Top

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Published in:

01-08-2019 | Original Article

The effects of lower body passive heating combined with mixed-method cooling during half-time on second-half intermittent sprint performance in the heat

Authors: Jacky Soo, Gabriel Tang, Saravana Pillai Arjunan, Joel Pang, Abdul Rashid Aziz, Mohammed Ihsan

Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Issue 8/2019

Abstract

Purpose

This study examined the effects of combined cooling and lower body heat maintenance during half-time on second-half intermittent sprint performances.

Methods

In a repeated measures design, nine males completed four intermittent cycling trials (32.1 ± 0.3 °C and 55.3 ± 3.7% relative humidity), with either one of the following half-time recovery interventions; mixed-method cooling (ice vest, ice slushy and hand cooling; COOL), lower body passive heating (HEAT), combined HEAT and COOL (COMB) and control (CON). Peak and mean power output (PPO and MPO), rectal (T_re), estimated muscle (T_es-Mus) and skin (T_SK) temperatures were monitored throughout exercise.

Results

During half-time, the decrease in T_re was substantially greater in COOL and COMB compared with CON and HEAT, whereas declines in T_es-Mus within HEAT and COMB were substantially attenuated compared with CON and COOL. The decrease in T_SK was most pronounced in COOL compared with CON, HEAT and COMB. During second-half, COMB and HEAT resulted in a larger decrease in PPO and MPO during the initial stages of the second-half when compared to CON. In addition, COOL resulted in an attenuated decrease in PPO and MPO compared to COMB in the latter stages of second-half.

Conclusion

The maintenance of T_es-Mus following half-time was detrimental to prolonged intermittent sprint performance in the heat, even when used together with cooling.

Aldous JWF, Chrismas BCR, Akubat I, Stringer CA, Abt G, Taylor L (2018) Mixed-methods pre-match cooling improves simulated soccer performance in the heat. Eur J Sport Sci 19:1–10

Allen PB, Salyer SW, Dubick MA, Holcomb JB, Blackbourne LH (2010) Preventing hypothermia: comparison of current devices used by the US Army in an in vitro warmed fluid model. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 69:S154–S161CrossRef

Beaven CM, Kilduff LP, Cook CJ (2018) Lower-limb passive heat maintenance combined with pre-cooling improves repeated sprint ability. Front Physiol 9:1064CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bishop D, Maxwell NS (2009) Effects of active warm up on thermoregulation and intermittent-sprint performance in hot conditions. J Sci Med Sport 12:196–204CrossRefPubMed

Borg GA (1982) Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med sci sports exerc 14:377–381PubMed

Brade C, Dawson B, Wallman K (2014) Effects of different precooling techniques on repeat sprint ability in team sport athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 14:S84–S91CrossRefPubMed

Burton AC (1935) Human calorimetry: II The average temperature of the tissues of the body: three figures. J Nutr 9:261–280CrossRef

Castle PC, Macdonald AL, Philp A, Webborn A, Watt PW, Maxwell NS (2006) Precooling leg muscle improves intermittent sprint exercise performance in hot, humid conditions. J Appl Physiol 100:1377–1384CrossRefPubMed

Choo HC, Nosaka K, Peiffer JJ, Ihsan M, Abbiss CR (2017) Ergogenic effects of precooling with cold water immersion and ice ingestion: a meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 18:1–12

Drust B, Rasmussen P, Mohr M, Nielsen B, Nybo L (2005) Elevations in core and muscle temperature impairs repeated sprint performance. Acta Physiol 183:181–190CrossRef

Duffield R, Steinbacher G, Fairchild TJ (2009) The use of mixed-method, part-body pre-cooling procedures for team-sport athletes training in the heat. J Strength Condition Res 23:2524–2532CrossRef

Edholm P, Krustrup P, Randers M (2015) Half-time re-warm up increases performance capacity in male elite soccer players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 25:e40–e49CrossRef

Faulkner SH, Ferguson RA, Gerrett N, Hupperets M, Hodder SG, Havenith G (2012) Reducing muscle temperature drop post warm-up improves sprint cycling performance

Faulkner SH, Ferguson RA, Hodder SG, Havenith G (2013) External muscle heating during warm-up does not provide added performance benefit above external heating in the recovery period alone. Eur J Appl Physiol 113:2713–2721CrossRefPubMed

