Top

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Published in:

Open Access 01-08-2019 | Original Article

Independent or simultaneous lowering of core and skin temperature has no impact on self-paced intermittent running performance in hot conditions

Authors: G. Thomas, T. Cullen, M. Davies, C. Hetherton, B. Duncan, N. Gerrett

Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Issue 8/2019

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the effects of lowering core (T_gi) and mean skin temperature (T_sk) concomitantly and independently on self-paced intermittent running in the heat.

Methods

10 males (30.5 ± 5.8 years, 73.2 ± 14.5 kg, 176.9 ± 8.0 cm, 56.2 ± 6.6 ml/kg/min) completed four randomised 46-min self-paced intermittent protocols on a non-motorised treadmill in 34.4 ± 1.4 °C, 36.3 ± 4.6% relative humidity. 30-min prior to exercise, participants were cooled via either ice slurry ingestion (INT); a cooling garment (EXT); mixed-cooling (ice slurry and cooling garment concurrently) (MIX); or no-cooling (CON).

Results

At the end of pre-cooling and the start of exercise T_gi were lower during MIX (36.11 ± 1.3 °C) compared to CON (37.6 ± 0.5 °C) and EXT (36.9 ± 0.5 °C, p < 0.05). Throughout pre-cooling T_sk and thermal sensation were lower in MIX compared to CON and INT, but not EXT (p < 0.05). The reductions in thermophysiological responses diminished within 10–20 min of exercise. Despite lowering T_gi, T_sk, body temperature (T_b), and thermal sensation prior to exercise, the distances covered were similar (CON: 6.69 ± 1.08 km, INT: 6.96 ± 0.81 km, EXT: 6.76 ± 0.65 km, MIX 6.87 ± 0.70 km) (p > 0.05). Peak sprint speeds were also similar between conditions (CON: 25.6 ± 4.48 km/h, INT: 25.4 ± 3.6 km/h, EXT: 26.0 ± 4.94 km/h, MIX: 25.6 ± 3.58 km/h) (p > 0.05). Blood lactate, heart rate and RPE were similar between conditions (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Lowering T_gi and T_sk prior to self-paced intermittent exercise did not improve sprint, or submaximal running performance.

Available only for authorised users

Aldous JWF, Chrismas BCR, Akubat I, Stringer CA, Abt G, Taylor L (2018) Mixed-methods pre-match cooling improves simulated soccer performance in the heat. Eur J Sport Sci 19:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1498542 CrossRefPubMed

Ashrae (2005) 2005 ASHRAE handbook—fundamentals. Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cs15219j

Bongers CCWG, Thijssen DHJ, Veltmeijer MTW, Hopman MTE, Eijsvogels TMH (2015) Precooling and percooling (cooling during exercise) both improve performance in the heat: A meta-analytical review. Br. J. Sports Med. 49:377–384. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092928 CrossRefPubMed

Borg GA (1982) Borg's RPE Scale.pdf. Med Sci Sport Exerc

Brade CJ, Dawson BT, Wallman KE (2013) Effect of pre-cooling on repeat-sprint performance in seasonally acclimatised males during an outdoor simulated team-sport protocol in warm conditions. J. Sport. Sci. Med. 12:565–570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2316-x CrossRef

Castle PC, Macdonald AL, Philp A, Webborn A, Watt PW, Maxwell NS, Paul C (2006) A Physiological Systems Approach to Human and Precooling leg muscle improves intermittent sprint exercise performance in hot, humid conditions. J. Appl. Physiol. 100:1377–1384. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00822.2005 CrossRefPubMed

Castle P, Mackenzie RW, Maxwell N, Webborn ADJ, Watt PW (2011) Heat acclimation improves intermittent sprinting in the heat but additional pre-cooling offers no further ergogenic effect. J. Sports Sci. 29:1125–1134. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.583673 CrossRefPubMed

Chmura P, Konefał M, Andrzejewski M, Kosowski J, Rokita A, Chmura J (2017) Physical activity profile of 2014 FIFA World Cup players, with regard to different ranges of air temperature and relative humidity. Int. J. Biometeorol. 61:677–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1245-5 CrossRefPubMed

de Dear RJ, Ring JW, Fanger PO (1993) Thermal Sensations Resulting From Sudden Ambient Temperature Changes. Indoor Air. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.1993.t01-1-00004.x CrossRef

Drust B, Rasmussen P, Mohr M, Nielsen B, Nybo L (2005) Elevations in Core and Muscle Temp Impaires Repeated Sprint Performance. Acta Physiol. Scand. 183:181–190CrossRefPubMed

Duffield R, Marino FE (2007) Effects of pre-cooling procedures on intermittent-sprint exercise performance in warm conditions. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 100:727–735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0468-x CrossRefPubMed

Faulkner SH, Hupperets M, Hodder SG, Havenith G (2015) Conductive and evaporative precooling lowers mean skin temperature and improves time trial performance in the heat. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport 25:183–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12373 CrossRef

Gerrett N, Jackson S, Yates J, Thomas G (2017) Ice slurry ingestion does not enhance self-paced intermittent exercise in the heat. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sport. 27:1202–1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12744 CrossRef

Girard O, Brocherie F, Bishop DJ (2015) Sprint performance under heat stress: a review. J Med Sci Sport Scand. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12437 CrossRef

Haile L, Gallagher, M, J. Robertson R, (2014) Perceived Exertion Laboratory Manual, Perceived Exertion Laboratory Manual. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1917-8

