine kinase c-kit and EGF-R in colorectal adenocarcinomas: is there a relationship with epithelial–mesenchymal transition during tumor progression?

Visceral artery aneurysms—follow-up of 23 patients with 31 aneurysms after surgical or interventional therapy

Reconstruction of the portal and hepatic veins using venous grafts customized from the bilateral gonadal veins

Is routine MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) justified prior to cholecystectomy?

Caudate lobe resection: an Egyptian center experience

28th Annual Meeting of the German Association of Endocrine Surgeons (CAEK)