Flouris A, Schlader Z (2015) Human behavioral thermoregulation during exercise in the heat. Scand J Med Sci Sports 25:52–64CrossRefPubMed

Flouris AD, Webb P, Kenny GP (2015) Noninvasive assessment of muscle temperature during rest, exercise, and postexercise recovery in different environments. J Appl Physiol 118:1310–1320CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Girard O, Mendez-Villanueva A, Bishop D (2011) Repeated-sprint ability—Part I. Sports Med 41:673–694CrossRefPubMed

González-Alonso J, Teller C, Andersen SL, Jensen FB, Hyldig T, Nielsen B (1999) Influence of body temperature on the development of fatigue during prolonged exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol 86:1032–1039CrossRefPubMed

Gray SR, De Vito G, Nimmo MA, Farina D, Ferguson RA (2006) Skeletal muscle ATP turnover and muscle fiber conduction velocity are elevated at higher muscle temperatures during maximal power output development in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290:376–382CrossRef

Hopkins WG (2006) Spreadsheets for analysis of controlled trials, with adjustment for a subject characteristic. Sport Sci 10:46–51

Hopkins W, Marshall S, Batterham A, Hanin J (2009) Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41:3CrossRef

Hornery D, Papalia S, Mujika I, Hahn A (2005) Physiological and performance benefits of halftime cooling. J Sci Med Sport 8:15–25CrossRefPubMed

Ihsan M, Landers G, Brearley M, Peeling P (2010) Beneficial effects of ice ingestion as a precooling strategy on 40-km cycling time-trial performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 5:140–151CrossRefPubMed

Kayser B (2003) Exercise starts and ends in the brain. Eur J Appl Physiol 90:411–419CrossRefPubMed

Kilduff LP, West DJ, Williams N, Cook CJ (2013) The influence of passive heat maintenance on lower body power output and repeated sprint performance in professional rugby league players. J Sci Med Sport 16:482–486CrossRefPubMed

Marino F (2002) Methods, advantages, and limitations of body cooling for exercise performance. Br J Sports Med 36:89–94CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Maroni T, Dawson B, Dennis M, Naylor L, Brade C, Wallman K (2018) Effects of half-time cooling using a cooling glove and jacket on manual dexterity and repeated-sprint performance in heat. J Sports Sci Med 17:485PubMedPubMedCentral

Minett GM, Duffield R, Marino FE, Portus M (2011) Volume-dependent response of precooling for intermittent-sprint exercise in the heat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:1760–1769CrossRefPubMed

Minett GM, Duffield R, Marino FE, Portus M (2012) Duration-dependant response of mixed-method pre-cooling for intermittent-sprint exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 112:3655–3666CrossRefPubMed

Mohr M, Krustrup P, Nybo L, Nielsen JJ, Bangsbo J (2004) Muscle temperature and sprint performance during soccer matches–beneficial effect of re-warm-up at half-time. Scand J Med Sci Sports 14:156–162CrossRefPubMed

Nybo L (2008) Hyperthermia and fatigue. J Appl Physiol 104:871–878CrossRefPubMed

Périard JD, Cramer MN, Chapman PG, Caillaud C, Thompson MW (2011) Cardiovascular strain impairs prolonged self-paced exercise in the heat. Exp Physiol 96:134–144CrossRefPubMed

Raccuglia M, Lloyd A, Filingeri D, Faulkner SH, Hodder S, Havenith G (2016) Post-warm-up muscle temperature maintenance: blood flow contribution and external heating optimisation. Eur J Appl Physiol 116:395–404CrossRefPubMed

Racinais S, Wilson MG, Périard JD (2016) Passive heat acclimation improves skeletal muscle contractility in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 312:R101–R107CrossRefPubMed

Ramanathan N (1964) A new weighting system for mean surface temperature of the human body. J Appl Physiol 19:531–533CrossRefPubMed

Russell M, West DJ, Briggs M, Bracken R, Cook C, Giroud T (2015) A passive heat maintenance strategy implemented during a simulated half-time improves lower body power output and repeated sprint ability in professional rugby union players. PLoS ONE 10:e0119374CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Russell M, West DJ, Harper LD, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP (2015) Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: a review and recommendations. Sports Med 45:353–364CrossRefPubMed