Hohenauer E, Stoop R, Clarys P, Clijsen R, Deliens T, Taeymans J (2018) The effect of pre-exercise cooling on performance characteristics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Med 09:117–141. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2018.93012 CrossRef

Hunt AP, Bach AJE, Borg DN, Costello JT, Stewart IB (2017) The systematic bias of ingestible core temperature sensors requires a correction by linear regression. Front. Physiol. 8:1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00260 CrossRef

Jay O, Morris NB (2018) Does Cold Water or Ice Slurry Ingestion During Exercise Elicit a Net Body Cooling Effect in the Heat? Sport. Med. 48:17–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0842-8 CrossRef

Minett GM, Duffield R, Marino FE, Portus M (2011) Volume-dependent response of precooling for intermittent-sprint exercise in the heat. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 43:1760–1769. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318211be3e CrossRefPubMed

Mohr M, Nybo L, Grantham J, Racinais S (2012) Physiological responses and physical performance during football in the heat. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039202 CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nassis GP, Brito J, Dvorak J, Chalabi H, Racinais S (2015) The association of environmental heat stress with performance: analysis of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil 609–613. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094449

O’Brien SF, Yi QL (2016) How do I interpret a confidence interval? Transfusion 56:1680–1683. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.13635 CrossRefPubMed

Pauw K De, Roelands B, Cheung SS, Geus B De (2013) Guidelines to Classify Subject Groups in Sport-Science Research. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.2.111

Price MJ, Boyd C, Goosey-Tolfrey VL (2009) The physiological effects of pre-event and midevent cooling during intermittent running in the heat in elite female soccer players. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 34:942–949. https://doi.org/10.1139/H09-078 CrossRefPubMed

Sawka MN, Leon LR, Montain SJ, Sonna LA (2011) Integrated physiological mechanisms of exercise performance, adaptation, and maladaptation to heat stress. Compr. Physiol. 1:1883–1928. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c100082 CrossRefPubMed

Schlader ZJ, Simmons SE, Stannard SR, Mündel T (2011) Skin temperature as a thermal controller of exercise intensity. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 111:1631–1639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1791-1 CrossRefPubMed

Siegel R, Maté J, Brearley MB, Watson G, Nosaka K, Laursen PB (2010) Ice slurry ingestion increases core temperature capacity and running time in the heat. Sci Sports Exerc Med. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181bf257a CrossRef

Siegel R, Maté J, Watson G, Nosaka K, Laursen PB (2012) Pre-cooling with ice slurry ingestion leads to similar run times to exhaustion in the heat as cold water immersion. J. Sports Sci. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.625968

Skein M, Duffield R, Cannon J, Marino FE (2012) Self-paced intermittent-sprint performance and pacing strategies following respective pre-cooling and heating. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 112:253–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1972-6 CrossRefPubMed

Stevens CJ, Bennett KJM, Sculley D V., Callister R, Taylor L, Dascombe BJ, (2017) A Comparison of Mixed-Method Cooling Interventions on Preloaded Running Performance in the Heat. J. Strength Cond. Res. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001532

Taylor L, Stevens CJ, Thornton HR, Poulos N, Chrismas BCR (2019) Limiting the Rise in Core Temperature During a Rugby Sevens Warm-up With an Ice Vest. J Sports Physiol Perform Int. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0821 CrossRef

Tofari PJ, McLean BD, Kemp J, Cormack S (2014) A self-paced intermittent protocol on a non-motorised treadmill: A reliable alternative to assessing team-sport running performance. J. Sport. Sci. Med. 14:62–68

Tyler CJ, Sunderland C, Cheung SS (2015) The effect of cooling prior to and during Exercise on Exercise performance and capacity in the heat: A meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 49:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091739 CrossRefPubMed

Wood SN (2017) Generalized additive models: An introduction with R 2 An Introduction with R, Second Edition Generalized Additive Models 10.1201/9781315370279

Zhang H, Huizenga C, Arenas E, Wang D (2004) Thermal sensation and comfort in transient non-uniform thermal environments. J Appl Physiol Eur. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1137-y CrossRef

Zimmermann MR, Landers GJ (2015) The effect of ice ingestion on female athletes performing intermittent exercise in hot conditions. Eur. J. Sport Sci. 15:407–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.965751 CrossRefPubMed

Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Elphick CS (2009) A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems. Evol Methods Ecol. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2009.00001.x CrossRef

Title: Independent or simultaneous lowering of core and skin temperature has no impact on self-paced intermittent running performance in hot conditions
Authors: G. Thomas
T. Cullen
M. Davies
C. Hetherton
B. Duncan
N. Gerrett
Publication date: 01-08-2019
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology / Issue 8/2019
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Electronic ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04173-y

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Independent or simultaneous lowering of core and skin temperature has no impact on self-paced intermittent running performance in hot conditions

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on sleep in brain health

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 8/2019

In vivo assessment of muscle mitochondrial function in healthy, young males in relation to parameters of aerobic fitness

Vibration as an adjunct to exercise: its impact on shoulder muscle activation

Leg- vs arm-cycling repeated sprints with blood flow restriction and systemic hypoxia

Cold-water immersion blunts and delays increases in circulating testosterone and cytokines post-resistance exercise

Energy system contribution during competitive cross-country skiing

Low-frequency ventilatory oscillations in hypoxia are a major contributor to the low-frequency component of heart rate variability