Russell M, Tucker R, Cook CJ, Giroud T, Kilduff LP (2018) A comparison of different heat maintenance methods implemented during a simulated half-time period in professional Rugby Union players. J Sci Med sport 21:327–332CrossRefPubMed

Sargeant AJ (1987) Effect of muscle temperature on leg extension force and short-term power output in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 56:693–698CrossRef

Sawka MN, Cheuvront SN, Kenefick RW (2012) High skin temperature and hypohydration impair aerobic performance. Exp Physiol 97:327–332CrossRefPubMed

Schlader ZJ, Simmons SE, Stannard SR, Mündel T (2011) Skin temperature as a thermal controller of exercise intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 111:1631–1639CrossRefPubMed

Schneiker KT, Bishop D, Dawson B, Hackett LP (2006) Effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent-sprint ability in team-sport athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38:578–585CrossRefPubMed

Shaffrath JD, Adams WC (1984) Effects of airflow and work load on cardiovascular drift and skin blood flow. J Appl Physiol 56:1411–1417CrossRefPubMed

Siegel R, Mate J, Brearley MB, Watson G, Nosaka K, Laursen PB (2010) Ice slurry ingestion increases core temperature capacity and running time in the heat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 42:717–725CrossRefPubMed

Siegel R, Maté J, Watson G, Nosaka K, Laursen PB (2011) The influence of ice slurry ingestion on maximal voluntary contraction following exercise-induced hyperthermia. Eur J Appl Physiol 111:2517–2524CrossRefPubMed

Skein M, Duffield R, Cannon J, Marino FE (2012) Self-paced intermittent-sprint performance and pacing strategies following respective pre-cooling and heating. Eur J Appl Physiol 112:253–266CrossRefPubMed

Stevens CJ, Mauger AR, Hassmen P, Taylor L (2018) Endurance performance is influenced by perceptions of pain and temperature: theory, applications and safety considerations. Sports Med 48:1–13

Tatterson AJ, Hahn AG, Martini DT, Febbraio MA (2000) Effects of heat stress on physiological responses and exercise performance in elite cyclists. J Sci Med Sport 3:186–193CrossRefPubMed

Thomas MM, Cheung SS, Elder GC, Sleivert GG (2006) Voluntary muscle activation is impaired by core temperature rather than local muscle temperature. J Appl Physiol 100:1361–1369CrossRefPubMed

Toner MM, Drolet LL, Pandolf KB (1986) Perceptual and physiological responses during exercise in cool and cold water. Percept Mot Skills 62:211–220CrossRefPubMed

Tucker R, Rauch L, Harley YX, Noakes TD (2004) Impaired exercise performance in the heat is associated with an anticipatory reduction in skeletal muscle recruitment. Pflügers Archiv 448:422–430CrossRefPubMed

Ulmer H-V (1996) Concept of an extracellular regulation of muscular metabolic rate during heavy exercise in humans by psychophysiological feedback. Experientia 52:416–420CrossRefPubMed

Zimmermann M, Landers G, Wallman K, Kent G (2018) Precooling with crushed ice: as effective as heat acclimation at improving cycling time-trial performance in the heat. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 13:228–234CrossRefPubMed

Title: The effects of lower body passive heating combined with mixed-method cooling during half-time on second-half intermittent sprint performance in the heat
Authors: Jacky Soo
Gabriel Tang
Saravana Pillai Arjunan
Joel Pang
Abdul Rashid Aziz
Mohammed Ihsan
Publication date: 01-08-2019
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology / Issue 8/2019
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Electronic ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04177-8

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

The effects of lower body passive heating combined with mixed-method cooling during half-time on second-half intermittent sprint performance in the heat

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 8/2019

Effect of external compression on femoral retrograde shear and microvascular oxygenation in exercise trained and recreationally active young men

Acute effects of very low-volume high-intensity interval training on muscular fatigue and serum testosterone level vary according to age and training status

High-intensity interval training in cardiac resynchronization therapy: a randomized control trial

Independent or simultaneous lowering of core and skin temperature has no impact on self-paced intermittent running performance in hot conditions

Cardiorespiratory kinetics: comparisons between athletes with different training habits

Aerobic or resistance exercise performed the previous day does not attenuate postprandial hyperglycemia-induced endothelial dysfunction in overweight/obese adults